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Agung Wahyu Susilo
Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry

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Journal : Pelita Perkebunan

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Yield Performance of the Promising Cocoa Hybrids (Theobroma cacaoL.) at Dry Climate Condition Agung Wahyu Susilo
Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) Vol 34 No 1 (2018)
Publisher : Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v34i1.303

Abstract

Global climate change is impacting cocoa cultivation that cocoa trees must be adaptive in dry climate and higher temperature of environmental condition. This research had objective to observe adaptability performance of the promising hybrids of cocoa  ofthe selecting high yielding hybrid swhichare  tolerantto dry condition. Treatments were 14 hybrids of bi-clonal crosses betweenselected clones in factorial design in which KEE 2 was selected based on its resistance to vascular-streak dieback (VSD) and drought condition. Multilocation trials were established in Kaliwining Experimental Station in Jember (low land) and Sumber Asin Experimental Station in Malang (medium land) both of which were classified to dry land area. Yield per tree were assessed in monthly basis during 9 consecutive years of yield period. Data were performed to the combinedanalysis of variance followed by AMMI (additive main effect and multiplicative interaction). The results showed thatthe factor of hybrid, location, and interactionof hybrid and location to year contributed higher value of variance for the yield. Analysis of AMMI indicated that the hybrids of KEE 2 x Sulawesi 1 (F 1 and reciprocal) had highest yield potency and adaptive to low land (Kaliwining) on the other hand the hybrids of TSH 858 x KEE 2 (F 1 and reciprocal) were adaptive to medium land (Sumber Asin). Refer to yield adaptability to dry condition and other potential traits reported thus the hybrid of KEE 2 x Sulawesi 1 (F 1 and reciprocal) was released as cocoa planting material for addressing dry condition. The result also identified those hybrids inherited using KEE 2 performed more adaptive to dry condition. Further-more, the clone was suggested to be used as parental clone on breeding for drought tolerance.
Genetic Diversity Analysis of Edel Cocoa Clones Parental Cross Using Maturase K (matK) Gene Indah Anita-Sari; Sobir Sobir; Agung Wahyu Susilo; Akhmad Hidayatullah; Pingkan Sugianto; Irvan Faizal
Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) Vol 34 No 1 (2018)
Publisher : Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v34i1.304

Abstract

Economically, cacao bean products are divided into fine flavor and bulk cocoa. Fine flavor cocoa has white color beans while bulk cocoa has purple color beans. Bean color of fine-flavor cocoa beans is determined by the presence of a double recessive gene which is inherited from Criollo cocoa type. Analysis of the genetic background in this study used maturase K (matK) gene to ascertain the identity of the genotypes which will be used as a parent in crossing of fine flavor cocoa plants. The study aimed to investigate the genetic background of the promising clones that will be used as a parent in breeding program on fine flavor cocoa based on maturase K (matK) gene in order to ensure the identity of the genotype that will be used in parent crossing and it had Criollo ancestor. DNA analysis was conducted at Agency for the Assessment and Application Technology (BPPT), Serpong, West Java. DNA analysis was conducted on eight genotypes consisting of four genotypes of fine flavor cocoa (ICCRI 02, DRC 16,  PNT 16 and DR 2) and four genotypesof bulk cocoa (MCC 01, MCC 02,  sulawesi 1,  and KW 617).  The results showed that Maturase K (matK) was one of chloroplastgene which could be used to study phylogenetic and evolution on cocoa. Two primers Mac 02 and Mac 09 were used for amplification of matK gene on cocoa with a rate of homology 99-100% with position 872 bp for Mac 02 and 1153 bp for Mac 09.The results of the phylogenetic analysis showed that the cocoa genotypes would be used as parent crossing included DR 2, ICCRI 02, DRC 16, PNT 16, MCC 01, MCC 02, Sulawesi 1, KW 617 and HJ 2 tended to have ancestral Criollo as female parent.
Role of Exogenous Salicylic Acid and Benzoic Acid Applications to Vascular Streak Dieback Disease Attack on Cocoa Seedlings Fakhrusy Zakariyya; Agung Wahyu Susilo; Teguh Iman Santoso; Hardian Susilo Addy; Sulistyani Pancaningtyas
Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) Vol 34 No 1 (2018)
Publisher : Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v34i1.305

Abstract

Currently, vascular streak dieback (VSD) attacks have widespread in areas ofthe center of cocoa (Theobroma cacaoL.) production, especially inSulawesi. Salicylic acid and benzoic acid are part of phenol compounds reportedlyacts as bioimmunoregulator in increasing of plant resistance to that pathogen. The objec-tiveof this research was to investigate effect of exogenous salicylic acid and benzoic acid applications to VSD disease attack on cocoa seedlings.  The research was conducted at Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute,Jember, East Java.  This experiment designed using randomized completely block  design with three replications. The treatments included concentrations of salicylic  acid in 0.5 mMol, 1 mMol, 2 mMol; benzoic acid with concentration 0.5 mMol, 1 mMol,2 mMol; and control (water spray). Observations were based on the incidence and severity damage  of disease, plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, stelate trichome, chlorophyll, width and length of stomatal apperture, and number of stomata. Exogenoussalicylic acid and benzoic acid as phytohormone can reduce disease insidence and severity of VSD. In conclusion, our results indicated that exogenous salicylic acid and benzoic promoted stomatal closure in cocoa leaf by decreasing width-stomatal closure. Salicylic and benzoic acid had no effect to plant height, stem  diameter, number of leaves, length of stomatal apperture, number of stomata, and number of stelate trichome.
Rootstock Characteristics of Three Combinations of Theobroma cacao L. Crosses on Different Water Availability Bayu Setyawan; Niken Puspitasari; Agung Wahyu Susilo; Indah Anita Sari
Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) Vol 34 No 3 (2018)
Publisher : Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v34i3.328

Abstract

Climate change is universal phenomena which is importantly anticipated including cocoa plantation. Drought tolerance cocoa seedling is urgently neededto develop cocoa plantation. This paper studied possible drought tolerance of cocoa seedling through crossing between female parent KKM 22 with three maleparents BAL 209, KW 641, and KW 614. Progeny test was conducted in green house based on four water availability conditions: 25, 50, 75, and 100%. Root condition was recorded as rootstock parameters of three crossings. Result showed that root characteristics varied among crossing samples studied. The longestand hight volume root were recorded from KKM 22 x BAL 209 crossing. Seedling of KKM 22 x BAL 209 crossing tended to have long and wide root, while seedling of KKM 22 x KW 641 crossing tended to have a wide root type and seedling of KKM 22 x KW 614 tended to have a long root type. Based on drought tolerancy, seedling of KKM 22 x KW 641 crossing could be classified as drought tolerance while other two group progenies could be classified as susceptible to drought.To conclude, seedling of KKM 22 x KW 641 can be recommended for cocoa plantation in drought area.
Germination and Water Content of Cocoa Seeds After Storage Treatments Indah Anita-Sari; Bayu Setyawan; Agung Wahyu Susilo
Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) Vol 34 No 3 (2018)
Publisher : Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v34i3.329

Abstract

The challenge of providing cocoa seeds is the characteristic of recalcitrant seed, thus requiring storage techniques that can slow down the decline in seed viability in an effort to manage the distribution of cocoa seeds which depend to the time of demand and harvest. The research aimed to study the effect ofpackaging method for storage of cocoa seeds; the effect of shelf life and temperature to germination and water content of seeds, and the stability of seed germination at different age and storage temperature. The research was conducted at Kaliwining Experimental Station, Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute, Jember, East Java. The research used complete randomized design with research design using split plot. The treatments consisted of packaging methods, storage temperature and storage life. Packaging methods consisted of two methods, i.e. vacuum methods and non vacuum methods. Storage temperature consisted of three treatments, i.e. 15OC, 25OC and 30OC. both of packaging and temperature treatments were stored at four shelf life treatment included 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, and 4 weeks. Each treatment was repeated with three replications and each treatment per replication consisted of 50 seeds. Data analysis used SAS 9.0 and stability analysis used R program and PB Tool. Water content of seeds, germination of seeds and number of seedy seeds were observed. The results showed that type of packaging and storage temperature effect to germination of cocoa seeds but did not effect to seeds water content. Storage of cocoa seeds by non-vacuum packaging showed a higher of germination compared to vacuum packaging in all temperature treatments. Storage with non vacuum packaging at a temperature 25OC showed a germination more than 85% for 2 weeks of shelf life, while storage of cocoa seeds at a temperature of 30OC had a germination of more than 85% for only 1 week shelf life. Storage of cocoa seed at 15OC showed the lowest of germination at treatment. Storage treatments did not show effect on water content of cocoa seeds.
Influence of Geographic Region on Fatty Acid and Physical Properties of Indonesian Cocoa Butter from Smallholder Estate Hendy Firmanto; Supriyanto Supriyanto; Sri Anggraheni; Agung Wahyu Susilo; Bayu Setyawan
Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) Vol 35 No 1 (2019)
Publisher : Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v35i1.350

Abstract

Cocoa butter is the most essensial component in chocolate formulation and represent the biggest characteristic of this product. Indonesia is the third cocoa producers with cocoa producing area spread out in different geographic region and may affect in cocoa butter profiles. The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the fatty acid characteristic and physical properties of cocoa butter from smallholder estate relate to geographic region and climate. This experiment was conducted using unfermented cocoa bean from smallholder estate in eight provinces of Indonesian most growing areas. Fatty acid composition evaluated through the different region and physical properties evaluated in melting profiles and solid fat content. The result explain the fatty acid characteristic of Indonesian cocoa butter consist of palmitic acid (C16:0) 26.28–29.20%, stearic acid (C18:0) 32,14–37.29% and oleic acid (C18:1) 32,14–37,29%. Growing temperature signifi- cantly affects the increase of palmitic acid composition contribute to cocoa butter hardness. Cocoa butter completely melt in temperature of 36.65–39.20OC and solid fat content ranged 7.288–16.82% in 33OC and ranged 0.02–0.29% in 38OC. This Indonesian cocoa butter comply to the classification of hard cocoa butter.
Genetic components estimation of F1 population of cocoa (Theobromacacao L.) in drought stress condition. Adinda Wuriandani; Sobir Sobir; Desta Wirnas; Agung Wahyu Susilo
Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) Vol 35 No 2 (2019)
Publisher : Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v35i2.376

Abstract

Drought stress is a major constraint in cocoa production. The use of drought tolerant clone is the most efficient tool to overcome drought problem in cocoa production. North Carolina II (NCII) mating-design was used to identify parental and progeny performance in drought stress. The crossing consisted of three female parent clones namely KW 516, Sulawesi 3, and TSH 858, while male parent clones were ICCRI 09 and Scavina 6 then produced 6 combinations crosses. Genotypes used were 11 genotypes consisted of 5 parent clones and 6 cross genotypes. Drought treatment was applied to cocoa seedlings at 6 weeks after sowing with 25% and 100% available water content. The plants were maintained without water for five days to modulate the drought intensity. Variables observed were stem diameter, root length, root volume, shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, and root/shoot ratio characters at 16 weeks after sowing. Based on the estimated general combining ability (GCA) value, TSH 858 was the best female parent, while Scavina 6 was the best male parent. Based on the estimated specific combining ability (SCA) value Sulawesi 3 x ICCRI 09 and TSH 858 x Scavina 6 were the best crosses. Based on the estimation of its genetic components, characters of drought tolerance stress were affected by additive genes. The dominant gene only affected the root fresh weight and root/shoot ratio. Based on SSI values, TSH 858 and Sulawesi 3 clones were drought-resistant clones, ICCRI 09 was moderate clone, and KW 516 and Scavina 6 were susceptible. Some of the findings were in contrast with earlier study.
Implications of Cocoa Pod Storage and Temperature to the Performance of Pod Components and Seedling Growth Ari Wibowo; Indah Anita-Sari; Agung Wahyu Susilo
Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) Vol 37 No 2 (2021)
Publisher : Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v37i2.424

Abstract

Cocoa seeds are recalcitrant with some problems in their storage due to lack of dormancy period. This study aimed to find out the effect of cocoa pod storage in two different temperatures and the storage period towards seed viability and growth of the seedlings. This study applied a split-plot design with storage temperature as main plot and storage period as sub-plot. Cocoa pods of Sulawesi-1 clone were harvested and stored at 20ºC and 29ºC for 3, 7, 14, and 30 days. The stored cocoa seeds were then sown for three months. The findings showed that the storage of cocoa pods at 20ºC for 30 days causing the seed water content was 45%, the growth of the seedlings after the storage was 98.7%, and could press the pod shrinkage (1.6%). The storage of cocoa pods at 29ºC for 30 days could accelerate the reduction process by 68.2%, decreased germination of seeds upto 83.4%, and reduced the water content by 44.2%. The pod storage at 20ºC for 30 days showed a high value in some aspects such as seedling height, stem diameter, leaf area, seedling fresh weight, and shoot/root ratio. The storage of pods at 29ºC for 14 days indicated a high score in the character of germination, seedlingheight, stem diameter, and fresh weight of seedlings. The storage of pods at room temperature could be conducted for 14 days, meanwhile, at controlled temperature, it could be conducted for 30 days.
Co-Authors A. Latief Abadi Adhiwibawa . Adinda Wuriandani Adinda Wuriandani Aida Ainurrachmah Akhmad Hidayatullah Ari Wibowo Bayu Setyawan Desta Wirnas Fakhrusy Zakariyya Fakhrusy Zakariyya Hardian Susilo Addy Hendy Firmanto Indah Anita Sari Indah Anita Sari Indah Anita-Sari Irvan Faizal Irvan Faizal Marcelinus A.S Mochamad Syarief Niken Puspitasari Pingkan Sugianto R.A.P. Nugroho Sobir . Sobir Sobir Sobir Sobir Sri Anggraheni Sulistyani Pancaningtyas Supriyanto Supriyanto Suyadi Mitrowiardjo Taryono Taryono Teguh Iman Santoso Toto Himawan