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All Journal Majalah Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Kimia Journal of Industrial Community Empowerment SAINTI: Majalah Ilmiah Teknologi Industri Molekul: Jurnal Ilmiah Kimia
Elda Pelita, Elda
Akademi teknologi industri padang
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry Control & Systems Engineering Economics, Econometrics & Finance Engineering Environmental Science Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering Materials Science & Nanotechnology

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Characterization of Palm Oil Mill Fly Ash Based Adsorbent as Bleaching Agent of Crude Palm Oil Pelita, Elda; Desniorita, Desniorita; Nirmala, Dyah; Youfa, Rita; Jayanti, Regna Tri; Sahaq, Anang Baharuddin; Permadani, Resi Levi
Molekul Vol 21 No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Jenderal Soedirman

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20884/1.jm.2026.21.1.14061

Abstract

ABSTRACT. The palm oil industry generates significant waste, including fly ash (FA) from palm oil mill boilers, which poses environmental challenges. This study investigated the potential of FA as an alternative adsorbent for the bleaching of crude palm oil (CPO) and compared its performance with commercial bleaching earth (BE). FA was activated thermally at 400°C and chemically using 1.5 M oxalic acid solution to enhance its adsorption capacity. The results showed that chemically activated FA (FA 1.5 M) and thermally activated FA (FA 400°C) reduced the CPO color from 20 Red (R) to 16-17 R, meeting the industrial standard for degummed bleached palm oil (≤ 17 R). The bleaching efficiency of FA 1.5 M was comparable to that of BE under identical conditions (120 °C and 1.5% w/w adsorbent), demonstrating its practical applicability as an alternative bleaching agent. Characterization results showed that FA 1.5 M had a higher silica (SiO₂) content (77.13%) than FA 400°C (72.46%) and BE (52.01%), along with increased surface area and pore size. FTIR analysis confirmed the adsorption of organic components from CPO onto the activated FA surface, while SEM analysis revealed that chemical activation produced a rougher surface morphology with larger pore diameters. Heavy metal concentrations in both activated FA adsorbents were within safe limits for food applications. Furthermore, BET analysis confirmed that FA 1.5 M exhibited a mesoporous structure with improved adsorption isotherms compared to untreated FA. The study showed that FA particularly FA 1.5 M, shows strong potential as an effective, low-cost, and environmentally sustainable alternative adsorbent in the CPO bleaching process. Keywords: Adsorbent, Bleaching earth, Crude palm oil, Fly ash
Co-Authors Desniorita Desniorita, Desniorita Desniorta, Desniorita Dyah Nirmala, Dyah Elfina, Sri Gusfiyesi Gusfiyesi, Gusfiyesi Hafnimardiyanti Hafnimardiyanti Hazil Anwar, Hazil Jayanti, Regna Tri Jerry, Jerry Permadani , Resi Levi Permadani, Resi Levi Roswita Roswita Sahaq, Anang Baharuddin Subriadi, Fejri Suciati, Dwimaryam Tengku Rachmi Hidayani Tengku Rachmi Hidayani, Tengku Rachmi Youfa, Rita