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EVALUASI KEKUATAN MILITER INDONESIA BERDASARKAN KONSEP REVOLUTION IN MILITARY AFFAIRS (RMA) (2004-2021) Peni Hanggarini; Taufik Bagus Murdianto; Purnomo Yusgiantoro; I Wayan Midhio; Asep Darmawan; Muhamad Idris
Jurnal Kewarganegaraan Vol 6 No 1 (2022): 1 Januari - 30 Juni 2022 (In Press)
Publisher : UNIVERSITAS PGRI YOGYAKARTA

AbstrakIndonesia telah melakukan transformasi teknologi militer, persenjataan, organisasi dan doktrin militer dalam menghadapi perubahan lingkungan internal dan eksternal. Apakah transformasi militer tersebut sesuai dengan konsep Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA)? Tulisan ini menganalisa komponen RMA Indonesia manakah yang paling penting berhasil dilakukan sejak 2004 hingga 2021? Pada periode kapan RMA paling baik telah terjadi? Tulisan ini berdasarkan penelitian metode campuran (mix method). Metodologi kuantitatif berdasarkan Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) serta metode kualitatif berdasarkan Strength-Weakness-Opportunity-Threat (SWOT) melalui pertimbangan aspek Politik, Ekonomi, Sosial, Teknologi, Lingkungan/Environment, Hukum/Legal/Law (PESTLE). Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui kuesioner terhadap 9 responden ahli RMA, interview serta analisa literature. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan komando, kontrol, computer dan integrasi sistem (C4) merupakan komponen RMA yang paling penting di Indonesia sejak 2004 hingga 2021. Pelaksanaan RMA terbaik yaitu pada 2009 hingga 2014. Analisa SWOT menunjukkan militer Indonesia masih belum optimal menangani perubahan ancaman dari dalam maupun luar sehingga perlu melakukan strategi diversifikasi.Kata kunci: Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA), Indonesia, Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), Politics, Economy, Social, Technology, Law, Environment (PESTLE) dan Strength-Weakness-Opportunity-Threat (SWOT)Â Â AbstractIndonesia has transformed its military technology, weapons, organization, and military doctrine corresponding to its environments. However, is the transformation in line with the Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA) concept? This paper evaluates components undertaken of Indonesian RMA from 2004 to 2021, also examines when Indonesia performed the best RMA. The study utilized the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) as a quantitative methodology; and the Politic, Economy, Social, Technology, Environment, Law, and (PESTLE) and Strength-Weakness-Opportunity- Threat (SWOT) for the quantitative side.Â The paper uses nine expert questionnaires, interviews, and literature reviews for data collection. The result shows that command, control, computers, and system integration are the most significant RMA components from 2004 to 2021. The best RMA takes place from 2009 to 2014. The SWOT analysis indicates that the Indonesian military is still not optimal in anticipating changes from within and outside; thus, it is imperative to carry out a diversification strategy.Keywords: Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA), Indonesia, Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) Politics, Economy, Social, Technology, Law, Environment (PESTLE), and Strength-Weakness-Opportunity-Threats (SWOT).

Budaya Maritim dan Diplomasi Maritim untuk Kepentingan Nasional Peni Hanggarini; M. Adnan Madjid; Anak Agung Banyu Perwita; Surya Wiranto
Indonesian Perspective Vol 7, No 2: (Juli-Desember 2022): 134-255
Publisher : Universitas Diponegoro

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/ip.v7i2.50777

This paper discusses how pillars in Indonesia’s vision of Global Maritime Fulcrum (GMF) are interrelated, particularly maritime culture and maritime diplomacy. These two pillars need to be implemented as an entity concept. Previous literatures have mainly discussed how each of the pillars contribute to the realization of GMF vision. Based on the perspectives of International Relations theory, this paper explains how maritime culture can influence the formulation of strategy and implementation of Indonesia’s maritime diplomacy. The authors argue that the pillars of maritime culture and maritime diplomacy are reflection of the national interests supporting the GMF vision. Additionally, the embedded maritime culture in Indonesian society can have positive implications for the inputs, processes, outputs, and outcomes of maritime diplomacy. If maritime culture can be managed, it would serve as an instrument of soft power, it would construct the national identity and it would drive the creation of regional security governance, maritime norms and regime that could serve as facilitating factors for the achievement of national interests through Indonesia’s maritime diplomacy. The pillar of maritime culture is the root of maritime diplomacy for achieving national interests.

Budaya Maritim dan Diplomasi Maritim untuk Kepentingan Nasional Hanggarini, Peni; Madjid, M. Adnan; Perwita, Anak Agung Banyu; Wiranto, Surya
Indonesian Perspective Vol 7, No 2: (Juli-Desember 2022): 134-255
Publisher : Universitas Diponegoro

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/ip.v7i2.50777

This paper discusses how pillars in Indonesia’s vision of Global Maritime Fulcrum (GMF) are interrelated, particularly maritime culture and maritime diplomacy. These two pillars need to be implemented as an entity concept. Previous literatures have mainly discussed how each of the pillars contribute to the realization of GMF vision. Based on the perspectives of International Relations theory, this paper explains how maritime culture can influence the formulation of strategy and implementation of Indonesia’s maritime diplomacy. The authors argue that the pillars of maritime culture and maritime diplomacy are reflection of the national interests supporting the GMF vision. Additionally, the embedded maritime culture in Indonesian society can have positive implications for the inputs, processes, outputs, and outcomes of maritime diplomacy. If maritime culture can be managed, it would serve as an instrument of soft power, it would construct the national identity and it would drive the creation of regional security governance, maritime norms and regime that could serve as facilitating factors for the achievement of national interests through Indonesia’s maritime diplomacy. The pillar of maritime culture is the root of maritime diplomacy for achieving national interests.

Iran's Hypersonic Missile Attack on Israel and Its Impact on Geopolitics and Oil Prices SULISTYAWATI, Laeny; HANGGARINI, Peni
Journal of Political And Legal Sovereignty Vol. 2 No. 1 (2024): Journal of Political And Legal Sovereignty (January – March)
Publisher : Indonesia Strategic Sustainability

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.38142/jpls.v2i1.211

Purpose:This paper explores Iran's missile attacks on Israel in April 2024 and October 2024 that have had an impact on the Middle East. On October 1, 2024, more than 180 ballistic missiles were fired into the skies of Israel. Iran officially admitted firing hypersonic missiles into Israel in retaliation for Israel's campaign against Iran's ally Hezbollah in Lebanon.Methodology:The research method used in this paper is qualitative descriptive-analytical. Qualitative method: Data is collected from literature studies in the form of books, articles, news, internet-based studies, digital books, previous research, journals and other relevant sources and previous research.Findings:The conflict between Iran and Israel has been going on for a long time, since the Islamic revolution in 1979. The conflict between the two countries has heated up again due to ballistic, cruise, and hypersonic missile attacks on Israel. Iran's attacks have angered Israel because they caused damage in 10 locations. Iran's latest sophisticated missile attacks, such as hypersonics, have damaged Israel and caused losses of Rp827 billion.Implication:International relations regarding geopolitics and complex interdependence. Practically, the results of this study provide insight for stakeholders of countries in the Middle East in formulating more comprehensive policies to respond to changing dynamics in the region.

Pengajaran Bahasa Indonesia Bagi Penutur Asing (BIPA) Guna Memperkuat Diplomasi Publik Hamburg di Jerman Hanggarini, Peni; Shienlia, Mega
Jurnal Multidisiplin West Science Vol 4 No 07 (2025): Jurnal Multidisiplin West Science
Publisher : Westscience Press

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58812/jmws.v4i07.2497

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi bagaimana pengajaran Bahasa Indonesia bagi penutur asing (BIPA) memperkuat diplomasi publik Indonesia, khususnya di Hamburg. Penelitian ini mengadopsi pendekatan kuantitatif, desain eksperimen dan survei untuk menguji dampak penggunaan metode pengajaran BIPA berbasis digital, peningkatan pengetahuan, minat, dan persepsi masyarakat Jerman terhadap Bahasa Indonesia serta budaya Indonesia secara keseluruhan. Partisipan penelitian terdiri dari 30 orang penutur asing yang mengikuti kursus BIPA di Hamburg, yang dibagi menjadi dua kelompok eksperimen, yaitu metode tradisional dan metode digital. Data dikumpulkan melalui kuesioner yang diisi oleh peserta setelah mengikuti kursus mengukur tingkat pemahaman, minat, dan persepsi terhadap Bahasa Indonesia. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan meliputi uji-t untuk membandingkan perbedaan kelompok eksperimen dan regresi linear untuk menganalisis pengaruh metode pengajaran terhadap diplomasi publik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan metode pengajaran berbasis digital memiliki dampak positif signifikan meningkatkan pemahaman dan minat terhadap Bahasa Indonesia, serta memperkuat diplomasi publik Indonesia di Hamburg. Penelitian ini berkontribusi terhadap pengembangan metode pengajaran BIPA lebih adaptif dengan memanfaatkan teknologi digital, dan menyarankan strategi diplomasi yang lebih efektif memperkenalkan budaya Indonesia di luar negeri melalui platform digital.

Kompleksitas Transformasi Konflik Pasca Kudeta di Guinea 2021-2024 Handayani, Tia Fatihah; Syaima, Syaima; Hanggarini, Peni
Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, Humaniora dan Politik Vol. 5 No. 6 (2025): (JIHHP) Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, Humaniora dan Politik
Publisher : Dinasti Review Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.38035/jihhp.v5i6.5074

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis konflik yang terjadi di Guinea pasca kudeta militer tahun 2021, dengan fokus pada upaya membangun Positive Peace melalui manajemen konflik yang efektif. Studi ini mengeksplorasi berbagai faktor pemicu ketegangan sosial dan politik yang muncul pasca kudeta serta mengevaluasi strategi yang diterapkan oleh pemerintah dan organisasi masyarakat sipil dalam menciptakan perdamaian yang berkelanjutan. Metode yang digunakan adalah pendekatan kualitatif dengan teknik analisis dokumen, yang memungkinkan peneliti menggali secara mendalam perspektif para pemangku kepentingan terkait dinamika konflik dan upaya penyelesaiannya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa keberhasilan manajemen konflik di Guinea sangat ditentukan oleh keterlibatan aktif semua elemen masyarakat, termasuk masyarakat sipil, dalam proses pengambilan keputusan. Namun, tantangan seperti ketimpangan sosial, tingginya tingkat korupsi, serta rendahnya kepercayaan terhadap institusi pemerintah masih menjadi hambatan besar dalam membangun perdamaian yang berkelanjutan. Studi ini merekomendasikan perlunya peningkatan partisipasi publik dalam perumusan kebijakan, penguatan kapasitas kelembagaan, serta transparansi dalam pemerintahan sebagai langkah penting menuju Positive Peace. Temuan ini memberikan kontribusi penting terhadap pemahaman dinamika konflik di Guinea dan menggarisbawahi urgensi pendekatan holistik dalam menciptakan stabilitas dan rekonsiliasi jangka panjang.

Stagnation of Subnational Diplomacy in the Hometown of the President: A Critique of Local Leadership and the International Role of Pacitan Regency Wisnu Wardhana, Riza Wildansyah; Hanggarini, Peni
Harmonization : Jurnal Ilmu Sosial, Ilmu Hukum, dan Ilmu Ekonomi Vol. 3 No. 2 (2025): September
Publisher : CV. Era Digital Nusantara

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59066/harmonization.v3i2.1505

The involvement of national political figures in local governance often creates a dual dynamic in efforts to develop subnational diplomacy. Pacitan Regency, known for its close ties to a former president of the Republic of Indonesia originating from the region, is led by a local head of government who remains affiliated with elite national networks. This presents an illustrative case of limitations in leveraging international cooperation opportunities, such as the lack of formal sister city partnerships, minimal participation in global forums, and the absence of targeted strategies to attract foreign collaboration. Despite holding strong symbolic value, the region has yet to demonstrates success in building meaningful international partnerships. This study examines the condition of Pacitan’s subnational diplomacy by analyzing local political influence, symbolic power structures, and the interaction between local government and global actors. Using a qualitative approach and literature review, this article demonstrates that political symbolism, when not followed by institutional performance, tends to weaken a region’s diplomatic capacity. Dependence on symbolic status leads to a neglect of potential international cooperation and minimal public engagement in diplomacy.

Defense Diplomacy of Middle Powers in Digital International Relations Hanggarini, Peni
Andalas Journal of International Studies (AJIS) Vol 14, No 1 (2025): Published in May 2025
Publisher : Andalas Institute of International Studies UNAND

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25077/ajis.14.1.91-105.2025

In an era of rapid digital innovation and the rise of artificial intelligence (AI), growing technological power imbalances have generated serious concerns about the equality, agency, and sovereignty of state and non-state actors. This study uses a qualitative, interpretivist methodology to examine the consequences of the digital divide. It focuses on how middle powers manage technological competition while maintaining strategic autonomy in the transformation of international relations. The findings indicate that while digital technology and AI enhance state capabilities and reshape global power hierarchies, they generate critical, ethical, and political challenges, particularly around surveillance, accountability, and algorithmic bias. This study argues that middle power can use defense diplomacy as a strategic instrument to confront the challenges of digital technology. Defense diplomacy employs comprehensive approaches, both coercive and non-coercive, and serves as an effective strategy for middle powers to influence global norms, develop cooperative security frameworks, and manage technological disruptions through building trust among actors. Ultimately, this study contributes to the interdisciplinary discourse on digital international relations by offering a framework for middle powers in an era increasingly shaped by algorithmic decision-making and cyber politics.

A History of the Afghan War (2001-2021) from a Defense Diplomacy Perspective Hanggarini, Peni; Sambuaga, Theo; Anwar, Syaiful
HISTORIA: Jurnal Program Studi Pendidikan Sejarah Vol 12, No 1 (2024): HISTORIA: Jurnal Program Studi Pendidikan Sejarah
Publisher : UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH METRO

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24127/hj.v12i1.8708

This paper discusses the asymmetric war in Afghanistan from 2001 to 2021 between the United States (US) and the Taliban from the perspective of defense diplomacy. The purpose of this paper is to identify assymetric war strategies and to evaluate defense diplomacy process to create peace. The research is based on qualitative method using secondary data from books, documents, and journals. The study indicates that defense diplomacy had succesfully led to the peace agreement, signed in Doha on February 29, 2020 between the US and the Taliban, which had been in conflict for nearly 20 years. However, the peace creation process is not easy due to the inhibiting factors which play more significant role than the supporting factors for defense diplomacy. Although the US, a super power, is supported by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), Pakistan and several other countries, it is not a guarantee for the US to achieve its war objectives. The US goals and strategy continuously changed over time and imprecise in its implementation. The US’s failure to understand the political entity of the Taliban, particulary in the political, social and cultural aspects, is the main obstacle to achieving the US’ war goals and the ease implementation of defense diplomacy.

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