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SARS-CoV-2: Virology and Drug Repurposing Approaches Rahmasari, Ratika; Setiawan, Heri; Syahdi, Rezi Riadhi; Arifianti, Ayun; Irianti, Marina Ika; Sauriasari, Rani; Makau, Juliann Nzembi; Raekiansyah, Muhareva
Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research Vol. 7, No. 4
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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An emerging coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, is the causative agent for the ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which has caused a worldwide social and economic disruption. Currently, no antiviral drugs with proven clinical efficacy, or vaccines for its prevention. Therefore, to combat the pandemic of this novel coronavirus, new effective treatments are urgently needed. In the process of traditional drug development, developing new drugs from scratch is a time- consuming process, requires high-investment, and is a high-risk process, which is impractical to face the immediate global challenge of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Drug repurposing strategy is one of the effective ways to quickly find a therapeutic agent for COVID-19 Existing medicines, which already have been tested and proven safe in humans might work for COVID-19 offering a potentially faster approach for the disease management. Here, we review h the latest research progress in epidemiology, viral genome, and life cycles of SARS-CoV-2. Further, we describe and discuss some promising drugs repurposed to target SARS-CoV-2 that are being evaluated in clinical trials.

Inhibitory and Anti-Biofilm Effects of Orthoshipon aristatus Against Candida albicans Rahmasari, Ratika; Chairunissa, Ananda Hanny; Irianti, Marina Ika; Forestrania, Roshamur Cahyan; Arifianti, Ayun Erwina; Suryadi, Herman; Makau, Juliann Nzembi; Jantan, Ibrahim; Elya, Berna
Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research Vol. 7, No. 3
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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There are increasing number of reports on Candida albicans developing resistance to available anti-fungal drugs. Thus, there is an urgent need to discover new agents for treatment of candidiasis. The alcoholic extracts of Orthoshipon aristatus have been shown to exhibit antifungal activity against C. albicans by using the agar diffusion and broth microdilution methods. However, the underlying mechanisms of anti-C. albicans effect of O. aristatus have not been well understood. This study was aimed to evaluate the cytotoxic and anti-biofilm effects of the n-hexane and ethanol extracts of purple and white varieties of O. aristatus leaves and branches against C. albicans. The effect of n-hexane and ethanol extract against C. albicans growth was carried out by crystal violet viability assay. IC50 values of the most active extract, and nystatin and fluconazole as positive controls were also determined by the crystal violet assay. Evaluation of the anti-biofilm effect was performed by treating C. albicans with the extracts at adhesion, development, and biofilm maturation stages using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The n-hexane extract of the purple variety of O. aristatus leaves demonstrated the strongest cytotoxic activity against C. albicans amongst the tested extracts, with an IC50 value of 0.67 µg/mL. The extract also showed strong anti-biofilm effect as fluconazole, with pronounced inhibition at the adhesion stage and less activity at the biofilm development and maturation stages. These results suggested that the n-hexane extract of the purple variety of O. aristatus leaves could be explored for discovery and development of anti-C. albicans agent.

The Influence of CYP2C19 Gene Polymorphism on Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors In Patients with Major Depressive Disorder: A Pharmacogenetic Prospecting Approach Urbaningrum, Lestari Mahardika; Hermosaningtyas, Anastasia Aliesa; Kasasiah, Ahsanal; Rahmasari, Ratika; Raekiansyah, Muhareva; Hartanto, Adrian; Malau, Jekmal
Journal of Biomedicine and Translational Research Vol 10, No 1 (2024): April 2024
Publisher : Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Diponegoro

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jbtr.v10i1.20338

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a chronic disorder characterized by at least a two-week-long major depressive episode. Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) remain the primary prescribed antidepressants to treat MDD. However, SSRIs themselves are found to be ineffective in some individuals or may even lead to adverse side effects. These variable responses have been linked to the drug being metabolized by CYP2C19, which exhibited various polymorphisms. Understanding how gene polymorphism affects drug metabolism is essential since these insights can revolutionize clinical practice, allowing for more precise and personalized treatment approaches that optimize efficacy while minimizing side effects. This issue is particularly pertinent in Indonesia, where research in this area lags behind the pressing need for such studies. In this review, the impact of CYP2C19 polymorphism on the effectiveness of SSRI class drugs, namely citalopram, escitalopram, and sertraline, are explored. Nine relevant articles related to the topic have been studied in Japan, China, Turkey, Russia, Scandinavia, and Australia. The results concluded that CYP2C19 polymorphism can influence the metabolism of SSRIs (citalopram, escitalopram, and sertraline) due to its variability in enzyme activities, which includes both loss-of-function (*2, *3) and gain-of-function (*17) polymorphisms. Consequently, these genetic variations can lead to significant changes in drug efficacy and safety changes within individual patients. This review sheds light on the importance of considering genetic factors when prescribing SSRIs for MDD in the future treatment strategies.

Enhancing Kojic Acid Production in Aspergillus oryzae: Leveraging Crude Cellulase from Achatina fulica for Strain Improvement via Protoplasting and UV Mutagenesis Putri Mulia, Ocha; Larosa, Febri LS; Septiarini, Tri Hastuti; Rahmasari, Ratika; Suryadi, Herman
HAYATI Journal of Biosciences Vol. 31 No. 4 (2024): July 2024
Publisher : Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.4308/hjb.31.4.693-701

This study aims to prove the ability of crude cellulase enzymes from snails for protoplasting Aspergillus oryzae cells and its application for strain improvement with UV mutagenesis. Snail enzyme was obtained from Achatina fulica by dissolving its digestion track and fractionating it with ammonium sulfate. The activity of fractions was measured Spectrophotometrically and used for cell protoplasting for 2 hours, then irradiated with UV for 10, 15, and 20 minutes, respectively, with 5 cm in the distance. Screening of mutants is carried out with 1% FeCl3, and the potential mutant strain was tested for kojic acid production in an aerobic state and determined by Spectrophotometry at 268 nm. The cellulase activity in crude snail enzyme was 11.5807 U/ml and increased to 16.3984 U/ml after fractionation. The best protoplast formation was obtained with a 60% fraction, which showed transparent performance under the microscope. The UV mutagenesis of protoplasts showed that the highest number of potential mutants was obtained from UV treatment for 15 minutes (41.67%). The potential mutants look dark brown (DBC), such as strain 10H3, and produced higher kojic acid concentration than the parent strain. In conclusion, UV mutagenesis of Aspergillus oryzae through protoplasting by crude cellulase of snail enzyme was effective and improved kojic acid concentration.

Formulasi Sabun Cair Perak Nanopartikel dengan Penstabil Polyvinil Alcohol : Sabun Cair Perak Nanopartikel Sutriyo; Hanandi, Sharon; Putri, Kurnia Sari Setio; Poetri, Okti Nadia; Annisa, Syifa; Rahmasari, Ratika
JFIOnline | Print ISSN 1412-1107 | e-ISSN 2355-696X Vol. 13 No. 1 (2021): Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia
Publisher : Pengurus Pusat Ikatan Apoteker Indonesia

According to Global Burden of Disease reported on 2019, about 1.53 million deaths caused by infectious diseases such as pneumonia and diarrhea. Triclosan is one of the active ingredient commonly used in antibacterial soap as one way to prevent the spread of infectious disease.. However, bacteria resistance against triclosan has been reported. Silver nanoparticles (AgNP) is an alternative antibacterial that potential to be used in liquid hand wash. However AgNp tend to aggregate during storage, thus stabilizer is needed This study aims to synthesize AgNP, formulate the liquid hand wash contain AgNP with polyvinil alcohol as stabilizer, and evaluate its effectiveness against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella thypi. AgNP was prepared using the chemical reduction method between silver nitrate and sodium borohydride, followed by its characterization using UV-Vis spectrophotometer, TEM, PSA, and AAS. The physical characteristic of AgNp-liquid hand wash were also evaluated. Further, the antibacterial activity of AgNP-handwash was evaluated by phenol coefficient method. The peak of UV absorption spectrum of colloidal was found at 404.2 nm indicated the presence of AgNP. Ag content in AgNP colloidal was 38.405 mg/Kg ± 0,008. The spherical shape of AgNP was observed. The AgNP size was 65.1 nm with polydispersity index value of 0.543, and zeta potential value was -22.25 mV. The obtained AgNP-hand wash met the Indonesian standard criteria and was stable for 28 days. The best phenol coefficient value was obtained at formulation with addition of 30% AgNP (0.1 for S. typhi, 0.4 for E. coli, and 0.01 for S. aureus).

Formulasi Nasal Spray Anti-Influenza yang Mengandung Nanopartikel Perak : Nasal Spray Anti-Influenza Nanopartikel Perak Sutriyo; Wilbert Wylie; Kurnia Sari Setio Putri; Okti Nadia Poetri; Rahmasari, Ratika
JFIOnline | Print ISSN 1412-1107 | e-ISSN 2355-696X Vol. 13 No. 2 (2021): Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia
Publisher : Pengurus Pusat Ikatan Apoteker Indonesia

Influenza A virus is one of the most common causes of respiratory disease in the world. Even though, vaccines and anti-influenza virus are become the first line for therapy, but the mutation ability of influenza virus is able to cause several outbreaks in the world. Silver nanoparticles (AgNP) have been proven to exhibit antiviral activity; however, the use of AgNP in pharmaceutical products is still limited. In this study, we aimed to formulate nasal spray containing AgNP, to evaluate its physicochemical properties, and its antiviral activity toward H5N1 influenza A virus. AgNP were synthesized using chemical reduction method with polyvinyl alcohol as stabilizer, and further prepared into nasal spray product. Physicochemical properties and anti-hemagglutination activity of nasal spray were further evaluated. The nasal spray contained different size of AgNP (less and more than 50 nm) showed physical stability after 28 days storage. However, Anti-influenza evaluation of nasal spray contained AgNP less than 50 nm exhibited better anti-hemagglutination activity against influenza A virus.

Analisis Mikroskopis, Standarisasi dan Profil Kandungan Kimia secara LC-ESI-MS dari Ekstrak Etil Asetat Curculigo latifolia Sari, Rifta; Rahmasari, Ratika; Nur, Syamsu; Elya, Berna
Jurnal Mandala Pharmacon Indonesia Vol. 11 No. 1 (2025): Jurnal Mandala Pharmacon Indonesia
Publisher : Program Studi Farmasi Universitas Mandala Waluya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35311/jmpi.v11i1.736

Curculigo latifolia merupakan tanaman obat yang memiliki potensi farmakologis signifikan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi karakteristik mikroskopis, melakukan standarisasi simplisia, dan menganalisis profil metabolit ekstrak etil asetat daun C. latifolia ini menggunakan LC-ESI-MS. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tahapan pembuatan simplisia dari masing-masing bagian tanaman C. latifolia yaitu akar, pelepah dan daun dan selanjutnya dilakukan analisis mikroskopis dengan menggunakan mikroskop binokule dengan pembesaran 400x. Simplisia bagian daun diekstrak secara bertingkat yang dimulai dengan n-heksan dan dilanjutkan etil asetat dan etanol 70%. Ekstrak etil asetat bagian daun distandarisasi dan diidentifikasi metabolit sekundernya dengan metode LC-MS/MS. Hasil Pengamatan mikroskopis menunjukkan adanya struktur trikoma, kristal kalsium oksalat dalam berbagai bentuk, dan berkas pembuluh pada daun, pelapah, dan akar, yang mendukung fungsi fisiologis tanaman. Standarisasi simplisia mengungkapkan bahwa kadar air (6,32±0,66%), kadar abu total (0,32±0,04%), bobot jenis (1,01±0,00), dan susut pengeringan (6,71±0,52%) telah memenuhi persyaratan Farmakope Herbal Indonesia. Analisis LC-ESI-MS mengidentifikasi sepuluh senyawa bioaktif, yaitu valeroidine, afzelin, (-)-caryophyllene oxide, triptolide, epi-tulipinolide, testosterone acetate, 11-hydroxyetiocholanolone, 3-deoxyestradiol, 13-hydroxy-alpha-tocopherol, dan 3beta-hydroxy-4beta-methyl-5alpha-cholest-7-ene-4alpha-carboxylic acid. Penelitian ini memberikan landasan ilmiah untuk pengembangan C. latifolia sebagai bahan obat herbal modern yang berkualitas serta menjadi model bagi studi komprehensif terhadap tumbuhan obat lainnya.

Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Desa Sukajaya Sumedang Selatan dalam Produksi Minuman Kesehatan dan Bumbu Rempah berbasis Teknologi Farmasi: Empowering the Sukajaya Village Community South Sumedang in the Production of Health Drinks and Spices based on Pharmaceutical Technology Elya, Berna; Forestrania, Roshamur Cahya; Rahmasari, Ratika; Ariestanti, Donna Maretta; Nur, Syamsu
PengabdianMu: Jurnal Ilmiah Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat Vol. 9 No. 2 (2024): PengabdianMu: Jurnal Ilmiah Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat
Publisher : Institute for Research and Community Services Universitas Muhammadiyah Palangkaraya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33084/pengabdianmu.v9i2.5888

As a result of observations and joint discussions with the Village Community, information was obtained that there are agricultural products in the form of spices with high annual production quantities. However, the selling value of these spices still needs to be improved. Technology has not touched them and has yet to be managed optimally. Therefore, the team empowers the community to process herbs into food products, namely health drinks and spices based on pharmaceutical technology. This activity aims to improve community welfare and mutual elements of human resources in the region. This activity was attended by 28 community members who are Partners and Village Officials. Social empowerment of the society involved in the downstream activities of agricultural products in Sukajaya Village will be carried out through socialization stages, FGD with society and village officials, establishing a micro business plan for downstream health drink products and spices building production facilities, and assistance. This activity produces products in spices, health drinks, and herbal candy. At least 80-90% of the community understands each stage of the activity so that it can become a provision for self-development. The output of this activity is in the form of innovative products, such as health drinks and spice products, which can increase partner empowerment.

DEVELOPMENT OF PLASMID-BASED FOR EXTERNAL CONTROL MATERIALS OF CYP2D6*10 (rs1065852) GENE PCR-BASED DETECTION Malau, Jekmal; Zahra, Aliya Azkia; Kasasiah, Ahsanal; Rahmasari, Ratika; Raekiansyah, Muhareva; Rohmah, Siti; Meilani, Nanda Diva; Septi, Annisa Frastica; Zahro, Aurora Fatimatuz; Annajla, Fathina; Hermosaningtyas, Anastasia Aliesa; Hilmi, Indah Laily
Jurnal Bioteknologi & Biosains Indonesia (JBBI) Vol. 10 No. 2 (2023)
Publisher : BRIN - Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55981/jbbi.2023.2557

Reliable clinical diagnosis of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) is necessary for personalizing tamoxifen medication according to CYP2D6*10 genetic variations. Our research aimed to create a recombinant plasmid for external control material with a molecular size of 3812 bp. The recombinant plasmid was achieved by cloning an 838 bp gene insert of CYP2D6*10 rs1065852 into a 2974 bp pJET1.2 plasmid into Escherichia coli DH10B and selection on ampicillin agar medium. Isolated E. coli recombinants provided the plasmid molecules for analysis. Bi-directional sequencing and Real-Time PCR confirmed the presence of wild-type and mutant rs1065852 DNA fragments in the plasmid, namely homozygote CC and TT. The conclusion is that we have successfully introduced a novel recombinant plasmid developed by cloning the SNP rs1065852, which carries the 100C>T mutation, using pJET 1.2/blunt system, which could significantly enhance the accuracy of clinical SNP diagnostics for personalized medicine in breast cancer treatment.

DEVELOPMENT OF PLASMID-BASED FOR EXTERNAL CONTROL MATERIALS OF CYP2D6*10 (rs1065852) GENE PCR-BASED DETECTION Malau, Jekmal; Zahra, Aliya Azkia; Kasasiah, Ahsanal; Rahmasari, Ratika; Raekiansyah, Muhareva; Rohmah, Siti; Meilani, Nanda Diva; Septi, Annisa Frastica; Zahro, Aurora Fatimatuz; Annajla, Fathina; Hermosaningtyas, Anastasia Aliesa; Hilmi, Indah Laily
Jurnal Bioteknologi & Biosains Indonesia (JBBI) Vol. 10 No. 2 (2023)
Publisher : BRIN - Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55981/jbbi.2023.2557

Reliable clinical diagnosis of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) is necessary for personalizing tamoxifen medication according to CYP2D6*10 genetic variations. Our research aimed to create a recombinant plasmid for external control material with a molecular size of 3812 bp. The recombinant plasmid was achieved by cloning an 838 bp gene insert of CYP2D6*10 rs1065852 into a 2974 bp pJET1.2 plasmid into Escherichia coli DH10B and selection on ampicillin agar medium. Isolated E. coli recombinants provided the plasmid molecules for analysis. Bi-directional sequencing and Real-Time PCR confirmed the presence of wild-type and mutant rs1065852 DNA fragments in the plasmid, namely homozygote CC and TT. The conclusion is that we have successfully introduced a novel recombinant plasmid developed by cloning the SNP rs1065852, which carries the 100C>T mutation, using pJET 1.2/blunt system, which could significantly enhance the accuracy of clinical SNP diagnostics for personalized medicine in breast cancer treatment.

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