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Pharmacy Study Program, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, North Sulawesi, Indonesia, 95115
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INDONESIA
PHARMACON
Published by Universitas Sam Ratulangi
ISSN : 23022493     EISSN : 27214923     DOI : 10.35799
Core Subject : Health,
Medicine & Pharmacology
Pharmacon is the journal published by Pharmacy Study Program, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sam Ratulangi University, Indonesia (P-ISSN: 2302-2493 E-ISSN: 2721-4923). Pharmacon was established in 2012 and published four times a year. Pharmacon is an open access journal and has been indexed by main indexing Google Scholar, GARUDA, Crossref.
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Articles 1,131 Documents
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KAJIAN INTERAKSI OBAT PADA PASIEN GERIATRI RAWAT INAP DI RSUP PROF. DR. R. D. KANDOU MANADO Maindoka, Fangky Sandy
PHARMACON Vol 6, No 3 (2017): Pharmacon
Publisher : UNIVERSITAS SAM RATULANGI

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35799/pha.6.2017.16889

Abstract

KAJIAN INTERAKSI OBAT PADA PASIEN GERIATRI RAWAT INAP DI RSUP PROF. DR. R. D. KANDOU MANADO Fangky Sandy Maindoka1), Deby Mpila1), Gayatri Citraningtyas1)1)Program Studi Farmasi FMIPA UNSRAT Manado, 95115 ABSTRACT Drug interaction is one of the factors, which influence the body response to treatment, and is clinically important if it results in increased toxicity or reduces the effectiveness of the drug interacting. The mechanism of drug interaction can be divided into pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics mechanisms with minor, moderate and major severity. Characteristics in geriatric patients, which generally have occurred various chronic diseases and decreased function of organs, especially kidney and liver function can be a risk factor for drug interactions. This study aims to examine the drug-drug interactions in inpatient geriatric patients in RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado. This research is a descriptive research with retrospective data retrieval. The study was conducted against 100 medical records data of inpatient geriatric patients that meeting the inclusion criteria. The results of the study based on the characteristics of geriatric patients showed the highest number of patients in the age group 60 - 74 years of 64 patients (64%) while the number of male patients as many as 50 patients (50%) and women as many as 50 patients (50%). Diagnosis of most diseases is found in patients with hypertensive of 58 (17,90%) from 324 case of disease and ≥ 5 types of drugs prescribed in 76 patients (76%). The prevalence of the happening of drug-drug interactions about 44% with a total of 146 interaction events. Keywords: inpatient geriatrics, drug interactions ABSTRAK Interaksi obat merupakan salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi respon tubuh terhadap pengobatan dan penting secara klinis jika berakibat meningkatkan toksisitas atau mengurangi efektifitas obat yang berinteraksi. Mekanisme interaksi obat dapat dibagi menjadi mekanisme farmakokinetik dan farmakodinamik dengan tingkat keparahan yang minor, moderate dan major. Karakteristik pada pasien geriatri, yaitu umumnya telah terjadi berbagai penyakit kronis dan penurunan fungsi organ terutama fungsi ginjal dan hati dapat menjadi faktor resiko terjadinya interaksi obat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji interaksi obat-obat pada pasien geriatri rawat inap di RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado. Penelitian ini merupakan jenis penelitian deskriptif dengan pengambilan data secara retrospektif. Penelitian dilakukan terhadap 100 data rekam medik pasien geriatri rawat inap yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Hasil penelitian berdasarkan karakteristik pasien geriatri menunjukkan jumlah pasien terbanyak pada kelompok usia 60 - 74 tahun sebesar 64 pasien (64%) sedangkan jumlah pasien laki-laki sebanyak 50 pasien (50%) dan perempuan sebanyak 50 pasien (50%). Diagnosa penyakit terbanyak yaitu hipertensi sebesar 58 (17,90%) dari total 324 kasus penyakit serta ≥ 5 jenis obat diresepkan pada 76 pasien (76%). Prevalensi kejadian interaksi obat-obat sebesar 44% dengan total 146 kejadian interaksi. Kata kunci : geriatri rawat inap, interaksi obat  
UJI EFEK EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN KUCING-KUCINGAN (Acalypha Indica L.) TERHADAP KADAR GULA DARAH TIKUS PUTIH JANTAN GALUR WISTAR (Rattus novergicus) Kawatu, Cheryl; Bodhi, Widdhi; Mongi, Jeane
PHARMACON Vol 2, No 1 (2013): pharmacon
Publisher : UNIVERSITAS SAM RATULANGI

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35799/pha.2.2013.1017

Abstract

ABSTRACT The cooperleaf herb (Acalypha indica L.) is a plant which is used as a traditional medicine. The cooperleaf herb leave is a part of the plant to use for decreasing the blood sugar level. The aimed of this research is to know the giving effect of the cooperleaf herb leave ethanol extract to the blood sugar level of strain wistar white male mice which is inducted by sucrose. Fifteen strain wistar white male mice are divided into five treatment groups namely negative control group, positive control group, the group of the cooperleaf herb leave extract with doses 3,15 g extract/ kg body weight, 6,3 g extract/ kg body weight, and 12,6 g extract/ kg body weight. The data obtained from the examination  by sucrose and at 15, 30, 60, 120 minutes after gave treatment. The data are analyzed by using One Way ANOVA and to be continued with LSD test for seeing the differentiation between the treatments. The result of this research show the cooperleaf herb leave ethanol extract with with doses 3,15 g extract/ kg body weight, 6,3 g extract/ kg body weight, and 12,6 g extract/ kg body weight have the effect to decrease the blood sugar level of strain wistar white male mice.
VALIDASI METODE ANALISIS DALAM PENETAPAN KADAR BENZO(A)PIREN PADA IKAN BAKAR Astuti, Windi
PHARMACON Vol 5, No 3 (2016): Pharmacon
Publisher : UNIVERSITAS SAM RATULANGI

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35799/pha.5.2016.12938

Abstract

VALIDASI METODE ANALISIS DALAM PENETAPAN KADAR BENZO(A)PIREN PADA IKAN BAKAR Windi Astuti1), Sri Sudewi1), Henki Rotinsulu1) 1)Program Studi Farmasi FMIPA UNSRAT Manado, 95115   ABSTRACT                               Benzo (a) pyrene is carcinogenic compounds formed by incomplete combustion of organic compounds during processing. This research was conducted by validating analytical methods used in the determination of the levels of benzo (a) pyrene and determines levels of benzo (a) pyrene in grilled fish. Determination of Benzo (a) was carrid out by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Optimization of benzo (a) pyrene was carrid out with a combination of  mobile phase, acetonitrile : water (90:10) and (85:15) with a flow rate of 1,0 and 1,5 mL/min. Validation of  analysis methods was carrid out by the linearity test, accuracy test, precision test and  limits of detection test and quantity limit (LOD & LOQ) using a standard solution of benzo (a) pyrene. The results showed that the choosen condition of mobile phase, acetonitrile : water (90:10) and flow rate 1,0 mL/min. The linearity value resulted r2 = 0,9017. Accuracy test gives an average value of 100,00  recovery; 101,73  and 97,67%. an intraday precision test result of 0,01; 0,54 and 0,00% and interday; 0,01; 0,02 and 0,01%. Value of  limit of detection and limit of quantity (LOD & LOQ) was 13,53 and 45,11μg/L. The levels of benzo (a) pyrene in grilled fish in restaurant X in Manado City 15,397 µg/L. Validation of analytical methods has already defined in accordance with the terms. The level of benzo (a) pyrene in grilled fish can be determined by using  High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The result level of Benzo (a) pyrene of no-treatment group and treatment group without wrapping with variable time 60 minutes are exceeds 10 µg which is maximum limit set Food and Drug Regulatiory Agency Republic of Indonesia (FDRA RI). Keywords: Validation of analysis methods, grilled fish, benzo (a) pirene, HPLC. ABSTRAK Benzo(a)piren merupakan senyawa karsinogenik yang terbentuk akibat pembakaran tidak sempurna dari senyawa organik selama proses pengolahan. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan memvalidasi metode analisis yang digunakan dalam penetapan kadar benzo(a)piren dan  mengetahui kadar benzo(a)piren dalam ikan bakar. Metode penentuan Benzo(a)piren dilakukan dengan Kromatografi Cair Kinerja Tinggi (KCKT). Optimasi penetapan benzo(a)piren dilakukan dengan kombinasi Fase gerak Asetonitril : Aquades (90:10) dan (85:15) dengan laju alir 1,0 dan 1,5 mL/menit . Validasi metode analisis dilakukan dengan uji linearitas, uji akurasi, uji presisi dan uji batas deteksi dan batas kuantitas dengan menggunakan larutan standar benzo(a)piren. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kondisi optimum terpilih pada fase gerak Asetonitril : Aquades (90:10) dan laju alir 1,0 mL/menit. Nilai linearitas yang dihasilkan r2 = 0,9017. Uji akurasi memberikan nilai rata-rata perolehan kembali 100,00; 101,73  dan 97,67%. Uji presisi memberikan hasil pada intraday 0,01; 0,54 dan 0,00% dan interday 0,01; 0,02  dan 0,01%. Uji batas deteksi dan batas kuantitas  memberikan hasil yaitu 13,53 dan 45,11µg/L. Kadar benzo(a)piren yang dihasilkan pada ikan bakar di rumah makan kota manado yaitu 15,397 µg/L. Validasi metode analisis sesuai dengan syarat yang sudah ditetapkan. Kadar benzo(a)piren pada ikan bakar bisa ditetapkan dengan menggunakan menggunakan Kromatografi Cair Kinerja Tinggi (KCKT). Kadar benzo(a)piren yang dihasilkan oleh rumah makan di kota manado melebihi dari batas maksimum yang ditetapkan Badan Pengawasan Obat dan Makanan Republik Indonesia (BPOM RI) yaitu sebesar 10 µg/L. Kata Kunci : Validasi metode analisis, Benzo(a)piren, ikan bakar, KCKT  
UJI EFEK ANTELMINTIK EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN PINANG YAKI (ARECA VESTIARIA) TERHADAP CACING GELANG (ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES) SECARA IN VITRO Roring, Tirza; Simbala, Herny; de Queljoe, Edwin
PHARMACON Vol 8, No 3 (2019)
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Abstract

ABSTRACT Pinang Yaki (Areca vestiaria) is an endemic species of Sulawesi palm, which has unique characteristics that have been used as medicine , to treat various. Ethanol extracts of pinang yaki leaves contains tannin compounds that can inhibit the work of enzymes, interfere with digestive metabolic processes, and damage the worm cell membrane. This study aims to determine the anthelmintic effect of ethanol extract of pinang yaki leaves obtained from the Tomohon area against roundworms (Ascaris lumbricoides). The sample was extracted by maceration method using ethanol solvent. The test used ethanol extracts f pinang yaki leaves with a concentration of 5%, 10%, and 20%, respectively. The worms were incubated at a temperature of 37ºC, and examined for 24 hours at 6 hour intervals. The number of lysis worms and paralysis was recorded every 6 hours and the data were analyzed using the Kruskal Wallis test and continued using the Mann Whitney test. The results showed an anthelmintic effect of ethanol extracts of pinang yaki leaves on roundworms (Ascaris lumbricoides) in vitro.Keywords         : Anthelmintic, Ethanol extracts of areca leaf, Areca vestiaria, Ascaris lumbricoides  ABSTRAK Pinang Yaki (Areca vestiaria) merupakan jenis palem endemik Sulawesi yang memiliki karakteristik yang unik telah dimanfaatkan sebagai obat, untuk mengobati berbagai penyakit. Ekstrak etanol daun pinang yaki mengandung senyawa tanin yang dapat menghambat kerja enzim, mengganggu proses metabolisme pencernaan, serta merusak membran sel cacing. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui adanya efek antelmintik dari ekstrak etanol daun pinang yaki yang diperoleh dari daerah Tomohon terhadap cacing gelang (Ascaris lumbricoides). Sampel diekstraksi dengan metode maserasi menggunakan pelarut etanol. Metode penelitian ini ialah eksperimen laboratorium dengan desain post test only control group. Pengujian menggunakan ekstrak etanol daun pinang yaki dengan konsentrasi 5%, 10%, dan 20%. Cacing diinkubasi pada suhu 37ºC, dan diteliti selama 24 jam dengan interval waktu 6 jam. Jumlah cacing lisis dan paralisis dicatat setiap 6 jam dan selanjutnya data dianalisis menggunakan uji Kruskal Wallis dan dilanjutkan menggunakan uji Man Whitney. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya efek antelmintik dari ekstrak etanol daun pinang yaki terhadap cacing gelang (Ascaris lumbricoides) secara in vitro. Kata kunci      : Antelmintik, Ekstrak Etanol Daun Pinang Yaki, Areca vestiaria, Ascaris lumbricoides
ANALISIS KLORIN PADA BERAS YANG BEREDAR DI PASAR KOTA MANADO Wongkar, Ivone Y.
PHARMACON Vol 3, No 3 (2014)
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Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35799/pha.3.2014.5452

Abstract

ABSTRACT Rice is a staple food that is easily processed, easy to prepare, delicious and contains a protein as source energy. Chlorine is not permitted to be used on rice because it can harm the respiratory system. In the form gas chlorine can demage  mucous membrane and the form of liquid can damage the skin. The purpose of this study is to identify and determine the levels of chlorine on rice in the markets of Manado. The samples used in this research were nine rice samples taken from three markets in Manado, namely Bersehati 45 market, Tuminting market and Karombasan market. Chlorine was examined using a color reaction method and iodometric titration. The results of this research shows that all nine samples of rice does not contain chlorine, either by color reaction method and iodometric titration method. Rice in the markets of Manado does not contain chlorine and safe for consumption.   Key words : Chlorine, Rice, Color Reaction, Iodometric Titration, Manado       ABSTRAK Beras merupakan salah satu bahan makanan pokok yang mudah diolah, mudah disajikan, enak dan mengandung protein sebagai sumber energi. Bahan pemutih klorin dilarang digunakan dalam beras karena dapat membahayakan sistem pernapasan. Dalam wujud gas klor merusak membran mucus dan dalam wujud cair dapat merusak kulit. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengidentifikasi dan menentukan kadar klorin dalam beras yang beredar di pasar kota Manado. Sampel beras berjumlah Sembilan sampel diambil pada tiga pasar yang ada di kota Manado yaitu pasar Bersehati 45, pasar Tuminting dan pasar Karombasan. Klorin diuji menggunakan metode Reaksi Warna dan Titrasi Iodometri. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa sembilan sampel beras tidak mengandung klorin yang diuji dengan metode Reaksi Warna maupun metode Titrasi Iodometri. Beras di pasar kota Manado tidak mengandung klorin dan aman untuk dikonsumsi.   Kata kunci : Klorin, Beras, Reaksi Warna, Titrasi Iodometri, Manado
UJI DAYA HAMBAT EKSTRAK DAUN DURIAN (Durio zybethinus) TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN Candida albicans SECARA IN VITRO Kandoli, Fryano
PHARMACON Vol 5, No 1 (2016): Pharmacon
Publisher : UNIVERSITAS SAM RATULANGI

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35799/pha.5.2016.11223

Abstract

UJI DAYA HAMBAT EKSTRAK DAUN DURIAN (Durio zybethinus) TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN Candida albicans SECARA IN VITRO Fryano Kandoli1),  Jimmy Abijulu2),  Michael Leman1) 1)Program Studi Kedokteran Gigi Fakultas Kedokteran UNSRAT 2)Jurusan Kimia FMIPA UNSRAT ABSTRACTS Candidiasis is fungi infection that common found in dentistry practice. The cause is Candida where seventy percent of  Candida species that infecting is Candida albicans. Durian (Durio zybethinus) is original tropical fruit from Indonesia that enriched with many benefits. Durian leaf contains Saponin and Flavanoid compound that can be used as antifungal agent.  The purpose of this research is to find out the effectiveness of durian leaves against Candida albicans. This research is experimental research with Post test only control group design plan. The method in this antifungal test is Kirbybauer modification method using Paper disk. The concentration of durian leaf used in this research is 100%, positive control Ketokonazole, and aquades as negative control. The Candida albicans are taken from the fungus storage in Chemistry laboratory of Mathematics and Science Faculty of Sam Ratulangi University Manado.The result of this research showed that the extract of durian leaf contains antifungal activity from the inhibition zone that formed around the paper disk contained durian leaf’s extract. This research conclude that durian leaf extract has antifungal activity in inhibiting Candida albicans’s growth as the main cause of Candidiasis. Key words: Durian leaf (Durio zybethinus), Candida albicans, antifungi ABSTRAK   Kandidiasis merupakan infeksi jamur yang sering dijumpai dalam praktek kedokteran gigi.Penyebabnya adalah jamur Candida dimana sekitar tujuh puluh persen  spesies Candida yang menginfeksi adalah Candida albicans. Durian (Durio zybethinus) merupakan tanaman buah tropis asli Indonesia yang kaya akan beragam  manfaat. Daun durian memiliki senyawa Saponin dan Flavanoid yang memiliki efek antijamur. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk meneliti efektivitas ekstrak daun durian dalam menghambat pertumbuhan jamur Candida albicans. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental dengan rancangan penelitian Post test only control group design. Metode yang digunakan sebagai uji antijamur adalah metode modifikasi Kirbybauer menggunakan Paper Disk. Konsentrasi ekstrak daun durian yang dipakai dalam penelitian ini yaitu 100%, kontrol positif Ketoconazole, serta kontrol negatif menggunakan aquades.  Jamur Candida albicans diambil dari stok jamur Laboratorium Kimia Fakultas MIPA Universitas Sam Ratulangi Manado. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa ekstrak daun durian mempunyai efek anti jamur yang ditunjukan dengan terbentuknya daerah zona hambat di sekitar paper disk yang diberi ekstrak daun durian. Dari penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa ekstrak daun durian memiliki efek antijamur dalam menghambat pertumbuhan Candida albicans sebagai jamur penyebab Kandidiasis.   Kata kunci: Daun durian (Durio zybethinus), Candida albicans, antijamur  
ANALISIS FINGERPRINT DAUN GEDI HIJAU (Abelmoschus manihot L) UNTUK MEMPREDIKSI AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN MENGGUNAKAN KOMBINASI SPEKTROSKOPI IR DENGAN PARTIAL LEAST SQUAREREGRESSION Warongan, Marino N.
PHARMACON Vol 6, No 4 (2017): Pharmacon
Publisher : UNIVERSITAS SAM RATULANGI

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35799/pha.6.2017.17731

Abstract

ANALISIS FINGERPRINT DAUN GEDI HIJAU (Abelmoschus manihot L) UNTUK MEMPREDIKSI AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN MENGGUNAKAN KOMBINASI SPEKTROSKOPI IR DENGAN PARTIALLEAST SQUAREREGRESSION Marino Novri Warongan1), Sri Sudewi1), Adithya Yudistira1)1)Program Studi Farmasi FMIPA UNSRAT Manado, 95115  ABSTRACT The study aims to determine the antioxidant activity, infrared spectra and correlation between spectral data and antioxidant activity of green gedi leaves. Method of determining prediction of antioxidant activity through fingerprint analysis using combination of IR spectroscopy and Chemometric Partial Least Square Regression (PLSR). DPPH method is used to prevent free radical and free-radical yield of free radical or concentration 150 ppm Bitung A sample 91.392 ± 1.125, Bitung B sample 88.493 ± 1.515 dan Bitung C sample 91.663 ± 1.184, Manado A sample 89.464 ± 1.642, Manado B sample 90.096 ± 3.510, and Manado C sample 89.477 ± 0.850,  and in the Kotamobagu sample A 86.678 ± 3.703, Kotamobagu sample B 82.963 ± 2.991 and Kotamobagu sample C 83.163 ± 6.354. Gedi leaves from the city of Bitung, Manado, and Kotamobagu has a relatively similar spectrum. This combination involves the FTIR spectrum as the “x” variabel and the result data of the DPPH method as the “y” variabel. The prediction model can be used because it has error value ( standar error calibration (SEC = 0.0615), standard error of prediction (SEP = 0.0763)) and calibration value of 0.4181, and r validation of 0.2917. Keywords: Antioxidant, Green Gedi Leaves, FTIR Spectrophotometry, UV-VIS Spectrophotometry, Chemometric .  ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas antioksidan, spektrum infra merah dan korelasi antara data spektrum dan aktivitas antioksidan daun gedi hijau. Metode penentuan prediksi aktivitas antioksidan melaui analisis fingerprint menggunakan kombinasi Spektroskopi IR dan Kemometrik Partial Least Square Regression (PLSR). Metode DPPH digunakan untuk menangkal radikal bebas dan hasil persen penangkal radikal bebas pada konsentrasi 150 ppm Sampel Bitung A 91.392 ± 1.125, Sampel Bitung B 88.493 ± 1.515 dan Sampel Bitung C 91.663 ± 1.184, Sampel Manado A 89.464 ± 1.642, Sampel Manado B 90.096 ± 3.510, dan Sampel Manado C 89.477 ± 0.850, dan terakir pada Sampel Kotamobagu A 86.678 ± 3.703, Sampel Kotamobagu B 82.963 ± 2.991 dan Sampel Kotamobagu C 83.163 ± 6.354.Daun Gedi dari  kota Bitung, Manado dan Kotamobagu ini memiliki spektrum yang relatif sama. Kombinasi ini melibatkan dari spektrum FTIR sebagai variabelx dan data hasil analisis metode DPPH sebagai variabely. Model prediksi dapat digunakan karena memiliki nilai kesalahan (standar error calibration (SEC = 0.0615), standard error of prediction (SEP = 0.0763)) dan nilai r kalibrasi 0.4181, serta r validasi 0.2917. Kata Kunci : Antioksidan, Daun Gedi Hijau, Spektrofotometri FTIR, Spektrofotometri UV-VIS,  Kemometrik.
FORMULASI SALEP EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN NANGKA (ARTOCARPUS HETEROPHYLLUS LAM.) DAN UJI EFEKTIVITAS TERHADAP PENYEMBUHAN LUKA TERBUKA PADA KELINCI Hamzah, Hamdiyah; Fatimawali, Fatimawali; Yamlean, Paulina V. Y.; Mongi, Jeane
PHARMACON Vol 2, No 3 (2013): pharmacon
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Abstract

ABSTRACTJackfruit leaves is a plant that work as medicine on healing process of skin diseases,especially in wounds. The purpose of this study is to determine the quality of ointment fromethanolic extract of Jackfruit leaves at the concentration on 5%, 10% and 15% and the effectof the open wound healing in rabbits. Type of this research is laboratory experimental. In thisresearch maceration was done as the extraction method to got the extract of Jackfruit leaves.The ointment of ethanolic extract from jackfruit leaves made within 3 concentrations of 5%,10% and 15%. On the testing ointment using organoleptic test, homogenity test and pH test.The effectiveness assay to heal the open wounds using 5 groups, Betadine ointment (positivecontrol), basic ointment (negative control), the ointment of ethanolic extract from Jackfruitleaves 5%, 10%, and 15% of the 3 rabbits with a 1.5 cm was done and observed until 7 days.The data were processed statistically using One Way ANOVA (Analysis Of Variant) andfollowed by LSD (Least Significant Different). Results of this study showed that the ointmentof ethanolic extract from Jackfruit leaves on the concentration of 5%, 10% and 15% producequalified ointment of organoleptic test, homogenity test and pH test, also give the effect ofopen wound healing in rabbits and the most effective cure is the ointment of ethanolic extractfrom Jackfruit leaves 15%.Keywords: ethanolic extract of Jackfruit leaves, ointment, wound, rabbit.
UJI KONSENTRASI HAMBAT MINIMUM (KHM) EKSTRAK DAUN LEILEM (Clerodendrum minahassae L.) TERHADAP BAKTERI Streptococcus mutans Situmorang, Hanna R.R.
PHARMACON Vol 5, No 4 (2016): Pharmacon
Publisher : UNIVERSITAS SAM RATULANGI

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35799/pha.5.2016.13976

Abstract

UJI KONSENTRASI HAMBAT MINIMUM (KHM) EKSTRAK DAUN LEILEM (Clerodendrum minahassae L.) TERHADAP BAKTERI Streptococcus mutans Hanna R. R. Situmorang1), Olivia Waworuntu1), Christy Mintjelungan1) 1) Program Studi Pendidikan Dokter Gigi Fakultas Kedokteran  UNSRAT Manado, 95115 ABSTRACT              Caries is one of the dental and oral diseases that are often experienced by the population of Indonesia. Caries is a disease of hard dental tissue , which consists of email , dentin and cementum , which is caused by the activity of microorganisms in fermentable carbohydrates. Streptococcus mutans bacteria are known to be the main cause of dental caries. Leilem leaf (Clerodendrum minahassae L.) is one of a herbal plant containing of antimicrobial compounds, namely flavonoid, fenol, steroid and terpenoid. A study has been held in Manado by Bontjura et al in 2015 proved that the extract of leilem leaf (Clerodendrum minahassae L.) could inhibit the Streptococcus mutans.The purpose of this study is to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of leilem leaf (Clerodendrum minahassae L.) to Streptococcus mutans. This research is a true experimental research with Randomized Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design. This method used in this study is serial dilution method with turbidimetry and spectrophotometry as the test methods. Leilem leaf was taken from Paniki, subdistrict of Mapanget, and was extracted with maceration method using ethanol 96%. Streptococcus mutans bacterial was taken from a pure bacterial stock in Pharmacy Laboratory Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science University of Sam Ratulangi Manado.Based on this research the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of leilem leaf extract (Clerodendrum minahassae L.) to Streptococcus mutans is in the concentration of 12,5%. Keywords : leilem leaf (Clerodendrum minahassae L.), Streptococcus mutans, minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), caries. ABSTRAK Karies merupakan salah satu penyakit gigi dan mulut yang sering dialami oleh penduduk Indonesia. Karies adalah suatu penyakit jaringan keras gigi, yaitu email, dentin dan sementum, yang disebabkan oleh aktivitas suatu jasad renik dalam suatu karbohidrat yang dapat diragikan. Streptococcus mutans diketahui merupakan bakteri penyebab utama timbulnya karies gigi. Ekstrak daun leilem (Clerodendrum minahassae L.) merupakan salah satu tanaman herbal yang mengandung senyawa antibakteri,  yaitu flavonoid, fenol, steroid, dan terpenoid. Sebuah penelitian yang telah dilakukan oleh Bontjura dkk pada tahun 2015 di Manado membuktikan bahwa ekstrak daun leilem (Clerodendrum minahassae L.) dapat menghambat bakteri Streptococcus mutans. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui konsentrasi hambat minimum (KHM) ekstrak daun leilem (Clerodendrum minahassae L.) terhadap bakteri Streptococcus mutans. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian Randomized Pretest-Posstest Control Group Design. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu metode serial dilusi dengan metode pengujian turbidimetri dan spektrofotometri. Daun leilem diperoldeh di daerah Paniki, Kecamatan Mapanget, dan diekstraksi dengan metode maserasi menggunakan pelarut etanol 96%. Bakteri Streptococcus mutans diambil dari stok bakteri murni Laboratorium Farmasi Fakultas MIPA Universitas Sam Ratulangi Manado. Berdasarkan penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa konsentrasi hambat minimum (KHM) ekstrak daun leilem (Clerodendrum minahassae L.) terhadap bakteri Streptococcus mutans yaitu pada konsentrasi 12,5%.   Kata kunci : daun leilem (Clerodendrum minahassae L.), Streptococcus mutans, konsentrasi hambat minimum (KHM), karies
STUDI KEANEKARAGAMAN JENIS BURUNG DI KAWASAN HUTAN KOTA DESA KUWIL KABUPATEN MINAHASA UTARA Saibi, Rio Priyanto; Saroyo, Saroyo; Pontororing, Hanny Hesky
PHARMACON Vol 8, No 4 (2019)
Publisher : PHARMACON

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar

Abstract

ABSTRACT Birds are one of the forest's ecosystem components which able to help in the forest's natural regeneration, with one of the bird's natural habitats being urban forests. This study aims to analyze the diversity and describe the bird's species in the Urban Forest habitat of the Kuwil Village of North Minahasa Regency. Data collection used survey methods with plots in form of 2 rectangular line transects with a length of 2000 m each and 20 m wide. Data collection is done 5 times. Based on the research, there were 10 species of birds with a diversity index of bird species as 1.98 which was in the medium category. The species found were Halcyon chloris, Corvus enca, Pycnonotus aurigaster, Oriolus chinensis, Gerygone sulphurea, Galliralus torquatus, Phaenicophaeus calyorhynchus, Eudynamys melanorhyncus, Geopelia striata, and Ducula aenea. Key words: Species Diversity, Urban Forest, Bird ABSTRAK Burung merupakan salah satu komponen ekosistem hutan dengan fungsinya membantu regenerasi  hutan secara alami, dengan salah satu habitat alami burung adalah hutan kota. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis keanekaragaman jenis burung pada habitat Hutan Kota Desa Kuwil Kabupaten Minahasa Utara dan mendeskripsikan jenis-jenisnya. Pengambilan data menggunakan metode survei dengan plot berbentuk 2 garis transek (line transect) persegi panjang dengan panjang masing-masing transek 2000 m dan lebar 20 m. Pengambilan data dilakukan sebanyak 5 kali. Berdasarkan penelitian didapatkan 10 jenis burung dengan nilai indeks keanekaragaman jenis burung sebesar 1,98 yang termasuk kategori sedang. Adapun jenis-jenis burung yang ditemukan adalah sebagai berikut  Halcyon chloris, Corvus enca, Pycnonotus aurigaster, Oriolus chinensis, Gerygone sulphurea, Galliralus torquatus, Phaenicophaeus calyorhynchus, Eudynamys melanorhyncus, Geopelia striata dan Ducula aenea. Kata kunci: Keanekaragaman Jenis, Hutan Kota, Burung

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