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Makau, Juliann Nzembi
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SARS-CoV-2: Virology and Drug Repurposing Approaches Rahmasari, Ratika; Setiawan, Heri; Syahdi, Rezi Riadhi; Arifianti, Ayun; Irianti, Marina Ika; Sauriasari, Rani; Makau, Juliann Nzembi; Raekiansyah, Muhareva
Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research Vol. 7, No. 4
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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An emerging coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, is the causative agent for the ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which has caused a worldwide social and economic disruption. Currently, no antiviral drugs with proven clinical efficacy, or vaccines for its prevention. Therefore, to combat the pandemic of this novel coronavirus, new effective treatments are urgently needed. In the process of traditional drug development, developing new drugs from scratch is a time- consuming process, requires high-investment, and is a high-risk process, which is impractical to face the immediate global challenge of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Drug repurposing strategy is one of the effective ways to quickly find a therapeutic agent for COVID-19 Existing medicines, which already have been tested and proven safe in humans might work for COVID-19 offering a potentially faster approach for the disease management. Here, we review h the latest research progress in epidemiology, viral genome, and life cycles of SARS-CoV-2. Further, we describe and discuss some promising drugs repurposed to target SARS-CoV-2 that are being evaluated in clinical trials.
Inhibitory and Anti-Biofilm Effects of Orthoshipon aristatus Against Candida albicans Rahmasari, Ratika; Chairunissa, Ananda Hanny; Irianti, Marina Ika; Forestrania, Roshamur Cahyan; Arifianti, Ayun Erwina; Suryadi, Herman; Makau, Juliann Nzembi; Jantan, Ibrahim; Elya, Berna
Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research Vol. 7, No. 3
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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There are increasing number of reports on Candida albicans developing resistance to available anti-fungal drugs. Thus, there is an urgent need to discover new agents for treatment of candidiasis. The alcoholic extracts of Orthoshipon aristatus have been shown to exhibit antifungal activity against C. albicans by using the agar diffusion and broth microdilution methods. However, the underlying mechanisms of anti-C. albicans effect of O. aristatus have not been well understood. This study was aimed to evaluate the cytotoxic and anti-biofilm effects of the n-hexane and ethanol extracts of purple and white varieties of O. aristatus leaves and branches against C. albicans. The effect of n-hexane and ethanol extract against C. albicans growth was carried out by crystal violet viability assay. IC50 values of the most active extract, and nystatin and fluconazole as positive controls were also determined by the crystal violet assay. Evaluation of the anti-biofilm effect was performed by treating C. albicans with the extracts at adhesion, development, and biofilm maturation stages using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The n-hexane extract of the purple variety of O. aristatus leaves demonstrated the strongest cytotoxic activity against C. albicans amongst the tested extracts, with an IC50 value of 0.67 µg/mL. The extract also showed strong anti-biofilm effect as fluconazole, with pronounced inhibition at the adhesion stage and less activity at the biofilm development and maturation stages. These results suggested that the n-hexane extract of the purple variety of O. aristatus leaves could be explored for discovery and development of anti-C. albicans agent.
Co-Authors Arifianti, Ayun Arifianti, Ayun Erwina Berna Elya Chairunissa, Ananda Hanny Forestrania, Roshamur Cahyan Herman Suryadi Irianti, Marina Ika Jantan, Ibrahim Muhareva Raekiansyah Rahmasari, Ratika Rani Sauriasari, Rani RR. Ella Evrita Hestiandari Syahdi, Rezi Riadhi