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Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research
Published by Creative Pharma Assent
ISSN : -     EISSN : 23480335     DOI : 10.18231
Core Subject : Health,
Medicine & Pharmacology
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research (JOAPR) is an official publication of Creative Pharma Assent (CPA). It is an open access, peer review online international journal. JOAPR is primarily focused on multiple discipline of pharmaceutical sciences (Pharmaceutics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Biopharmaceutics, Cosmetic Technology, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Herbal drugs/ formulations, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest) which publish quarterly. JOAPR also includes evaluation of pharmaceutical excipients & their practical application to research & industry based efforts. The aim of the scientific journal, JOAPR is to present a wide area for the current researchers to share their noble works and ideas in terms of the research papers, review articles and short communications. JOAPR only publish the original research works with a definite innovation and novelty after thorough reviewing. The paper must have a suitable and proper scientific background.
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 459 Documents
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Systematic approach to develop and validate High Performance Liquid Chromatographic method for efavirenz and its degradants Sahoo, Sudhir Kumar; Choudhury, Prasanta Kumar; Murthy, P N; Mishra, Uma Shankar; Bisoyi, Saroj Kanta; Kumar , Lokesh
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 12 No. 3 (2024)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v12i3.586

Abstract

Background: The crucial aspect to consider during method development and validation, ensuring accurate, precise, and specific estimation of drug substances and drug products, is stability. Various factors, including environmental, instrumental, reagent, and human factors, can pose challenges in achieving suitable method development and validation. Objective: This work aimed to develop and validate a low flow rate, LCMS compatible, simple, and rapid reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method for estimating efavirenz and its degradation products at different stress conditions. Materials and Methods: The HPLC system employed a Phenomenex Luna 5μ C18 (2) 100A (250 x 4.6 mm) column and a mobile phase of methanol: 20 millimolar ammonium formate solution (90:10) adjusted to pH 4 with formic acid. All analytes were separated within 15 minutes and detected at 247 nm. Method validation was carried out according to ICH guidelines, including linearity, accuracy, precision, ruggedness, robustness, LOD, and LOQ. Results and Discussion: The method was linear in the 10-90 μg/ml range, with a regression coefficient 0.999. Intra- and inter-day precisions, ruggedness, and robustness were within acceptable limits (≤2% RSD) with LOD and LOQ of 0.35 and 1.16 μg/ml, respectively. Degradation study indicates well resolution of the drug and degradants.  Conclusion: Purposeful degradation of efavirenz resulted in different degradation products under various stress conditions, and the method demonstrated satisfactory resolution from its degradants.
An update on phytoconstituents and pharmacological importance of Asparagus racemosus Meher, Deepak; Singh , Mithlesh; Meher , Bibekananda
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 12 No. 4 (2024)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v12i4.588

Abstract

Background: Asparagus racemosus (family: Liliaceae), is a well-researched traditional or ancient medicine in the Siddha, Ayurveda, and Unani systems. It is commonly known as Satawar, Satamuli, Satavari, and found at low altitudes throughout India. It contains bioactive metabolites such as fructo-oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, asparosides, shatavarins, sapogenins, racemosols, isoflavones, glycosides, mucilage, and fatty acids, while saponin is one of the main active constituents of asparagus. Objective: Across the globe, Asparagus racemosus gained importance for its ethano-pharmacological value in curing various ailments. This review will outline the medicinal properties, uses, and value addition of Asparagus racemosus. Methods: We have reviewed and retrieved the relevant information by probing the main keywords in online databases (PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct and Web of Science, etc.). Screening of relevant abstracts/ title and full papers were done to pick the suitable content based on the pharmacological profile of Asparagus racemosus. Conclusion: The whole plant possesses pleiotropic therapeutic activity, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, neuroprotective, nootropic, antidepressant, etc., without showing any remarkable side effects. It also treats stomach ulcers, diabetes, kidney disorders, and Alzheimer's disease, etc.
Formulation and development of bilayer tablet containing irbesartan and metformin hydrochloride for diabetic hypertensive patients Gorde, V D; Rachh, Punit R; Mankar, Someshwar; Amin, Saurin; Gorde, Prasad L
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 12 No. 4 (2024)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v12i4.589

Abstract

Background: Hypertension is a common complication of type II diabetes. The present research work aimed to develop bilayer tablets that would manage type II diabetes patients with hypertension. The prepared bilayer tablet has an immediate-release layer of anti-hypertensive irbesartan and a sustained-release (SR) layer of anti-diabetic metformin hydrochloride. The purpose of these bilayer tablets was to increase patient compliance by converting two separate monotherapy to single combination therapy. Methodology: Several ratios of polymers, including HPMC K100M, EC, Eudragit, and Guar gum, were employed to prolong the drug release for twelve hours. An immediate-release layer of irbesartan was prepared by spherical agglomeration. The physical properties, drug content, solubility profiles, release kinetics, and stability of prepared bilayer tablets were assessed. Results and Discussion: The examination of SR granules and bilayer tablets revealed outstanding packing qualities and excellent flow properties, with bulk and tapped densities ranging from 0.39-0.46 g/cm³ and 0.42-0.55 g/cm³, respectively. In vitro dissolution tests revealed that the immediate-release layer gave an initial burst of Irbesartan. Still, the sustained-release layer of metformin showed controlled drug release over 12 hours at greater polymer concentrations. According to stability testing, the bilayer tablets' physical properties, drug content, and dissolving profiles did not change significantly. Conclusion: The bilayer tablet combination of Irbesartan and Metformin exhibited desired physical features, controlled drug release, and stability. This formulation represents a viable treatment option for diabetic hypertensive patients, offering effective and consistent management of both disorders while improving patient compliance.
Optimization and evaluation of nebivolol hydrochloride loaded transferosomes using Box-Behnken experimental design Shelke, P V; Rachh, Punit R; Mankar, Someshwar; Amin, Saurin; Jain, Deepak
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 12 No. 4 (2024)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v12i4.590

Abstract

Background: This study optimizes and evaluates transferosomes containing Nebivolol Hydrochloride to enhance the drug's bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy. Ultra-deformable vesicles called transferosomes help to increase drug administration via the skin. Methodology: Using a thin-film hydration technique, beta-blocker Nebivolol Hydrochloride, which has antihypertensive properties, was added to transferosomes. To attain the ideal vesicle size (between 200 to 300 nm), entrapment efficiency, and deformability, the formulation was adjusted by adjusting the amounts of phosphatidylcholine, Span 80, and hydration time using a Box-Behnken experimental design. Particle size analysis, zeta potential measurement, and in vitro drug release tests were performed to characterize the transferosomes. Results and discussion: The optimized formulation demonstrated notable deformability, an entrapment effectiveness of 50%, and a vesicle size of 265 nm. The Box-Behnken design made it easier to evaluate the interactions between variables systematically. In vitro drug release studies showed a drug diffusion that persisted for a whole day, suggesting that transferosomes may have long-lasting therapeutic effects. Stability studies at room temperature and accelerated conditions over six months confirmed the formulation's robustness. Conclusion: The results imply that Nebivolol Hydrochloride transferosome-based delivery may be a viable strategy for improving the drug's bioavailability and effectiveness, as nearly 100% of drugs diffuse within 24 hr, perhaps leading to a breakthrough in the management of hypertension.
Pharmaceutical development of etodolac transfersomal gel for topical drug delivery system in rheumatoid arthritis Bachhav, Ashwini; Pingale, Prashant L; Upasani, Chandrashekhar D
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 12 No. 4 (2024)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v12i4.597

Abstract

Background: Transferosomes provide delivery of the drug into systemic circulation via the skin as a topical delivery system. So, this study started with the objective of formulating Etodolac transfersomal gel to enhance its skin permeation. Methodology: A total of nine transferosomes (ET-1 to ET-9) containing lecithin, different grades of span and tween, were successfully prepared using a rotary film evaporator. Results and Discussion: After primary evaluation, results were as particle sizes ranged from 222 to 421 nm, zeta potential shows results from –18.50 to –62.53 mV with PDI values 0.254 to 0.303, and the entrapment efficiency (EE%) of Etodolac in the transferosomes ranged from 54.15% to 80.25%. Additionally, the transfersomes formulations were included in carbopol 940 gels (ETC-1 to ETC-9 and EC-0 without transferosomes) and assessed for various characteristics like color, pH, homogeneity, spreadability, viscosity, and in vitro drug release study. Optimized formulation (ET4 and ETC4) underwent further analysis using SEM, TEM, DSC, FTIR, XRD, ex vivo skin permeation, skin irritation and in vivo studies. The in vivo results were compared. % edema inhibition maximum was observed with optimized transfersomal gel formulation (ETC4) as compared to the marketed formulation and plain Carbopol gel when the study was completed after 8 hrs. Conclusion: After this research, it is suggested that Etodolac Transfersomal gel (ETC4) can be considered as an alternate drug carriers system for topical delivery and it could be used to treat Rheumatoid Arthritis
Solubility enhancement of etoricoxib using inclusion complexation with cyclodextrins: formulation of oro dispersible tablets by QbD approach Mahapatra, Anjan Kumar; Dora, Siddharth; Parida, Sanatan; Bal, Usharani; Jena, Bandana Rani; Lenka, Madhusmita
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 12 No. 4 (2024)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v12i4.603

Abstract

Background: The work was intended to enhance etoricoxib's solubility and dissolution rate and then develop oro-dispersible tablets for faster onset of action. Methodology: Inclusion complexes (ICs) of the drug were obtained with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin (HP β-CD) at ratios of 1:0.125, 1:0.25, 1:0.5, 1:1, and 1:2 (w/w). The selected cyclodextrin at appropriate drug carrier proportion was used to develop oro-dispersible tablets (ODTs) by direct compression, adding crospovidone as a super disintegrant. Phase solubility studies of etoricoxib were carried out by using multiple concentrations of β-cyclodextrin and hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin, i.e., 1 %, 2 %, 3 % w/v in distilled water at 37±2°C. Spectroscopic (FT-IR) and thermal analysis (DSC) techniques were employed to identify the drug-carrier interactions. Result: It showed that etoricoxib solubility improves with increasing hydrophilic carrier concentration. The Gibbs free energy values (ΔG˚tr) are consistently negative, showing the solubility of etoricoxib. Significant drug carrier interaction in spectroscopic or thermal analysis was not found. Discussion: The ICs of drugs with β-CD and HP β-CD have successfully addressed the challenges of solubility enhancement and taste masking for etoricoxib. Conclusions: It is observed that the inclusion complexes formed by the kneading method using β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) at a 1:1 ratio and hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin (HP β-CD) at a 1:2 ratio can be used to improve dissolution. Hence β-CD (at a 1:1 ratio) is selected for the formulation of oro-dispersible tablets. ODTs offer more patient compliance and an alternative to available conventional tablets.
Bioanalytical method for the simultaneous estimation of atoltivimab, maftivimab and odesivimab in rat plasma by LCMS/MS and its application to a pharmacokinetic study Syed, Ibrahim Baje; Nannapaneni, Madhavi
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 12 No. 4 (2024)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v12i4.607

Abstract

Background: A quick, accurate, reproducible, and straightforward liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(LC-MS/MS) system employing Atoltavimab, Maftivimab, and Odesivimab as an internal standard for Zanamivir quantification was achieved. Zanamivir is a neuraminidase inhibitor that effectively treats influenza caused by influenza A and B viruses. Methodology: Whenever we use the Kinetex C-18 column, all HPLC parameters and conditions are obeyed, so we use this column. Separation was performed on a Kinetex C18 column (100 mm x 4.6 mm, 2.6µm) using isocratic elution with a buffer containing 1mL of formic acid in 1Lit of water and a mobile step consisting of a 40:60 v/v mixture of two elements, buffer and acetonitrile, with a flow rate of 1mL/min at 300C temperature was used. Results & Discussion: We used different stationary phases in the optimization process, such as C18, C8, and CN-propyl. Using a kinetex C18 column with dimensions of (100 mm x 4.6 mm, 2.6 µm) connected to a PDA detector, we obtain strong peak shapes of Atoltivimab, Maftivimab, and Odesivimab from various trials. Flow rates in the mobile process were set to 1 mL/min. Conclusion: Atoltivimab, Maftivimab, and Odesivimab analysis was completed in 7 minutes over a good linear concentration range of 5ng/mL to 100ng/mL (r2 = 0.999), 5ng/mL to 100ng/mL (r2 = 0.999), and 5ng/mL to 100ng/mL (r2 = 0.9998). The findings of the precision and recovery studies are within the appropriate range.
Design, development, and optimization of sumatriptan loaded ethosomal intra-nasal nanogel for brain targeting Nerella, Nagadivya; Vasudha, Bakshi
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 12 No. 4 (2024)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v12i4.610

Abstract

Background: Sumatriptan is one of the most essential drugs for treating migraine. However, dosage-related side effects are still a worry despite its 14 % oral bioavailability and recurrence of migraine-associated diseases. Methodology: The fundamental focus of the study is to develop the sumatriptan intra-nasal nano-ethsomal gel by film hydration technique with the aid of QbD principles that govern the varied compositions and blends of polymers like HPMC K100M and Phospolipon 90G to develop a sustained release dosage form. Results and discussion: The preliminary FT-IR and DSC studies revealed no interactions between the drug and their physical mixtures. The present study considered three observable responses: vesicle size, zeta potential, and percent drug release after 24 h, taken into consideration during the optimization of the ethosomal formulations utilizing 32 central composite designs (CCD).  The vesicle size (122.23 nm), zeta potential (-40.2 mV), and drug release percentage (92.61 %) for all formulations were seen in the F12 batch after 24h.  The p-XRD and SEM studies indicated that the nano-ethosomal gel was stable. The stability studies indicated the preparation of a more stable formulation for the parameters under the study protocol. Conclusion: Using a novel intra-nasal brain targeting approach by adapting the film hydration technique, the current issues might be addressed, and the drug's duration of residence at the absorption site uptake substantially increase. To efficiently modify the drug's residence through the intra-nasal route, this work focuses on developing a nano-ethosomal gel loaded with sumatriptan.
The potential effect of peel extracts of banana varieties: an in-vitro assessment Alam, Faruk; Dutta, Avik; Ghosh, Alindam; Bora, Rinchi; Ghora, Soumya Sunder; Guchhait, Saurav; Mallick, Arijit
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 12 No. 4 (2024)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v12i4.621

Abstract

Background: Assamese cuisine is known for its use of kolakhar, a traditional ingredient; Rhizome, the skin and stem of bananas, can be used to make it. An ash filter from a banana tree is used to produce antacids. The word: kol” or “kola” is a local term for banana. In Assam, India, kolakhar is a common food additive and traditional ingredient. Method: Water is filtered through banana tree ashes to create this. The banana peel is burned after it has been dried. The ash is subsequently blended with water and left overnight. The mixture is filtered through a fine cloth once the ash has settled to the bottom of the container by the following morning. Several studies were carried out by evaluating the preparation of peel extract, Physicochemical parameters, antioxidant activity, etc. followed by some analytical methods to find the biologically active components, potential uses, and additional benefits of banana peels beyond what they currently serve as waste products. Finally, an antimicrobial study was performed by using the disc diffusion method. In this study, 4 different types of banana species investigated sought to determine the antioxidant capacity, antimicrobial activity, FT-IR, and UV to determine which one is better. Result: The physicochemical parameters, analytical technique, and assay provide an overview of the chemical characteristics, phytoconstituents, and food safety of kolakhar, which contribute to its unique properties in both traditional medicine and culinary applications. Conclusion: In conclusion, depending on the banana type used, banana peel extracts exhibit considerable promise as organic antioxidants and antibacterial agents. Therefore, considering all parameters, we obtained various potential effects from this study. The results are discussed with a graphical representation of the banana peel extract.
Formulation and evaluation of phytosomes containing bioactive from Carica papaya seeds Patil, Rima R; Pingale, Prashant L; Upasani, Chandrashekhar D
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 12 No. 4 (2024)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v12i4.622

Abstract

Background: Papaya seeds are a rich source of proteins, fat, fibers, vitamins, minerals, monounsaturated fatty acids, polyphenols, and powerful antioxidants like flavonoids. Low solubility limits the absorption and bioavailability of herbal constituents. Hence, phytosomes of Papaya seed extract were formulated to enhance its solubility and bioavailability. Methodology: Papaya seeds were extracted using ethanol as solvent, and all the phytoconstituents present in the extract were assessed during the phytochemical screening and LC-MS analysis. In-vitro antidiabetic activity pure extract was determined by alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory assay. The phytosomes of extract were formulated using the lipid thin film formation method and Soya lecithin and Cholesterol as lipids. The formulated phytosomes were analyzed for parameters such as particle size, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, percent drug content, and In-vitro dissolution study. The chemical nature of the formulation was studied using FTIR analysis and powder X-ray diffractometry. Thermal stability of phytosomes analyzed with the help of Differential Scanning calorimetry. Results: LC-MS identified 16 phytoconstituents. In-vitro antidiabetic activity showed 59.97% and 51.17% inhibition of enzymes alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase, respectively. The encapsulation efficiency of the optimized formulation was 88.41±0.91% with a particle size of 188.0±53.7nm. TEM images of formulation confirm the formation of phytosomes. FTIR, DSC, and Powder X-ray diffractometry showed no unwanted peaks. The in vitro dissolution study showed 89.26±1.05% CDR of phytosome, while the extract showed 47.78±0.59% CDR. Conclusion: Evaluation results of phytosomes suggest that this formulation can be used as an effective herbal antidiabetic formulation

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