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Covid-19 Vaccine Diplomacy and Cultures of Anarchy in The International System Ramdhan Muhaimin; Rizal A Hidayat; Eldha Mulyani
Jurnal Politica Vol 12, No 2 (2021): Jurnal Politica November 2021
Publisher : Sekretariat Jenderal DPR RI

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22212/jp.v12i2.2345

To fight the Covid-19 pandemic, several countries, through their pharmaceutical companies, conduct research and production of vaccines. Efforts to invent a vaccine are racing with the rapid mutation of Covid-19. The World Health Organization with GAVI (Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization) and CEPI (Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations) initiated a collaborative forum called Covid-19 Vaccine Global Access (COVAX). The goal there is justice and equity in the distribution of vaccines throughout the world. Although strategic efforts to deal with the Covid-19 pandemic are carried out multilaterally through COVAX, many countries have also taken bilateral steps to get their vaccine needs. On the other hand, the Covid-19 vaccine diplomacy that took place in an anarchic international system showed three different cultural patterns, namely Hobbesian (conflictual), Lockean (competitive), and Kantian (cooperative). By using a qualitative approach, this study analyzes three cultural patterns of anarchy in vaccine diplomacy. Data collection techniques in this research are based on library research. The theory used in this research is diplomacy and cultures of Anarchy in Constructivism approach. From this research, it was found that the COVAX is a representation of the cooperative pattern carried out by countries in overcoming the Covid-19 pandemic. But apart from that, there is also Hobbesian or conflictual diplomacy between the United States and China. Meanwhile, competitive diplomacy can be seen in the competition among vaccine-producing countries.AbstrakUntuk mengatasi pandemi Covid-19, sejumlah negara melalui perusahaan farmasinya melakukan penelitian dan produksi vaksin. Upaya pencarian vaksin berlomba dengan mutasi Covid-19 yang cepat. Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia (World Health Organization) bersama GAVI (Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization) dan CEPI (Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations) menginisiasi wadah kolaboratif bernama Covid-19 Vaccine Global Access (COVAX). Tujuannya, agar terjadi keadilan dan pemerataan dalam distribusi vaksin ke seluruh dunia. Meski upaya strategis menghadapi pandemik Covid-19 dilakukan secara multilateral melalui COVAX, tapi langkah-langkah bilateral juga banyak dilakukan negaranegara dalam memenuhi kebutuhan vaksinnya. Pada sisi lain, diplomasi vaksin Covid-19 yang terjadi dalam sistem internasional yang anarki menunjukkan tiga pola budaya yang berbeda, yaitu Hobbesian (konfliktual), Lockian (kompetitif), dan Kantian (kooperatif). Dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif, penelitian ini menganalisis tiga pola budaya anarki dalam diplomasi vaksin yang terjadi saat ini. Tekni pengumpulan data pada penelitian berdasarkan riset kepustakaan (library research). Teori yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Diplomasi dan Budaya Anarki dalam Konstruktivisme yang dikembangkan Alexander Wendt. Dari penelitian ini, ditemukan wadah COVAX merupakan representasi pola kooperatif yang dilakukan negara-negara dalam mengatasi pandemik Covid-19. Namun selain itu, terjadi juga diplomasi ala Hobbesian atau konfliktual seperti yang terjadi antara Amerika Serikat dan China. Sedangkan diplomasi yang bersifat kompetitif terlihat pada persaingan di antara negara-negara produsen vaksin.

KEBIJAKAN SEKURITISASI DAN PERSEPSI ANCAMAN DI LAUT NATUNA UTARA [THE POLICY OF SECURITIZATION AND THREAT PERCEPTION IN NORTH NATUNA SEA] Ramdhan Muhaimin
Jurnal Politica Vol 9, No 1 (2018): Jurnal Politica Mei 2018
Publisher : Sekretariat Jenderal DPR RI

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar

AbstractThe Government of the Republic of Indonesia released a new national map in July 2017. One of the new is the renaming of the northern waters of Natuna Island (Riau Islands Province) as the North Natuna Sea, which was previously included in the naming of the South China Sea. The policy of renaming has gained hard protest from China, one of Asia's biggest nations which has experienced significant economic and defense growth in the last two decades. The renaming policy of the sea is an interesting study because the policy was released when the escalation of security dynamics in the South China Sea is warming up. This study uses the concept of threat perception, and theory of securitization developed by Copenhagen School. The purpose of the conceptual approach in this security study, to prove that the renaming policy of the North Natuna Sea can be seen as an attempt to securitize Indonesia's national interests from external threats.AbstrakPemerintah Republik Indonesia merilis peta baru pada Juli 2017 lalu. Salah satu yang berubah dalam peta baru RI adalah penamaan kawasan perairan di sebelah utara Pulau Natuna Provinsi Kepulauan Riau sebagai Laut Natuna Utara, yang sebelumnya masuk dalam penamaan Laut China Selatan. Kebijakan penamaan ulang laut ini mendapatkan protes keras dari China, salah satu negara besar Asia yang dalam dua dekade terakhir mengalami pertumbuhan ekonomi dan pertahanan signifikan. Kebijakan perubahan nama laut ini menjadi kajian menarik karena kebijakan tersebut dilakukan ketika eskalasi dinamika keamanan di Laut China Selatan sedang menghangat. Kajian ini menggunakan konsep persepsi ancaman dan teori sekuritisasi yang dikembangkan Mazhab Copenhagen (Copenhagen School). Tujuan pendekatan konseptual dalam studi keamanan ini, untuk melihat apakah kebijakan penamaan ulang Laut Natuna Utara dapat dilihat sebagai upaya sekuritisasi kedaulatan kepentingan nasional Indonesia dari ancaman eksternal.

DUNIA ISLAM DIANTARA RIVALITAS AMERIKA SERIKAT DAN TIONGKOK Ramdhan Muhaimin; Nizar Umar; Dinda Ayuningtyas
Dauliyah: Journal of Islam and International Affairs Vol 7, No 2 (2022): Dauliah Journal Islamic and International Affairs
Publisher : UNIDA Gontor

This article discusses the dynamics of the rivalry between the United States and China in the last decade, as well as its influence on the Islamic world. Globally, the increasing of China’s influence has fueled tensions with the United States (US). Especially since China declared a project of global economic-politic called One Belt One Road (OBOR) in 2013. The ‘New Cold War’ between US and China today has spread to various issues, from trade, cyber-technology, military, and health. This study uses a qualitative method in which content analysis is based on data obtained from news documents, articles and reports. From this research, it is concluded that the dynamic phenomenon in the Islamic world, such as the normalization of Arab-Israeli, the joining of Iran to the SCO, the issue of the Uighur Muslim ethnicity, the Rohingya ethnic minority, the rejection of China's vaccine, and the declaration of defense of AUKUS alliances. Based on the neorealism approach in this study, the dynamics of the international structure affect the behavior of Muslim countries in making their rational choices.

DUNIA ISLAM DIANTARA RIVALITAS AMERIKA SERIKAT DAN TIONGKOK Ramdhan Muhaimin; Nizar Umar; Dinda Ayuningtyas
Dauliyah: Journal of Islam and International Affairs Vol 7, No 2 (2022): Dauliah Journal Of Islamic and International Affairs
Publisher : UNIDA Gontor

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21111/dauliyah.v7i2.8500

This article discusses the dynamics of the rivalry between the United States and China in the last decade, as well as its influence on the Islamic world. Globally, the increasing of China’s influence has fueled tensions with the United States (US). Especially since China declared a project of global economic-politic called One Belt One Road (OBOR) in 2013. The ‘New Cold War’ between US and China today has spread to various issues, from trade, cyber-technology, military, and health. This study uses a qualitative method in which content analysis is based on data obtained from news documents, articles and reports. From this research, it is concluded that the dynamic phenomenon in the Islamic world, such as the normalization of Arab-Israeli, the joining of Iran to the SCO, the issue of the Uighur Muslim ethnicity, the Rohingya ethnic minority, the rejection of China's vaccine, and the declaration of defense of AUKUS alliances. Based on the neorealism approach in this study, the dynamics of the international structure affect the behavior of Muslim countries in making their rational choices.

Analisa Kepentingan Tiongkok Melalui Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) dalam Pembangunan Infrastruktur di Sulawesi Utara 2017-2022 Amaliyah, Firda; Muhaimin, Ramdhan
JIEP: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi dan Pembangunan Vol 6, No 2 (2023)
Publisher : PPJP Universitas Lambung Mangkurat

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20527/jiep.v6i2.10260

The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is an international economic trade route connecting Asia, Africa and Europe, consisting of around 60 countries. BRI aims to improve the world economy and create new trade routes to increase business opportunities in terms of exports, imports and investment for China. This research aims to reveal China's national interests behind investments or loans provided through BRI in infrastructure cooperation in North Sulawesi. The projects included in this collaboration are Bitug Port, development of Bitung Port, and construction of the Manado-Bitung Toll Road. The researcher used a qualitative method in which the study used a literature study method, which allowed the author to carry out fact-based analysis of the data found during the research. This research results in the conclusion that the cooperation carried out by China through the BRI with Indonesia is in China's national interests, namely helping to improve the economy through easy exports and imports and affordable infrastructure development in North Sulawesi.

The Role of the Council of Indonesian Ulama (MUI) to the Development of a Madani Society in the Democratic Landscape of Indonesia Muhaimin, Ramdhan; Muslimin, JM
Jurnal Aspirasi Vol 14, No 2 (2023)
Publisher : Pusat Analisis Keparlemenan Badan Keahlian Sekretariat Jenderal DPR RI

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.46807/aspirasi.v14i2.3368

Majelis Ulama Indonesia (MUI) dibentuk tahun 1975 dengan tujuan sebagai perangkat pendukung kebijakan negara dalam urusan keagamaan umat Islam. Dalam perjalanannya, fatwa MUI tidak lepas dari dinamika pro dan kontra. Lebih dari itu, kedudukan MUI juga seringkali dipersoalkan pihak-pihak tertentu yang menentang keberadaannya terkait relevansinya dengan demokrasi. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis peran dan kedudukan MUI sebagai unsur kokoh dari masyarakat madani dalam dinamika politik demokrasi di Indonesia. Rumusan penelitian yang disusun dalam kajian ini adalah bagaiman peran Majelis Ulama Indonesia (MUI) terhadap perkembangan masyarakat madani dalam lanskap demokrasi Indonesia. Untuk menjawab rumusan tersebut, kajian ini menggunakan konsep masyarakat madani dan teori fungsionalisme struktural. Kajian ini dianalisis menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan jenis penelitian eksplanatif. Teknik yang digunakan untuk menganalisis data dan dokumen yang dihimpun adalah studi kepustakaan (library research). Hasilnya,penelitian ini melihat bahwa eksistensi MUI sebagai pilar masyarakat madani dalam sistem demokrasi Pancasila cukup kuat. Selain itu, kehadiran MUI juga melengkapi fungsi struktur dan eksistensi lembaga dan perangkat negara lainnya, seperti Kementerian Agama, DPR RI, dan ormas-ormas Islam. Karena itu, dukungan politik dari Komisi VIII DPR RI sebagai mitra legislatif menjadi keharusan agar MUI tetap tegak sebagai instrumen masyarakat madani. Abstract: The Council of Indonesian Ulama (MUI) was formed in 1975 to support state policy in Muslim religious affairs. In its journey, MUI's fatwa cannot be separated from the dynamics of pros and cons. Moreover, the position of MUI is also often questioned by certain parties who oppose its existence related to democracy. Therefore, this research aims to analyze the position and role of MUI as a solid element of Madani society in the dynamics of Indonesian democracy. The research formulation in this study is how extensive is the role of MUI in the democratic landscape of Indonesia, contributing not only to the reinforcement of Pancasila's democracy but also to the development of a Madani society. To answer the formulation, this study uses the concept of Madani society and the theory of structural functionalism. This study is analyzed using a qualitative method with an explanatory research type. The technique used to analyze the data and documents collected is library research. As a result, this study sees that the existence of MUI as a pillar of Madani society in the democracy of Pancasila system is quite strong. In addition, the presence of MUI also complements the function of structure and existence of other institutions and devices, such as the Ministry of Religious Affairs, the House of Representatives, and Islamic organizations. Therefore, political support from Commission VIII of DPR RI as a legislative partner is a must for MUI to remain upright as an instrument of Madani society.

Program Sosialisasi Lingkungan Bersih dan Pembuatan Poster Canva di SMP Al-Fityan Tangerang: Pendekatan untuk Mengatasi Polusi Udara Martsela, Putri Yasmin; Suwarsa, Fadli Renaldy; Rizqi, Devito Muhammad; Faisol, Wildan; Muhaimin, Ramdhan
Prosiding Seminar Nasional Pemberdayaan Masyarakat (SENDAMAS) Vol 3, No 1 (2023): Desember 2023
Publisher : UniversitasAl Azhar Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36722/psn.v3i1.2494

Kondisi lingkungan beberapa waktu terakhir di daerah Jakarta dan sekitarnya sangat mengkhawatirkan, seperti pencemaran polusi udara yang menyebabkan gangguan pada saluran pernapasan. Kondisi lingkungan yang sangat mengkhawatirkan dan mengganggu tersebut yang menjadi masalah utamanya adalah polusi. Tidak sedikit masyarakat yang merasa terganggu dengan adanya kondisi ini. Masyarakat yang tidak beraktivitas di luar rumah maupun beraktivitas di luar rumah sangat terganggu dengan adanya lingkungan polusi yang tidak sehat dan tidak nyaman ini. Dari anak kecil hingga dewasa merasakan akibatnya dari lingkungan yang tidak sehat ini, seperti adanya yang terkena Infeksi Saluran Pernapasan Atas (ISPA). Selain itu, tentunya memiliki dampak yang luar biasa untuk generasi selanjutnya di masa yang akan datang jika kondisi ini terus menerus dibiarkan. Disamping peran pemerintah, kegiatan ini merupakan upaya pemerintah sebagai pemangku kebijakan yang bekerja sama dengan akademisi melalui program pengabdian masyarakat dengan cara diskusi dan membuat poster mengenai lingkungan yang baik dan sehat kepada generasi muda yang akan mengisi perannya di masa depan, yaitu kepada siswa kelas 7 di SMP Al-Fityan TangerangKata kunci: Lingkungan, Siswa, Pengabdian Masyarakat

Analisis Komparatif Model Dialektika Pos-Islamisme di Dunia Islam antara Arab Saudi dan Iran Muhaimin, Ramdhan; Umar, Nizar; Amaliyah, Firda
Politea : Jurnal Pemikiran Politik Islam Vol 6, No 2 (2023): Politea : Jurnal Pemikiran Politik Islam
Publisher : State Islamic Institute of Kudus (IAIN Kudus)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21043/politea.v6i2.23460

This study aims to analyze the relationship between Islam and the state in Saudi Arabia and Iran, using the approach of post-Islamism. Post-Islamism is a concept that refers to the shift of Islamist groups towards modernity and democracy. It was first introduced by Iranian intellectual, Asef Bayat, in the 1990s. Since then, it has been used to analyze the phenomenon of political Islam in different countries, especially after the Cold War. In Saudi Arabia, changes have occurred since Mohammed bin Salman was appointed as crown prince in 2016. In Iran, civil society actions, such as the 2022 death of Mahsa Amini, have driven the change. The research problem is to compare the post-Islamism model that occurs in Saudi Arabia and Iran. The comparative case study method with library research techniques was used. The research findings show that the pattern of post-Islamism in Saudi Arabia differs from that of Iran. In Saudi Arabia, post-Islamism is top-down, starting from state politics without civic movement. However, Iran illustrates the opposite - it is bottom-up and initiated by civil society against the state.

FAKTOR IDEOLOGI DALAM SIKAP KRITIS POLITIK LUAR NEGERI IRAN TERHADAP BARAT Ramdhan Muhaimin
Jisiera: The Journal of Islamic Studies and International Relations Vol. 6 No. 1 (2023): Jisiera Volume 6, April, 2023
Publisher : The Indonesian Islamic Studies and International Relations Association (Insiera)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.8035834

Iran is one of the countries in the Middle East that has always been oppositional of the United States (US) and Western hegemony in the region. Iran's foreign policy is critical of the US and the West has emerged especially after the revolution in 1979. This critical attitude is compounded by Iran's nuclear technology capabilities. So, in the Middle East, there are two countries with nuclear technology capabilities for both civilian and military purposes: Iran and Israel. While the US called Iran 'the axis of evil' and is a supporter of global terrorism. Iran's relations with Western countries have been always conflictual because of Western distrust. Through an analytical descriptive qualitative method, this research will collect data and information from the library (library research) to analyze constructivism factors as the background of Iran's critical attitude. The constructivism approach in this research is the factor of history and collective identity in the form of the Iranian nation's ideology. From the literature, this research concludes that attitudes in Iran's foreign policy are influenced by the theology of Imamah or itsna asyariah as the ideology of the Iranian people. The ideology of the Shia believes that the establishment of the Republic of Islamic State is a 'stage' to welcome the arrival of Imam Mahdi. Iran's foreign policy aims to maintain this goal. This factor stimulated the revolutionary 1979 so that Iran's conflicting relations with the West.

Dinamika Perimbangan Kekuatan China dan India di Selat Malaka Muhaimin, Ramdhan; Martsela, Putri Yasmin
Mondial: Jurnal Hubungan Internasional Vol 1, No 1 (2024): Maret 2024
Publisher : Universitas Al-azhar Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36722/mondial.v1i1.2793

The Malacca Strait is one of the world’s busiest trade lanes. Located in Southeast Asia region, the Malacca Strait becomes a very strategic sea as connecting Asia and Australia, as well as Pacific region. As its geopolitics condition, many powers have competed to keep going their national interest by influencing the region. India and China are two great power that significantly influencing the region, aside from US and Japan. The both power have same economic and political interests of the Malacca Strait. The both power also have grand strategy of foreign affairs and defense policy that are based on economic growth. India has the Look East Policy, while China moves with Soft Power Policy. The presence of these two great powers in Southeast Asia is very pronounced influence the attitudes and perceptions of the ASEAN countries. This paper aims to provide an overview of balance of power between India and China in Malacca Strait using approach of theory of neo-realism.

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