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All Journal Rechtsvinding Siber International Journal of Advanced Law
Aini, Hanifah Qurrotu
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Arts Humanities Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Social Sciences

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Shooting of Indonesian Migrants by Malaysian Authorities in the Perspective of International Human Rights Law Aini, Hanifah Qurrotu; Triadi, Irwan
Siber International Journal of Advanced Law (SIJAL) Vol. 2 No. 4 (2025): Siber International Journal of Advanced Law (April - June 2025)
Publisher : Siber Nusantara Review & Yayasan Sinergi Inovasi Bersama (SIBER)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.38035/sijal.v2i4.231

Abstract

The incident of the shooting of five Indonesian migrant workers (PMI) by the Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency (APMM) in the waters of Tanjung Rhu, Selangor, on January 24, 2025, which resulted in two deaths and three injuries, highlights violations of human rights (HAM) and international legal norms.This research examines the actions of the Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency (APMM) that allegedly used excessive force and committed extrajudicial killings, violating Article 3 of the UDHR, Article 6 of the ICCPR, and Article 104 of Law No. 39/1999.The driving factors of illegal migration, such as the lack of job opportunities in Indonesia and the allure of high wages in Malaysia, are exacerbated by labor trafficking syndicates.The Indonesian government has sent diplomatic notes and provided legal assistance, but the weakness of bilateral agreements poses a challenge.This normative legal research recommends a systematic approach to law enforcement, eradication of labor trafficking, and protection of Indonesian Migrant Workers (PMI) to prevent the recurrence of tragedy.
The Boundaries of the Force Majeure Defense in Civil Disputes: A Study of Decision Number 162/PDT/2021/PT DPS Mutiara, I Made Cinta; Akbar, Ferdi Raditya; Aini, Hanifah Qurrotu; Andriyanto, Fransisca Dealova; Gladys, Juniartha; Azhar, Muhamad Davindra; Alfarel, Muhammad Arkan; Azmina, Fayza; Rizkianti, Wardani
Rechtsvinding Vol. 3 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Civiliza Publishing

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59525/rechtsvinding.v3i2.1165

Abstract

A contract forms the legal relationship between parties that creates binding rights and obligations as regulated in Article 1338 of the Indonesian Civil Code (KUHPer). However, the performance of a contract may be hindered by events beyond human can control, known as force majeure. Under Articles 1244 and 1245 of the Civil Code, a party who fails to fulfill its obligations due to force majeure may be released from liability for damages. This study aims to analyze the limits of force majeure as a legal defense in civil disputes through a case study of Decision Number 162/PDT/2021/PT DPS between PT Royal Pacific Nusantara and PT Lorenz Marble. The research employs a normative legal method with statutory, case, and conceptual approaches, using primary legal materials such as the Civil Code and court decisions, as well as secondary materials including legal books and scholarly journals related to force majeure. The results indicate that the court recognized the Covid-19 pandemic as a relative force majeure, which temporarily hinders the performance of contractual obligations but does not permanently extinguish them. The judges found that the defendant was not negligent, as they demonstrated good faith and efforts to fulfill obligations despite global disruptions. Thus, the boundaries of force majeure as a defense are determined by the causal relationship between extraordinary events and the inability to perform, along with the good faith of the party invoking the defense.
Co-Authors Akbar, Ferdi Raditya Alfarel, Muhammad Arkan Andriyanto, Fransisca Dealova Azhar, Muhamad Davindra Azmina, Fayza Gladys, Juniartha Mutiara, I Made Cinta Rizkianti, Wardani Triadi, Irwan