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KIVSA-1 Framework Evaluasi Titer Antibodi Rabies Ewaldus Wera; Petrus Malo Bulu
Hemera Zoa Proceedings of the 20th FAVA & the 15th KIVNAS PDHI 2018
Publisher : Hemera Zoa

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Rabies atau lebih dikenal sebagai penyakit anjing gila masih menjadi salah satu masalah kesehatan di Indonesia pada umumnya dan Pulau Flores khususnya. Menurut data kementerian kesehatan, di Flores, kasus rabies dilaporkan ada di 6 kabupaten dengan jumlah kasus gigitan anjing rabies sebanyak 2000 orang setiap tahun dan 10 orang diantara meninggal dunia. Langkah efektif mencegah rabies pada manusia adalah vaksinasi populasi anjing dengan cakupan 70% (WHO, 2013). Namun seringkali ditemukan dilapangan kasus rabies pada anjing yang sudah divaksinasi. Hal ini disebabkan oleh gagalnya sistem imun anjing membentuk kekebalan yang mampu melawan virus rabies (≥ 0.5 IU/ml) (WHO, 2012). Beberapa faktor potensial penentu dalam proses pembentukan kekebalan seperti ras, umur, jenis kelamin, status vaksinasi, waktu penggambilan darah setelah vaksinasi dan jenis vaksin yang digunakan (Mansfield, et. al., 2004). Kegagalan anjing membentuk kekebalan pasca vaksinasi akan sangat berbahaya bagi kesehatan manusia sebab 98% kasus rabies pada manusia ditularkan oleh anjing (WHO, 2013).Penelitian-penelitian terdahulu terkait respon kekebalan anjing pasca vaksinasi masih sangat terbatas pada daerah perkotaan negara-negara maju (Mansfield, et. al., 2004; Kennedy et al., 2007; Minke et al., 2008; Jakel et al, 2008) yang mana sistem pemeliharaan anjing sangat berbeda dengan situasi di daerah pedesaan negara berkembang seperti Indonesia. Sebagai contoh, di negara maju anjing umumnya mendapat tempat yang layak dalam rumah sebagai bagian dari keluarga. Sebaliknya di negara yang sedang berkembang terutama di daerah pedesaan anjing dibiarkan berkeliaran baik siang maupun malam hari. Sebagai kosekuensi status gizi anjing dan status kekebalan anjing terhadap penyakit rabies juga akan berbeda dengan sistem pemeliharaan yang berbeda. Vaksinasi pada anjing merupakan langkah utama pencegahan penularan rabies kepada manusia, namun kajian terkait respon kekebalan anjing yang divaksinasi belum pernah dilakukan di Pulau Flores.Untuk mendukung pengembangan strategi pemberantasan rabies yang efektif dan efisien dibutuhkan data lapangan yang akurat antara lain data titer kekebalan pasca vaksinasi. Pengukuran titer kekebalan harus dilakukan secara berseri/berulang, misalnya hari ke-0, 30, 90, 180, dan 360 paska vaksinasi. Hal ini dilakukan untuk melihat trend pembentukan kekebalan tubuh anjing paska vaksiansi. Data yang terkumpul akan di jadikan input terkait waktu yang tepat dalam melakukan vaksinasi ulang (booster).

VPH-2 Risk Factor Analysis for the Transmission of Classical Swine Fever in West Timor, Indonesia Petrus Malo Bulu; Ian D Robertson; Maria Geong; Ewaldus Wera
Hemera Zoa Proceedings of the 20th FAVA & the 15th KIVNAS PDHI 2018
Publisher : Hemera Zoa

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Classical Swine Fever (CSF) is a serious and highly infectious viral disease of domestic pigs and wild boar (Paton and Greiser-Wilke 2003). The causative agent, Classical Swine Fever Virus (CSFV) is a small (40±60 nm) enveloped ribonucleic acid (RNA) virus with a single stranded genome with positive polarity (Horzinek et al. 1971; Moennig and Greiser-Wilke 2008). The virus is one of three pestiviruses that forms a group of economically important pathogens (Moennig et al. 1990) belonging to the Flaviviridae family. It has a close antigenic relationship with the other pestiviruses - bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) and border disease virus (BDV), as demonstrated by immunodiffusion and immunofluorescence tests, and their similar morphology and nucleic acid homology (Wengler 1991; Wengler et al. 1995). Indonesia was free from CSF until 1993. Between 1994 and 1996 thousands of pigs were reported to have died from the disease in the Indonesian regions of North Sumatera, Jakarta, Bali, Central Java, and North Sulawesi (Satya and Santhia 2000). An outbreak of CSF was reported in Dili, East Timor in August 1997 and the disease then spread to the Kupang district of West Timor in March 1998 (Satya and Santhia 2009) and subsequently to all districts of Timor (Santhia et al. 1997; Santhia et al. 1998). The existence of CSF in an area and the potential for introducing the disease into a new area can be associated with the presence of certain risk factors. Identification of these risk factors is important in understanding the transmission of disease and for developing effective prevention, control and eradication programs. Farmers are a valuable source of information about potential risk factors and associated management and husbandry practices linked with disease as they often have many years of experience in raising or trading livestock. This knowledge can be used to identify risk factors for disease.The objective of the study was to identify potential risk factors associated with CSF infection in West Timor. In particular factors involved in the management and husbandry of pigs were investigated.

VPH-3 Framework to Evaluate Factors Associated With the Roaming Behaviour of Dogs in Flores Island, Indonesia Charlotte Warembourg; Ewaldus Wera; Petrus Malo Bulu; Salome Dürr
Hemera Zoa Proceedings of the 20th FAVA & the 15th KIVNAS PDHI 2018
Publisher : Hemera Zoa

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Dogs (Canis familiaris) are among the earliest domesticated animals and one of the most ubiquitous domestic species worldwide. Albeit of many benefits, this partnership can cause problems. Zoonoses (diseases transmittable from animals to humans) transmitted by dogs, particularly rabies, can have a high impact on animal and public health. Worldwide, more than 99% of human cases result from dog bites. The disease is responsible for around 59,000 human deaths per year with 60% occurring in Asia (1)(2). In societies where domestic dogs are owned, but free-roaming, a substantial risk for disease transmission through frequent contacts within the dog population exists. Yet, knowledge on the behaviors of free roaming domestic dogs (FRDD) is limited. Published studies exist on demography of dog populations worldwide, however studies examining roaming behavior and factors influencing it are rare. Do FRDD behave similarly worldwide? Is a dog just a dog? Or are there specific factors that influence their roaming behavior and therefore disease transmission? Such information is needed to inform mathematical disease spread models, which can be used to design evidence-based disease control strategies within FRDD populations.We hypothesize that the behavior of FRDD depends on individual-dog, anthropogenic and environmental factors, which consequently influence the spread of infectious diseases in dog populations, which is also influenced by the duration of the immunity after anti-rabies vaccination. Our objectives are to identify those influential factors and investigate the impact of identified factors on disease spread.We combine infectious disease modelling with empirical data collected in Flores Island, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. We identified three study sites (Pogon, Habi, and Hepang) including urban and rural areas of different dog density. We gathered the following data: Movement data from individual dogs and contact rates among them using GPS collars, dog characteristics and management by conducting interviews with dog owners, environmental factors through observation, serological samples through venipuncture, and dog counts via transects. We targeted 200 dogs (100, 60 and 40 dogs for high, middle and low-density sites). These are appropriate sample sizes, based on our previous experience. Blood samples are collected over a one year period. All the dogs included in the study are sampled at D0, D30, D90, D180 and D360 after vaccination. The samples will be serologically analyzed for rabies antibodies and compared to the vaccination history of the dogs. We will then incorporate knowledge gained on dog roaming, rabies immunity and dog population size into mathematical agent-based simulation models.Thanks to this study, and similar data collected in African and Latin American countries, we will have a better understanding of the behaviour of the FRDD worldwide and their impact on zoonosis transmission. This study will contribute to the common aim of WHO and OIE to eradicate dog mediated human rabies by adapting the current recommendations for rabies vaccination to local settings and getting knowledge on the empirical rabies immunity duration in the field. Considering the close linkage between dog and human health, this study will also benefit humans by controlling rabies in free roaming domestic dog populations. Our objectives are to identify those influential factors and investigate the influence of identified factors on disease spread.

PF-6 Risk Factors Investigation of Classical Swine Fever (CSF) in the District of Sikka, Flores Island Indonesia Petrus Malo Bulu; Ewaldus Wera; Margaretha Siko
Hemera Zoa Proceedings of the 20th FAVA & the 15th KIVNAS PDHI 2018
Publisher : Hemera Zoa

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The existence of CSF in an area and the potential for introducing the disease into a new area can be associated with the presence of certain risk factors. Identification of these risk factors is important in understanding the transmission of disease and for the development of effective prevention, control and eradication programs. An epidemiological investigation will be carried out on small-holder farmers in the District of Sikka Flores Island, Indonesia. The study is designed to identify factors associated with seropositivity to Classical swine fever (CSF). Classical Swine Fever is a serious and highly infectious viral disease of domestic pigs and wild boar (1). It remains one of the most important transboundary viral diseases of swine worldwide (2).

Dukungan Terhadap Pengembangan Hijauan Indigofera di Kabupaten Manggarai Barat: Tinjauan Faktor-Faktor yang Memengaruhi Adopsi JOHANIS A JERMIAS; Cardial Leverson Leo Penu; Petrus Malo Bulu; Bernadete Koten; Melinda Moata; Mardianus Illi; Ewaldus Wera
Jurnal Veteriner Vol 22 No 1 (2021)
Publisher : Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University and Published in collaboration with the Indonesia Veterinarian Association

Ruminant productivity is influenced by the quality and quantity of forage. Forage plant that is prospectively developed is Indigofera which has advantages such as high nutrient content, low crude fiber, being able to live in dry areas, and low anti-nutrient. However, as an innovation, adoption, cultivation, and utilization in a sustainable manner depend on several factors. This study was aimed to investigate the potential adoption of Indigofera forage in West Manggarai Regency with a focus on the factors that influence adoption. Data were collected through observations, individual interviews, Focus Group Discussions and study of documents. The number of respondent’s farmers was 59 from seven villages in five sub-districts. The results showed that in terms of the respondent’s characteristic factors, 96.61% were in the productive age, 94.7% had a formal education background, a sufficient number of a household member and a good perception of the Indigofera. From the socioeconomic condition factor, there are introductions of innovations through different patterns involving different actors with different results which can be used as an introduction model. From the characteristic factor, Indigofera forage has higher nutritional content compared to other popular forages, easy to live in the dry land, the process of breeding and cultivation is not difficult for the profession of farmers and has proven the results of development in other regions in Indonesia. Based on the facts and analysis, it was concluded that the Indigofera plant has the potential to be widely adopted and used by farmers in the West Manggarai Regency.

IDENTIFIKASI BAKTERI SALMONELLA SP DAN JUMLAH TOTAL KONTAMINAN BAKTERI COLIFORM PADA IKAN KEMBUNG (Scomber sp) YANG DIJUAL DI PASAR INPRES DAN OEBA Ni Sri Yuliani; Ewaldus Wera; Petrus Malo Bulu
Partner Vol 16, No 1 (2009): Edisi Juli
Publisher : Politeknik Pertanian Negeri Kupang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35726/jp.v16i1.49

Bacteria Identification Salmonella Sp And Full Scale Kontaminan Bacteria Coliform In Puffed Up Fish (Scomber Sp) That Sold At Inpres And Oeba Market. This study was about identification of salmonella bacteria and the total contaminant of colliform bacteria in kembung fish/ scomber sp that was sold in Inpres and Oeba Traditional Market. This study had been conducted for about 7 month in Kesmavet Laboratory, UPTD P2H Oesapa. Fifteen samples were taken randomly in each market, so that the total ofÂ the sample were 30. The variables, which observed, were salmonella bacteria contaminant and the counting of colliform in kembung fish and physical observationof the fish. The data, which was collected from the results of examination and observation, were then analyzed descriptively. The result of the study showed that the total contaminant of colliform bacteria was 36 X 105 sel gram -1 in Inpres Market and 72 X 105 sel gram in Oeba Market, while there was no sign of Salmonella sp presents. This character was observed onmedia of XLD Agar, TSI Agar and LIA Agar so that the growth of bacteria colonizes in Inpres Market as well as in Oeba Market were prohibited. Key Words. : Kembung Fish, Contaminant, Colliform and Salmonella Bacteria

LEVEL PENERAPAN BIOSEKURITY PADA PETERNAKAN BABI SKALA BESAR DI DESA NOELBAKI, KECAMATAN KUPANG TENGAH KABUPATEN KUPANG Petrus Malo Bulu; Yanse Y. Rumlaklak; Erda E. R. Hau; Jois M. Jacob
Partner Vol 20, No 1 (2013): Edisi Juli
Publisher : Politeknik Pertanian Negeri Kupang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35726/jp.v20i1.6

Level of Biosecurity Application on Big Scale Piggery in Noelbaki village, Central Kupang sub distiric, Kupang distric. Classical Swine fever is one of swine diseases that often occurs in East Nusa Tenggara and is recognised as an endemic disease in Timor Island. This disease is also known as Hog cholera since it gained entry in the island of Timor in 1997 and has caused economic losses, which is believed as a result of low level of biosecurity application on farms. This research was aimed to identify level of application of biosecurity on farm level. Purposive sampling was our sampling method used, where all commercial pig farms in Noelbaki village involved in the survey. The research results showed that there were some variables of biosecurity applied in low level courses such as closed to small scale pig farms, use of wheel bath for trucks at the entrance of the farm and desinfection of trucks. Some biosecurity parameters had low scores, thus, it affected the low level of biosecurity.Keywords: Biosecurity, Piggery

Analysis Jaringan Sosial Perdagangan Ternak Babi Terhadap Penyebaran Penyakit Classical Swine Fever atau Hog cholera di Kabupaten Sikka Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT), Indonesia. Petrus Malo Bulu; Ewaldus Wera; Margaretha Sikko
Partner Vol 24, No 1 (2019): Edisi Juli
Publisher : Politeknik Pertanian Negeri Kupang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35726/jp.v24i1.361

Classical Swine Fever (CSF) is a fatal viral disease of both domestic pigs and wild boar. This disease has become endemic in some districts in Nusa Tenggara Timur. The disease has caused huge economic lossess to pig farmers in NTT including in the district of Sikka in 2017 that was estimated at approximately sixty billion rupiah. Little is known how this disease introduced and transmitted into the region. This research was aimed to identify and analyze the movement of pigs through the market chain as a pathway to spread the disease from outside and within the district of Sikka.A total of 57 respondents were interviewed in this study involved sellers and buyers in the markets (4 buyers and 4 sellers in each market-a total of 32 people), suppliers of pigs (10 people), and pig farmers as many as 5 respondents per village (3 villages selected purposively). A face-to-face interview was conducted to obtain information from the respondents.This study found 5 actors that had the highest Out-Degree values including S5, D1, F24, K1, and P1. The study also found four actors that had the highest betweeness centrality in the network including actors D1, D16, F3 and F30 with their degree of Betweenness centrality of 1532,4, 1265.1, 823.5, dan 738.1 respectively. The network density was 0,12, and diameter was 7. Average geodesic distance was 2,94 (1.26), and overall clustering coefficient of the network was 0,61. The in and out-degree values in the current study suggest that pigs were moving in and out of the areas through the movement of sellers and buyers. The results of the study found that market sellers and buyers are actively moving through the market network, and therefore could potentially contribute to the spread of CSF in Sikka, if an outbreak occurred in the region. This study also found that there was potential movement of pigs in different villages in Sikka through the directed links or ties, which could contribute to the transmission and spread of CSF.

Manajemen Kesehatan Pada Ternak Babi di Kelompok Tani Sehati Kelurahan Tuatuka, Kecamatan Kupang Timur, Kabupaten Kupang NTT Petrus Malo Bulu; Ewaldus Wera; Ni Sri Yuliani
Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Peternakan Vol 4, No 2 (2019): Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Peternakan
Publisher : Jurusan Peternakan Politeknik Pertanian Negeri Kupang

Ternak babi merupakan salah satu jenis ternak yang paling banyak dipelihara masyarakat di Kabupaten Kupang dalam menunjang kegiatan ekonomi mereka termasuk untuk kebutuhan sehari-hari dan juga kebutuhan biaya sekolah serta untuk acara keagamaan dan adat istiadat setempat. Pemeliharaan ternak babi oleh masyarakat masih bersifat tradisional tanpa manajemen kesehatan yang baik. Politani Negeri Kupang melalui Jurusan Peternakan dengan Program Studi Kesehatan Hewan yang dimilikinya melakukan pengabdian masyarakat untuk memperkenalkan manajemen kesehatan pada kelompok tani dengan pendekatan pola kemitraan. Model pendekatan ini telah berjalan selama 2 tahun dan memungkinkan masyarakat mendapat pengetahuan, ketrampilan dan praktek beternak secara benar, dimana program ini didisain dengan pola pendampingan dan penyuluhan serta pelayanan kesehatan hewan milik anggota mitra. Dari hasil pra survey dan survey didapatkan beberapa permasalahan yang dialami masyarakat kelompok binaan dalam hal tata laksana kesehatan hewan yang berhubungan dengan sanitasi kandang, kondisi tubuh ternak yang kurang baik karena menderita cacingan dan anemia, dan juga adanya penyakit-penyakit yang diderita oleh ternak termasuk didalamnya mencret putih (white scours), scabies dan hernia.Pemecahan masalah dengan cara penyuluhan yang dilakukan di kelompok tani binaan, pelayanan kesehatan untuk ternak-ternak yang menderita sakit dan penyakit serta pendampingan yang disediakan oleh Jurusan Peternakan Politani Kupang. Pada pelaksanaannya sebanyak 100 ekor ternak babi mendapatkan pelayanan kesehatan termasuk pemberian multivitamin dan mineral, obat cacing (antiparasit-endo dan ekto parasit), anti lalat, zat besi, dan antibiotik.

PENERAPAN MODEL KEMITRAAN PROPORSIONAL DALAM MENDUKUNG PKM PENGGEMUKAN TERNAK BABI DI KELOMPOK TANI SYALOM, KABUPATEN KUPANG Melkianus Dedimus Same Randu; Max A. J Supit; Arnold Christian Tabun; Catootjie Lusje Nalle; Petrus Malo Bulu
Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Peternakan Vol 3, No 1 (2018): Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Peternakan
Publisher : Jurusan Peternakan Politeknik Pertanian Negeri Kupang

Kegiatan bertujuan untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan dan keterampilan anggota mitra kelompok tani tentang model kemitraan proporsional dan manajemen penggemukan ternak babi. Kelompok tani Syalom ditetapkan sebagai mitra dengan mempertimbangkan bahwa usaha penggemukan ternak babi merupakan rutinitas yang dijalankan anggota kelompok tani, namun selama ini menemui masalah akibat penggunaan bibit dalam jumlah dan kualitas yang rendah, dominasi pakan yang menggunakan limbah rumah tangga, modal yang terbatas, serta jadwal pemasaran yang tidak menentu. Kondisi tersebut pada akhirnya mempengaruhi keberlanjutan usaha ternak babi dan kurang memberikan kontribusi terhadap pendapatan anggota mitra. Metode pelaksanaan kegiatan dilakukan melalui penyuluhan, diskusi, demonstrasi plot, pendampingan, serta monitoring dan evaluasi. Implementasi kegiatan dilakukan melalui diseminasi informasi model kemitraan proporsional, tata laksana penggemukan, dan sistem pemasaran ternak babi. Hasil yang dicapai dari kegiatan adalah peningkatan pengetahuan, kesadaran, dan keterampilan anggota mitra dalam menerapkan model kemitraan proporsional serta manajemen penggemukan ternak babi. Luaran yang dihasilkan, antara lain: bibit babi penggemukan sebanyak 8 ekor, dokumen Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) kemitraan selama 3 tahun pelaksanaan, dan ternak babi penggemukan layak jual pada masa pemeliharaan 5 bulan serta bobot akhir 85 â€“ 100 kg/ekor. Kemitraan proporsional yang diterapkan memberikan kontribusi terhadap peningkatan aktivitas usaha penggemukan ternak babi dan pendapatan anggota mitra kelompok tani Syalom.

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