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Novel Potential Immune Response Biomarkers to Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis in the Last Five Years Unicha, Mutiara Shinta Noviar; Wayan Tunas Artama; Niken Irfa Nastiti
Indonesian Journal of Tropical and Infectious Disease Vol. 10 No. 1 (2022)
Publisher : Institute of Topical Disease Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/ijtid.v10i1.32119

Abstract

Rapid and accurate detection performs an important role in the control of raising MDR-TB. Currently, studies on biomarkers as targets for TB diagnostic tests using immune response products to indicate the presence, mycobacterial load, early markers, and activity, diff erentiation, and progression markers of TB infection are rapidly available. This systematic review aims to summarize the last fi ve years of potential biomarkers studies from the immune response for MDR-TB rapid diagnostic development. The authors performed a literature search on four databases as ProQuest, EBSCO Academic Search, Universitas Gadjah Mada Online Library Journal Database, and Google Scholar, retrieved from January 2016 to December 2021. In total, 18,288 articles were identifi ed and three tudies met the inclusion criteria. Several promising biomarkers were found for MDR-TB diagnosis purposes, such as sCD14, PGLYRP2, FGA, Indoleamine 2, 3- dioxygenase (IDO), and Complement Receptor 2 (CR2). A combination of sCD14, PGLYRP2, and FGA were bringing a diagnostic design with a higher sensitivity (94.7%) and specifi city (80%) than the design of a single protein. Higher IDO activity towards the MDR-TB group than in the DS-TB group with a sensitivity of 87.50 %, specifi city of 72.22 %. CR2 was the main focus due to its association with IL-6. After induction of CR2 peptide in a dose-dependent manner, the expression level of IL-6 was decreased signifi cantly. It might because of CR2 peptide regulating the macrophages proinfl ammatory cytokines secretion to decrease the local infl ammation of the immune response. These biomarkers are strong candidates for MDR-TB diagnosis due to their important role as the pathogenesis marker of MDR-TB. There is a need of further research to investigate those immune response products and their role to eliminate infection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis directly.
Antibiotic-Resistant Genes and Polymorphisms of blaTEM1 gene in Multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli from Chicken Eggs and Cloacal Swabs in Sleman, Yogyakarta: The Impact on Public Health Nastiti, Niken Irfa; Asmara, Widya; Putri, Khrisdiana
Indonesian Journal of Tropical and Infectious Disease Vol. 12 No. 3 (2024)
Publisher : Institute of Topical Disease Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/ijtid.v12i3.49885

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance in pathogenic bacteria is a serious problem in public health. Antibiotic-resistant pathogens are the cause of many deaths.  Escherichia coli (E. coli) is one of the bacteria that experienced multi-drug resistance (MDR). Infection of Escherichia coli in humans occurs through transmission of fecal-oral. This study, conducted at the Veterinary Public Health Laboratory of Gadjah Mada University, aimed to assess MDR E. coli prevalence in 200 chicken egg samples sourced from poultry farms and supermarkets, alongside 63 cloacal swab samples from broiler poultry in Sleman, Yogyakarta. The study focused on detecting resistance genes including tetA, aadA1, aph(3)IIa, and blaTEM1, also analyzing polymorphisms in the blaTEM1 gene associated with antibiotic resistance. Identification technique of E. coli positivity refers to the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) 2897:2008, then E. coli identification was performed using the Analytical Profile Index (API) Test 20E Kit. Antibiotic sensitivity was determined by the Kirby Bauer method. Detection of antibiotic resistance genes in E. coli were determine using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method. Sequencing and analysis of polymorphism and phylogenetic were performed only in blaTEM1. There were 12 samples identified as having E. coli (1 from chicken eggs and 11 from cloacal swabs), resistance percentages were highest for erythromycin (100%), ampicillin (91.7%), ciprofloxacin (91.7%), sulfamethoxazole (83.3%), streptomycin (83.3%) gentamicin (75%), tetracycline (41.7%), and chloramphenicol (25%). respectively. All of 12 E. coli samples were bacteria with MDR. Resistant genes were prevalent, notably blaTEM1 and aadA1 (100% each), with aph(3)IIa and tetA genes also detected in 58.3% of samples each. Sequencing of the blaTEM1 gene revealed polymorphisms in isolate A8. However, these did not alter its antibiotic resistance phenotype. Sequences of E. coli isolates showed similarities to strains from Vietnam, China, and India, countries with high antibiotic consumption, particularly ampicillin.
Zooprophylaxis implementation as malaria control program in rural areas in Indonesia: a systematic review Unicha, Mutiara Shinta Noviar; Nastiti, Niken Irfa; Purwanti, Eti; Murdiati, Dwi
BKM Public Health and Community Medicine PHS7 Accepted Abstracts
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

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Abstract

Objective: This study aims to review whether zooprophylaxis could be an effective prevention program for malaria infection in rural areas, required for its general implementations in Indonesia. Method: The words 'Zooprophylaxis' and 'malaria control' were searched by four electronic databases like ProQuest, EBSCO, Cochrane, and Universitas Gadjah Mada Library database. Only relevant articles which met the eligibility criteria were included in this systematic review. Critical appraisal using PRISMA 2009 and CONSORT 2010 checklist were applied for a full review by contributed authors. Results: The total of 647 articles were screened, and only 15 relevant articles were included in this study. Along with the use of household insecticides, Zooprophylaxis had been implemented in Banyumas Regency in Indonesia and proved to reduce the Man Bitting Rate (MBR) from 1,426 to 0,046. Only types of vector that have zoo-antrophylic bionomic that this program can control. The closer area of vector breeding sites with livestock to settlements plays an important role in the program's success. Also, the ecological-geographical conditions and the proportion of livestock-size could give a protective effect vice versa. Conclusion: Zooprophylaxis could be used effectively as a prevention program for malaria infection in rural areas by considering several conditions and mosquito bionomics. Coupled with the use of spray insecticides for night outdoor activities and bed-net for indoors and the application of ecological modification with the One Health approach, these could increase its effectiveness as a malaria control program in rural areas in Indonesia.