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POLA KONSUMSI ANAK UMUR 6 BULAN – 12 TAHUN DI INDONESIA Sumedi, Edith; Widodo, Yekti; Sandjaja, nFN
GIZI INDONESIA Vol 36, No 2 (2013): September 2013
Publisher : PERSATUAN AHLI GIZI INDONESIA

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Pertumbuhan dan perkembangan anak berada dalam pengaruh dan pengasuhan orang tuanya, dan gizi merupakan salah satu faktor penting yang mempengaruhi pertumbuhan, kesehatan dan perkembangan anak. Salah satu penyebab tingginya prevalensi kurang gizi di Indonesia adalah kurang baiknya pola asuh anak, pola konsumsi anak, dan ketersediaan makan keluarga. South East Asian Nutrition Surveys (SEANUTS) di Indonesia dilaksanakan di 48 kabupaten mencakup 7211 anak 6 bulan - 12 tahun. Pola konsumsi anak menggunakan Food Frequency Questionnaires (FFQ) melalui wawancara pola kebiasaan makan satu bulan terakhir meliputi frekuensi jenis makanan sehari, seminggu atau sebulan, cara pengolahan dan cara penyajian, merek (jika ada) berdasarkan kelompok sumber zat gizi yaitu makanan pokok, protein hewani dan nabati, sayur, buah, jajanan, minuman dan susu. Analisis data deskriptif yang menurut daerah dan dibagi menjadi 5 kelompok umur 6-11 bulan, 1-2 tahun, 3-5 tahun, 6-8 tahun dan 9-12 tahun. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pola konsumsi anak umur 6-11 bulan hampir sama di kota maupun di desa. Variasi bahan makanan lebih banyak dijumpai pada kelompok umur yang lebih tua dan terdapat perbedaan pola makan antara perkotaan dan perdesaan. Konsumsi makanan pokok tidak berbeda antara perkotaan dan perdesaan. Frekuensi makan sayur dan buah masih rendah di kedua daerah. Anak di perkotaan lebih sering mengonsumsi daging unggas, daging sapi, telur, tahu, bayam, wortel, susu/produk susu, minuman gelas/serbuk, sedangkan di perdesaan lebih sering mengonsumsi ikan laut, tempe, kangkung, jajanan ‘chiki’ dan sejenisnya. Masih diperlukan peningkatan perilaku hidup sehat dengan memperbaiki pola makan gizi seimbang.ABSTRACT FOOD PATTERN OF INDONESIAN CHILDREN 6 MONTH - 12 YEAR OF AGE Child growth and development under the nurture and care of their parents, and nutrition as a factor in growth, health and development of children. Many factors associated with high prevalence of malnutrition are caring pattern of children, inadequate food consumptions and food patterns, and household food availability. The South East Asian Nutrition Survey (SEANUTS) in Indonesia conducted in 48 districts collected data on food consumption pattern of 7,211 children 6 month - 12 year of age. Food consumption pattern was collected by using food frequency questionnaires (FFQ) to describe food habits based on daily, weekly, and monthly frequency of food items by interviewing mothers. Food items collected from all food groups such as foods source of carbohydrates, animal and plant proteins, vitamin and mineral source from vegetables and fruits, milk and milk products, snacks, and beverages. Descriptive analysis was used to describe food consumption pattern by residence and 5 age groups 6-11 month, 1-2, 3-5, 6-8, and 9-12 year of age. Result showed similarity of food consumption pattern in urban and rural area in youngest age group. The variety of food items consumed by older age groups is more than those in younger ones, and as also found in urban than rural areas. There was similarity in staple food and less consumption of vegetable and fruit in urban than rural areas across age groups. The frequency of white meat, red meat, egg, tofu, spinach, carrot, dairy products, and beverages was higher in urban than rural areas. The frequency of salty fish, tempeh, swamp cabbage, “chiki’ snack was higher in rural than urban areas. Healthy living and balance diet (Gizi Seimbang) promotion of all food groups particularly vegetable and fruit should be revitalized. Keywords: food pattern, food frequency, Indonesian children

DESAIN PENELITIAN SOUTH-EAST ASIAN NUTRITION SURVEY (SEANUTS) DI INDONESIA Sandjaja, nFN; Budiman, Basuki; Harahap, Heryudarini; Ernawati, Fitrah; Soekatri, Moesijanti; Widodo, Yekti; Sumedi, Edith; Sofia, Gustina; Effendi, Rustan; Syarief, Hidayat; Minarto, nFN
GIZI INDONESIA Vol 36, No 2 (2013): September 2013
Publisher : PERSATUAN AHLI GIZI INDONESIA

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South-East Asian Nutrition Survey (SEANUTS) merupakan multi-center study yang dilakukan di Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand dan Vietnam yang diprakarsai oleh FrieslandCampina Belanda tahun 2011 untuk mengetahui besaran masalah gizi utama di masing-masing negara. SEANUTS merupakan studi komprehensif gizi yang mengumpulkan data antropometri gizi (berat, tinggi badan, tinggi duduk, lapisan lemak bawah kulit, lingkaran lengan atas, lebar lengan tangan, siku, lutut), biokimia gizi (vitamin A, D, Hb, ferritin, DHA), iodium urine, perkembangan mental/ kognitif dan motorik, aktivitas fisik, kualitas tulang, konsumsi makanan, dan morbiditas. Tulisan ini menjelaskan desain umum SEANUTS. Desain SEANUTS adalah studi potong lintang (cross-sectional). Sampel adalah anak umur 0,5-12,9 tahun sebanyak 7211 anak yang dipilih dengan metode two-stage randomized cluster sampling. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan wawancara, pengamatan, pengukuran, dan pemeriksaan sesuai dengan data yang dikumpulkan. Enumerator terlatih mengumpulkan data morbiditas, antropometri, aktivitas fisik, kualitas tulang, perkembangan mental dan kognisi, konsumsi makanan, urin. Pemeriksaan klinis oleh tenaga medis setempat, pengambilan darah oleh plebotomis. Tulisan-tulisan dalam nomor majalah ini berisi hasil deskriptif tentang besaran masalah gizi makro dan mikro di Indonesia, konsumsi makanan, aktivitas fisik, dan perkembangan mental, sedangkan tulisan ini menjelaskan desain umum SEANUTS

GANGGUAN PERTUMBUHAN DAN PERKEMBANGAN PADA ANAK USIA 0,5-1,9 TAHUN TERKAIT DENGAN ASUPAN MAKANAN DAN PENGASUHAN YANG KURANG Harahap, Heryudarini; Budiman, Basuki; Widodo, Yekti
GIZI INDONESIA Vol 41, No 1 (2018): Maret 2018
Publisher : PERSATUAN AHLI GIZI INDONESIA

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Growth and development of children affected by various risk factors include malnutrition, poverty, and a less stimulated home environment. The objective of this analysis was to calculate the proportion of growth and development disorder and to determine the association of food intake and care for children with children’s growth and development. Samples were 247 children aged of 0.5-1.9 years who participated in the South East Asian Nutrition Survey (SEANUTS) in 2011. Growth was assesed by height for age in Z-score of WHO standard. Development was measured using Denver II test. Children were divided into four groups: 1).normal height with normal development (NH-ND); 2).stunting with normal development (S-ND), 3).normal height with suspected underdevelopment (NH-SD), and 4).stunting with suspected underdevelopment (S-SD). Protein intake was divided into adequate (≥80% RDA) and inadequate (<80% RDA). Care for children was measured by the length of carrying them, categorized into ≤2 hours or >2 hours. Socio-economic status was categorized into low and high based on quintile. Age was categorized into 0.5–0.9 years and 1.0–1.9 years. Data analysis employed multi-nomial logistic regression. Proportions of NH-SD, S-ND, NH-SD and S-SD were 53.6%, 17.9%, 19.4%, and 9.1%, respectively. S-ND was associated with protein intake (OR=2.2;95%CI:1.1-4.6), aged 1.0–1.9 years (OR=6.9: 95%CI:2.2-22.1). NH-SD was associated with aged 1–1.9 years (OR=0.3; 95%CI:0.1-0.6). S-SD was associated with inadequate protein intake (OR=3.1; 95%CI:1.2-8.2), low SES and duration of carrying them more than 2 hours (OR=6.9; 95%CI:2.5-19.0). Protein intake, SES and care for children were risk factors for growth and development of children.ABSTRAKPertumbuhan dan perkembangan anak dipengaruhi oleh berbagai faktor risiko diantaranya kekurangan gizi, kemiskinan, dan lingkungan rumah yang kurang stimulasi. Tujuan analisis adalah mengetahui proporsi gangguan pertumbuhan dan perkembangan dan mempelajari asosiasi asupan makanan dan pengasuhan dengan pertumbuhan dan perkembangan anak. Sampel adalah 247 anak, berusia 0,5–1,9 tahun dari penelitian South East Asian Nutrition Study tahun 2011. Pertumbuhan dinilai melalui Z-skor tinggi badan (TB) menurut umur standar WHO. Perkembangan diukur menggunakan test Denver II. Anak dikelompokkan menjadi: 1).TB dan perkembangan normal (NH-ND), 2).stunting tetapi perkembangan normal (S-ND), 3).TB normal tetapi perkembangan terganggu (NH-SD), dan 4). stunting dan perkembangan terganggu (S-SD). Asupan protein dikelompokkan atas cukup (≥80% RDA) dan kurang (<80% RDA). Pengasuhan diukur dari lama anak digendong, dikelompokkan menjadi ≤2 jam atau >2 jam. Status sosial ekonomi dikategorikan menjadi rendah dan tinggi. Analisis yang digunakan adalah multi-nomial logistic regression. Proporsi NH-ND, S-ND, NH-SD dan S-SD berturut-turut adalah 53,6%, 17,9%, 19,4%, dan 9,1%. S-ND berhubungan dengan kurang asupan protein (OR=2,2;95%CI:1,1-4,6), umur 1–1,9 tahun (OR=6,9: 95%CI:2,2-22,1). NH-SD berhubungan dengan umur 1,0–1,9 tahun (OR=0,3; 95%CI:0,1-0,6). S-SD berhubungan dengan kurang asupan protein (OR=3,1; 95%CI:1,2-8,2), SES rendah dan anak digendong > 2 jam (OR=6,9; 95%CI:2,5-19,0). Asupan protein, sosial ekonomi status dan pengasuhan anak merupakan faktor risiko untuk terjadinya pertumbuhan dan hambatan perkembangan pada anak.Kata kunci: konsumsi makanan, pengasuhan anak, perkembangan anak, status gizi

GAMBARAN KONSUMSI ZAT GIZI ANAK UMUR 6 BULAN – 12 TAHUN DI INDONESIA Widodo, Yekti; Sandjaja, nFN; Sumedi, Edith
GIZI INDONESIA Vol 36, No 2 (2013): September 2013
Publisher : PERSATUAN AHLI GIZI INDONESIA

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Prevalensi gangguan gizi pada anak di Indonesia terutama stunting masih cukup tinggi dan menempati posisi kelima terbesar di dunia. Penyebab multi sektoral gangguan gizi termasuk makanan, kesehatan dan pola asuh. Di tingkat individu, penyebab langsung gangguan gizi tersebut adalah masih rendahnya kuantitas konsumsi makanan dan rendahnya kualitas bahan makanan yang dikonsumsi, serta adanya penyakit infeksi. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui konsumsi makanan anak di Indonesia. Studi SEANUTS dilakukan di 48 kabupaten di wilayah perkotaan dan perdesaan. Data tingkat kecukupan konsumsi zat gizi anak Indonesia umur 6 bulan-12 tahun diperoleh dengan metode recall 1x24 jam yang meliputi 3600 anak. Konversi bahan makanan yang dikonsumi ke dalam zat gizi dilakukan berdasarkan daftar komposisi bahan makanan Indonesia dan tingkat kecukupan konsumsi zat gizi dihitung berdasarkan AKG Indonesia. Hasilnya menunjukkan rata-rata tingkat kecukupan konsumsi energi, vitamin A, asam folat, vitamin C, kalsium, dan besi masih di bawah AKG (44-77%), sedangkan rata-rata tingkat kecukupan konsumsi protein dan fosfor sudah di atas AKG (106-114%). Rata-rata tingkat kecukupan konsumsi zat gizi tertinggi adalah kelompok umur 6-11 bulan dan terendah kelompok umur 9-12 tahun. Proporsi anak dengan tingkat konsumsi zat gizi di bawah AKG tertinggi pada kelompok umur 9-12 tahun dan terendah umur 6-11 bulan. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa anak-anak pada kelompok umur lebih tua, dengan ibu berpendidikan rendah, kuintil sosial ekonomi rendah, dan tinggal di perdesaan, mempunyai risiko lebih tinggi mengonsumsi zat gizi di bawah AKGABSTRACTDIETARY INTAKE OF INDONESIAN CHILDREN 6 MONTH - 12 YEAR OF AGEThe prevalence of undernutrition in Indonesia is still high. Stunting, one type of undernutrition with the highest prevalence is rank number five in the world. The multisectoral causes of undernutrition include food, health, and caring practices. At individual level, the immediate causes are inadequate and low quality of dietary intake and infectious disease. This SEANUTS study aimed to assess dietary intake among children in Indonesia. The study was conducted in 48 districts covering urban and rural areas of 3,600 children 6 month-12 years of age. Dietary intake was assessed by 1x24 hour dietary recall by trained nutritionists. Indonesian food composition tables were used to calculate nutrient contents and then compared the nutrient intakes to Indonesian recommended dietary allowances (RDA) to assess their adequacy. The overall results showed that the average intakes of energy, vitamin A, vitamin C, folate, iron, and calsium and phosphor were still below the RDA (44-77%), while protein and phosphor were above the RDA (106-114%). The inadequacy varies among age group, the older the children the more deficit of nutrient intake. The highest average intake was among children 6-11 month of age groups and lowest is among children 9-12 year of age. By using cut-off point of Indonesian RDA, there were still high proportion of children deficit in nutrient intakes. It is concluded that children of older age group, living with low maternal education, low socioeconomic status, and in rural area were significantly higher risk of deficit in nutrient intake below RDA. Keywords: nutrient consumption, RDA, Indonesian children

FAKTOR YANG BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN POLA MENYUSUI BAYI DAN ANAK USIA 6-23 BULAN DI INDONESIA Widodo, Yekti; Sandjaja, Sandjaja
GIZI INDONESIA Vol 38, No 2 (2015): September 2015
Publisher : PERSATUAN AHLI GIZI INDONESIA

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ABSTRACT Exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months after birth and continued breastfeeding for up to 2 years is a very beneficial. The objectives of the study were to get better insight on the proportion of breastfeeding and its associated factors among Indonesian children to support breastfeeding awareness program. SEANUTS was a multi-centered nutrition study conducted in Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam. A subsample of 2.391 Indonesian children 6-23 months of age was analyzed using ANCOVA and multiple logistic regression. The results showed that 4.5 percent of the children were never breastfed. The study showed that factors significantly associated with never being breastfed were child not lived with his/her mother (OR = 5,0), mother’s education was junior high school or less (OR = 2,7), and child caregiver was not his/her mother (OR = 3,27). Delivery helped by private health practitioner or at home was significantly protective against not being breasfed (OR = 0,37). The overall proportion of children 6-23 months of age still being breastfed was 73.3 percent. Factors significantly associated with weaning were early weaned (OR = 1,13), working mother (OR = 2,0), child caregiver not his/her mother (OR = 1,62), and not lived with his/her mother (OR = 9,35). Factors associated with longer breastfeeding were living in rural areas (OR = 0,69), older age of mother 30-39 years (OR = 0,67), delivery at home (OR = 0,45) or health practitioner (OR = 0,65). In conclusion, the research indicated that not all babies get breastfeed in an optimal level. Health promotion program to increase breastfeeding awareness should be targeted more for health profesionals in hospital and maternity clinics, mother’s education was at junior high school or less, young mother, and in the urban area. Keywords: breastfeeding, weaning, Indonesian children ABSTRAK Menyusui eksklusif selama 6 bulan dan dilanjutkan pemberian ASI sampai anak usia 2 tahun, terbukti sangat bermanfaat. Tujuan penelitian adalah menganalisis faktor yang berhubungan dengan pola menyusui guna mendukung program menyusui di Indonesia. Data merupakan subsampel penelitian SEANUTS Indonesia yaitu anak 6-23 bulan berjumlah 2391. SEANUTS merupakan multi-centered study yang dilakukan di Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, dan Vietnam pada tahun 2011. Analisis data dilakukan secara deskriptif dan diuji statistik dengan ANCOVA dan multiple logistic regression. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan proporsi anak yang tidak pernah mendapat ASI adalah 4,5 persen. Hasil analisis menunjukkan faktor yang berhubungan dengan perilaku tidak menyusui yaitu tidak tinggal dengan ibu (OR = 5,0), pendidikan ibu SMP ke bawah (OR = 2,7), tidak diasuh oleh ibu kandung (OR = 3,27). Persalinan di klinik bidan atau di rumah bersifat protektif terhadap perilaku tidak menyusui (OR = 0,37). Proporsi anak usia 6-23 bulan yang masih disusui adalah 73,3 persen. Faktor yang berhubungan dengan disapih lebih awal adalah (OR = 1,13), ibu bekerja (OR = 2,0), pengasuh bukan ibu (OR = 1,62), dan anak tidak tinggal dengan ibu (OR = 9,35). Faktor yang berhubungan dengan durasi menyusui lebih lama adalah tinggal di perdesaan (OR = 0,69), umur ibu 30-39 tahun (OR = 0,67), persalinan di rumah (OR = 0,45), di klinik bidan (OR = 0,65). Penelitian ini menunjukkan tidak semua bayi mendapat ASI secara optimal. Target program promosi kesehatan untuk meningkatkan pemberian ASI sampai usia 2 tahun adalah petugas kesehatan di rumah sakit, orang tua bayi berpendidikan SMP ke bawah, ibu usia muda, dan di daerah perkotaan.

CAKUPAN PEMBERIAN ASI EKSKLUSIF: AKURASI DAN INTERPRETASI DATA SURVEI DAN LAPORAN PROGRAM Widodo, Yekti
GIZI INDONESIA Vol 34, No 2 (2011): September 2011
Publisher : PERSATUAN AHLI GIZI INDONESIA

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Akurasi dan interpretasi cakupan data pemberian air susu ibu (ASI) eksklusif atau menyusui eksklusif sangat penting diketahui untuk memberikan gambaran tentang status menyusui eksklusif di suatu negara. Di Indonesia data cakupan praktik menyusui eksklusif pada bayi di bawah usia 6 bulan berbeda-beda tergantung pada definisi dan metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan. Cakupan praktik menyusui eksklusif pada bayi di bawah usia 6 bulan berkisar antara 15,3 sampai 74,2 persen. Akurasi dan interpretasi data cakupan tersebut sangat penting untuk diketahui. Data cakupan tersebut menjadi berbahaya karena dapat menyebabkan kesalahan interpretasi dan menimbulkan asumsi bahwa cakupan praktik menyusui eksklusif di Indonesia sudah mencapai angka yang tinggi, dan jika hal tersebut diyakini oleh para petugas kesehatan maka upaya untuk meningkatkan cakupan praktik menyusui eksklusif akan semakin melemah. Hal ini menjadi sangat berbahaya terhadap upaya meningkatkan cakupan praktik menyusui eksklusif. Perbedaan interpretasi data survei dan definisi tentang menyusui eksklusif perlu dibahas berdasarkan sumber pustaka yang relevan. Rekomendasi berdasarkan interpretasi data cakupan praktik menyusui eksklusif hanya dapat dilakukan setelah dievaluasi secara hati-hati dan cermat terhadap definisi dan metode survey yang digunakan,Kata kunci: ASI ekslusif, akurasi, interpretasi

QUANTITY AND QUALITY OF BREAKFAST OF CHILDREN AGED 2.0 TO 12.9 YEARS IN INDONESIA Harahap, Heryudarini; Widodo, Yekti; Sandjaja, Sandjaja; Khouw, Ilse; Deurenberg, Paul
GIZI INDONESIA Vol 42, No 1 (2019): Maret 2019
Publisher : PERSATUAN AHLI GIZI INDONESIA

Doing breakfast among children is a public health concern as seen at one of the messages in ?Indonesian balanced nutrition which state ?breakfast every day?. The aim of this analysis is to determine the quantity and quality of Indonesian children?s breakfast based on children and parent characteristics, as well as nutritional status. Subjects were 2629 children, aged 2.0?12.9 years, included in the Southeast Asian Nutrition Study. The amount of the breakfast is categorized as very inadequate if <15 percent; inadequate if 15 to < 25 percent; or adequate if ? 25 percent of the Indonesian RDA. The quality of breakfast was categorized as ?not good?, if the breakfast skips one or more components of energy, protein and/or vitamins/minerals, or ?good? if the breakfast provides energy, protein and vitamins/minerals. The results indicated that on average only 31.6 percent of the children were categorized as having adequate breakfast consumption and 21.6 percent having good quality breakfast. Only 9.2 percent of children have adequate and good quality breakfast. Adequacy of breakfast differed between children, parent characteristics, and nutritional status, but only age has an association with the quality of breakfast (p<0.05). The nutrition education about good breakfast should be included as the part of curriculum, and school canteens provided a good food, as well as a campaign about Indonesian balanced nutrition slogan number 1 ?have breakfast every day? should be socialized.

QUANTITY AND QUALITY OF BREAKFAST OF CHILDREN AGED 2.0 TO 12.9 YEARS IN INDONESIA Harahap, Heryudarini; Widodo, Yekti; Sandjaja, Sandjaja; Khouw, Ilse; Deurenberg, Paul
GIZI INDONESIA Vol 42, No 1 (2019): Maret 2019
Publisher : PERSATUAN AHLI GIZI INDONESIA

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36457/gizindo.v42i1.355

Doing breakfast among children is a public health concern as seen at one of the messages in ‘Indonesian balanced nutrition which state ‘breakfast every day’. The aim of this analysis is to determine the quantity and quality of Indonesian children’s breakfast based on children and parent characteristics, as well as nutritional status. Subjects were 2629 children, aged 2.0–12.9 years, included in the Southeast Asian Nutrition Study. The amount of the breakfast is categorized as very inadequate if 15 percent; inadequate if 15 to 25 percent; or adequate if ≥ 25 percent of the Indonesian RDA. The quality of breakfast was categorized as ‘not good’, if the breakfast skips one or more components of energy, protein and/or vitamins/minerals, or ‘good’ if the breakfast provides energy, protein and vitamins/minerals. The results indicated that on average only 31.6 percent of the children were categorized as having adequate breakfast consumption and 21.6 percent having good quality breakfast. Only 9.2 percent of children have adequate and good quality breakfast. Adequacy of breakfast differed between children, parent characteristics, and nutritional status, but only age has an association with the quality of breakfast (p0.05). The nutrition education about good breakfast should be included as the part of curriculum, and school canteens provided a good food, as well as a campaign about Indonesian balanced nutrition slogan number 1 ‘have breakfast every day’ should be socialized.

GANGGUAN PERTUMBUHAN DAN PERKEMBANGAN PADA ANAK USIA 0,5-1,9 TAHUN TERKAIT DENGAN ASUPAN MAKANAN DAN PENGASUHAN YANG KURANG Harahap, Heryudarini; Budiman, Basuki; Widodo, Yekti
GIZI INDONESIA Vol 41, No 1 (2018): Maret 2018
Publisher : PERSATUAN AHLI GIZI INDONESIA

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36457/gizindo.v41i1.247

Growth and development of children affected by various risk factors include malnutrition, poverty, and a less stimulated home environment. The objective of this analysis was to calculate the proportion of growth and development disorder and to determine the association of food intake and care for children with children’s growth and development. Samples were 247 children aged of 0.5-1.9 years who participated in the South East Asian Nutrition Survey (SEANUTS) in 2011. Growth was assesed by height for age in Z-score of WHO standard. Development was measured using Denver II test. Children were divided into four groups: 1).normal height with normal development (NH-ND); 2).stunting with normal development (S-ND), 3).normal height with suspected underdevelopment (NH-SD), and 4).stunting with suspected underdevelopment (S-SD). Protein intake was divided into adequate (≥80% RDA) and inadequate (80% RDA). Care for children was measured by the length of carrying them, categorized into ≤2 hours or 2 hours. Socio-economic status was categorized into low and high based on quintile. Age was categorized into 0.5–0.9 years and 1.0–1.9 years. Data analysis employed multi-nomial logistic regression. Proportions of NH-SD, S-ND, NH-SD and S-SD were 53.6%, 17.9%, 19.4%, and 9.1%, respectively. S-ND was associated with protein intake (OR=2.2;95%CI:1.1-4.6), aged 1.0–1.9 years (OR=6.9: 95%CI:2.2-22.1). NH-SD was associated with aged 1–1.9 years (OR=0.3; 95%CI:0.1-0.6). S-SD was associated with inadequate protein intake (OR=3.1; 95%CI:1.2-8.2), low SES and duration of carrying them more than 2 hours (OR=6.9; 95%CI:2.5-19.0). Protein intake, SES and care for children were risk factors for growth and development of children.ABSTRAKPertumbuhan dan perkembangan anak dipengaruhi oleh berbagai faktor risiko diantaranya kekurangan gizi, kemiskinan, dan lingkungan rumah yang kurang stimulasi. Tujuan analisis adalah mengetahui proporsi gangguan pertumbuhan dan perkembangan dan mempelajari asosiasi asupan makanan dan pengasuhan dengan pertumbuhan dan perkembangan anak. Sampel adalah 247 anak, berusia 0,5–1,9 tahun dari penelitian South East Asian Nutrition Study tahun 2011. Pertumbuhan dinilai melalui Z-skor tinggi badan (TB) menurut umur standar WHO. Perkembangan diukur menggunakan test Denver II. Anak dikelompokkan menjadi: 1).TB dan perkembangan normal (NH-ND), 2).stunting tetapi perkembangan normal (S-ND), 3).TB normal tetapi perkembangan terganggu (NH-SD), dan 4). stunting dan perkembangan terganggu (S-SD). Asupan protein dikelompokkan atas cukup (≥80% RDA) dan kurang (80% RDA). Pengasuhan diukur dari lama anak digendong, dikelompokkan menjadi ≤2 jam atau 2 jam. Status sosial ekonomi dikategorikan menjadi rendah dan tinggi. Analisis yang digunakan adalah multi-nomial logistic regression. Proporsi NH-ND, S-ND, NH-SD dan S-SD berturut-turut adalah 53,6%, 17,9%, 19,4%, dan 9,1%. S-ND berhubungan dengan kurang asupan protein (OR=2,2;95%CI:1,1-4,6), umur 1–1,9 tahun (OR=6,9: 95%CI:2,2-22,1). NH-SD berhubungan dengan umur 1,0–1,9 tahun (OR=0,3; 95%CI:0,1-0,6). S-SD berhubungan dengan kurang asupan protein (OR=3,1; 95%CI:1,2-8,2), SES rendah dan anak digendong 2 jam (OR=6,9; 95%CI:2,5-19,0). Asupan protein, sosial ekonomi status dan pengasuhan anak merupakan faktor risiko untuk terjadinya pertumbuhan dan hambatan perkembangan pada anak.Kata kunci: konsumsi makanan, pengasuhan anak, perkembangan anak, status gizi

Perbedaan Determinan Stunting Balita pada Dua Kabupaten dan Kota dengan Prevalensi Tinggi dan Rendah: Differences in Stunting Determinants among Under-Five Children in a High and Low Prevalence Region in Indonesia Srirezeki, Yulia; Briawan, Dodik; Widodo, Yekti
Jurnal Ilmu Gizi dan Dietetik Vol 4 No 3 (2025)
Publisher : Departemen Gizi Masyarakat, Fakultas Ekologi Manusia, IPB dan PERGIZI PANGAN Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25182/jigd.2025.4.3.235-244

Indonesia was ranked 59th in the human capital index (HCI) among 117 countries with the low middle income. Stunting child free percentage is one of the HCI’s measurement indicator. The results of the 2022 Indonesian Nutritional Status Survey (SSGI) 2022 showed Banten Province was a high prevalence of stunting (20%). Banten determined as a priority province for accelerating stunting reduction in Indonesia. Selected research region were Pandeglang District as a high stunting prevalence (29,4%) and South Tangerang City as a low stunting prevalence (9%) based on the 2022 SSGI. This study aimed to analyze differences stunting determinants between South Tangerang City and Pandeglang District. This type of research utilized secondary data from the 2022 SSGI results. SSGI 2022 used a cross-sectional study design. The Subject were under five (0-59 months) with a total of 551 in South Tangerang city and 291 Pandeglang district with total number 842 under five. Data were analyzed using SPSS 22 application. Binary Logistic Regression with 5% significancy and 95% confident interval was used for the data analyzation. Stunting determinants in Pandeglang district were lived in rural (OR= 2,251), low birth length (OR= 2,559), and diarrhea (OR= 3,157). Poor sanitation (OR= 31,328) was stunting determinant in South Tangerang city. Stunting reduction interventions in Pandeglang District are needed comprehensively at both individual and household levels, while in South Tangerang City at the household level.

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