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Beyond Immersion: The Efficacy of Virtual Reality (Vr) Simulations in Developing Technical Skills for Vocational Education Erwis, Fauzi; Xiang, Yang; Koskinen, Jari
Journal of Social Entrepreneurship and Creative Technology Vol. 2 No. 4 (2025)
Publisher : Yayasan Adra Karima Hubbi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.70177/jseact.v2i4.2677

Abstract

Traditional vocational education (VET) for complex psychomotor skills is costly, risky, and difficult to scale. While Virtual Reality (VR) is a potential solution, research has focused on “immersion,” not empirical “efficacy.” The critical gap is the unverified “transfer-of-training” from virtual simulations to real-world, physical tasks. This study aimed to empirically evaluate the efficacy of VR-only training versus traditional hands-on methods. It specifically sought to measure (1) “virtual-to-real” skill transfer, (2) long-term skill retention, and (3) training efficiency. An experimental pre-test/post-test/retention-test design was used. 80 (N=80) novice welding trainees were randomized to a VR-Only (n=40) or Traditional (n=40) group. Psychomotor skill was measured on physical equipment at baseline (T1), post-intervention (T2), and 4-week retention (T3) using an expert-validated rubric (PAR), analyzed with ANCOVA. The VR-Only group demonstrated statistically superior skill transfer on the physical post-test (T2) (p < .001, \eta_p^2 = .710). This superiority was durable, with significantly higher skill retention at the T3 follow-up (p < .001). The VR group also achieved competency 27% faster (6.4 vs 8.8 hours) and at zero consumable material cost. -fidelity VR, driven by instantaneous data-driven feedback, is a more effective, efficient, and cost-effective training modality than the traditional “gold standard” for novice psychomotor skill acquisition. This study provides robust validation for the “virtual-to-real” transfer-of-training.
BEYOND SPECIES RICHNESS: QUANTIFYING FUNCTIONAL BIODIVERSITY THROUGH MATHEMATICAL ECOLOGY Xiang, Yang; Tanaka, Kaito; Hoffmann, Lena
Research of Scientia Naturalis Vol. 3 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Yayasan Adra Karima Hubbi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.70177/scientia.v3i1.3540

Abstract

Biodiversity has traditionally been assessed through species richness, yet this approach often fails to capture the functional roles that determine ecosystem processes and resilience. Increasing ecological evidence indicates that ecosystems with similar species counts may differ substantially in functional composition, leading to divergent ecological outcomes. This study aims to develop a mathematical ecology framework that quantifies functional biodiversity by integrating trait-based analysis with nonlinear modeling. The research employs a quantitative design combining secondary ecological datasets, multidimensional trait space construction, and computational modeling to evaluate relationships between functional diversity and ecosystem performance. Results demonstrate that functional richness, evenness, and divergence significantly predict ecosystem productivity and stability, while species richness shows limited explanatory power. Nonlinear analysis reveals threshold effects and complex interactions, indicating that functional trait composition governs ecosystem responses to environmental change. Functional diversity also shapes network structure, enhancing system resilience through redundancy and complementarity among traits. The study concludes that functional biodiversity provides a more comprehensive and predictive measure of ecological complexity than species richness alone. Integration of mathematical ecology with trait-based approaches offers a robust analytical framework for advancing biodiversity research and informing conservation strategies.