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INDONESIA
Civil Engineering Journal
Published by C.E.J Publishing Group
ISSN : 24763055     EISSN : 24763055     DOI : -
Core Subject : Engineering,
Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture
Civil Engineering Journal is a multidisciplinary, an open-access, internationally double-blind peer -reviewed journal concerned with all aspects of civil engineering, which include but are not necessarily restricted to: Building Materials and Structures, Coastal and Harbor Engineering, Constructions Technology, Constructions Management, Road and Bridge Engineering, Renovation of Buildings, Earthquake Engineering, Environmental Engineering, Geotechnical Engineering, Highway Engineering, Hydraulic and Hydraulic Structures, Structural Engineering, Surveying and Geo-Spatial Engineering, Transportation Engineering, Tunnel Engineering, Urban Engineering and Economy, Water Resources Engineering, Urban Drainage.
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 1,995 Documents
 196   197   198   199   200 
Probabilistic Spatio-Temporal Prediction of Corrosion in RC Bridges for Sustainable Maintenance Using Hybrid Kriging–HMM Tri Joko Wahyu Adi; Supani; I Putu Artama Wiguna; Muhammad Ilham
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 8 (2026): August
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-08-019

Abstract

Reinforced concrete bridges in coastal environments are highly vulnerable to chloride-induced corrosion, which accelerates structural deterioration and increases maintenance demands. Conventional prediction models often fail to capture spatial heterogeneity in environmental exposure and temporal uncertainty in deterioration processes. This study aims to develop an uncertainty-aware spatio-temporal framework for predicting corrosion deterioration and supporting sustainable bridge maintenance decision-making. A hybrid Kriging–Hidden Markov Model is proposed to integrate spatial and temporal uncertainties within a unified probabilistic framework. The Kriging module reconstructs spatial chloride concentration fields from sparse environmental data, while the Hidden Markov Model captures stochastic transitions among latent deterioration states based on corrosion observations, with spatial exposure explicitly incorporated as a probabilistic driver. The framework is applied to three reinforced concrete bridges in Indonesia with varying exposure conditions. The results indicate distinct deterioration trajectories, with nearshore bridges reaching critical damage states at approximately 30 years, compared to about 58 years for inland structures. Model validation against inspection data demonstrates robust predictive performance. The probabilistic outputs provide actionable indicators, including time-to-failure distributions and critical deterioration thresholds, supporting risk-informed and sustainable maintenance strategies. The key novelty of this study lies in integrating spatial environmental variability with probabilistic temporal deterioration modeling within a unified framework to enable adaptive and lifecycle-oriented bridge maintenance decisions.
Tool Rotation Speed and Joint Configuration Effects on ODFSW Extruded Aluminum Panel Properties Ericha D. W. S. Putri; Yoga Syahbani Indra Wijaya; Yohanes P. D. S. Depari; Nurul Muhayat; Aditya Rio Prabowo; Triyono
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 8 (2026): August
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-08-07

Abstract

This study aims to investigate the influence of tool rotational speed and joint configuration on the physical and mechanical properties of extruded AA6061-T6 aluminum panels joined by One-Step Double-Acting Friction Stir Welding (ODFSW), a technique that joins both panel faces simultaneously in a single pass. While previous ODFSW studies have focused exclusively on the effect of tool rotational speed in plate or hollow panel geometries using a single joint type, the comparative influence of joint configuration on ODFSW joint quality and mechanical performance has not been systematically addressed in the existing literature. Panels were welded in butt and lap configurations at tool rotational speeds of 1200, 1500, and 1800 rpm, and evaluated through macrostructural observation, microstructural analysis, Vickers microhardness testing, tensile load testing (ASTM A370), and bending testing (ISO 5173). Results showed that increasing rotational speed improved material flow, reduced surface defects, and promoted dynamic recrystallization in the stir zone, yielding a characteristic W-shaped hardness profile with minimum values in the heat-affected zone. Butt joints consistently outperformed lap joints, achieving maximum tensile load capacity of 25.3 kN and bending strength of 10.8 MPa at 1800 rpm, compared to 18.5 kN and 6.3 MPa for lap joints. Fracture occurred in open mode for butt joints and shear mode for lap joints. This work provides the first systematic comparison of butt and lap configurations under identical ODFSW parameters for extruded panels, offering new guidance for optimizing joint design in lightweight civil and structural engineering applications.
Incremental Dynamic Analysis of Bridge Column Seismic Vulnerability Considering Soil-Structure Interaction Effects Franklyn F. Manggapis; Joe Robert Paul G. Lucena; Sanjie Dutt A. Kumar; Aaron Paul I. Carabbacan
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 8 (2026): August
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-08-04

Abstract

This study evaluates the influence of Soil–Structure Interaction (SSI) on the seismic vulnerability of a Department of Public Works and Highways–derived reinforced-concrete bridge column subjected to near-fault ground motions. Nonlinear fiber-based models were developed for fixed-base, stiff-soil, and soft-soil support conditions. Ten horizontal records from spatially separated stations during the 1995 Kobe earthquake were applied through Incremental Dynamic Analysis using Peak Ground Acceleration as the intensity measure and maximum column drift ratio as the damage measure. Lognormal fragility curves were developed for drift limits of 0.5%, 0.7%, 1.5%, 2.5%, and 5.0%. Foundation flexibility increased the first lateral period from 0.2183 s for the fixed-base model to 0.3486 s and 0.4416 s for the stiff- and soft-soil models, respectively. At the 0.5% drift limit, the median PGA capacities were 0.3435 g, 0.3998 g, and 0.3704 g for the fixed-base, stiff-soil, and soft-soil conditions. At the 5.0% limit, the corresponding medians were 1.6240 g, 1.6745 g, and 1.5125 g. The results show that SSI effects are damage-state-dependent: soft-soil flexibility delayed lower drift-limit exceedance but increased extensive-damage and collapse vulnerability. The findings provide a controlled component-level assessment of foundation-flexibility effects for a Philippine bridge-column prototype. The fragilities remain conditional on the Kobe record set, PGA-based scaling, and linearized foundation springs.
Numerical Analysis of Slope Stability and Failure Mechanisms in Kerosene-Contaminated Soils Treated with Nanoparticles Sahar Al-Khyat; Zuhair Abd Hachem; Hayder A. Hasan; Sabah H. Fartosy
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 8 (2026): August
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-08-06

Abstract

This paper presents an investigation into the effectiveness of nano-clay and nano-silica in restoring the stability of sandy lean clay slopes that are constructed with either clean or kerosene-contaminated soils. The finite element code ADONIS was used to model these systems, applying the Strength Reduction Method to determine the factor of safety of slopes constructed with soils contaminated with 0-12% kerosene, with 0-3% nano-clay or nano-silica additives, and cured for ages between 1 and 28 days. The Displacement Increment Ratio and the Normalized Displacement Index were developed as indicators of the potential failure of these slopes. Results indicated that slopes constructed with soils contaminated with 12% kerosene exhibited a reduction in factor of safety of more than 60%. However, the addition of 1% nano-clay or 1.5% nano-silica to slopes constructed with clean sandy lean clay increased the factor of safety by more than 300%. Additionally, the factor of safety increased almost linearly with increasing curing age for both contaminated and clean sandy lean clay slopes. Finally, the addition of nano-clay and nano-silica resulted in the most stable slopes relative to those with only sandy lean clay. The novelty of this work is the recognition of the role of nanoparticles in the remediation and stabilization of slopes constructed with hydrocarbon-contaminated soils, and the development of the Displacement Increment Ratio and the Normalized Displacement Index as indicators of potential slope failure.
Mechanical Behavior of Sandy Soils Under Different Moisture Contents Using UU Triaxial Tests Sleyther Arturo De La Cruz Vega; Johnny Mitchell Gomero Mancesidor; Cristian Milton Mendoza Flores
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 8 (2026): August
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-08-013

Abstract

The objective of this study was to determine the influence of moisture variation on the shear strength and stress–strain response of sandy soils subjected to different confinement levels. The applied methods followed a quantitative, applied, and quasi-experimental approach using reconstituted cylindrical specimens measuring 7.26 cm in diameter and 14.52 cm in height. Moisture contents of 0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10% were evaluated under confining pressures ranging from 50 to 200 kPa. The findings demonstrated that the mechanical response strongly depends on both moisture content and confinement conditions. Under dry conditions, shear strength increased considerably with higher confinement levels due to greater interparticle friction and granular interlocking. At 2.5% moisture content, strength improved because capillary suction effects generated apparent cohesion. The maximum shear strength value, 870.77 kPa, was obtained at 7.5% moisture content, where capillary suction and granular densification reached an optimal balance. In contrast, at 10% moisture content, strength decreased due to excess pore water, which reduced effective stresses and interparticle friction. The novelty of this study lies in identifying the optimal moisture content that maximizes the shear strength of sandy soils under UU triaxial testing conditions.
Influence of Soil-Pile-Structure Interaction of Multi-Story Buildings: A Winkler Based Static Analysis Abdul Kadir; Ahmad Syarif Syukri; Edward Ngii; Nasrul; Sulha; Uniadi Mangidi; Masykur Kimsan
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 8 (2026): August
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-08-02

Abstract

This study analyzes the effect of Soil-Pile-Structure Interaction (SPSI) on building responses, focusing on the fundamental period, base shear, displacement, and inter-story drift. SPSI is modeled using four formulations within the Winkler framework: the Equivalent Cantilever, Equivalent Cantilever-Spring, Concentrated Spring, and Distributed Spring models. These represent variations in deep foundation stiffness. Equivalent static analyses were performed on 5-, 10-, and 15-story structures. Each model was evaluated to assess the sensitivity of the structural response to changes in soil-pile interaction characteristics. The results indicate that SPSI increases the fundamental vibration period by 0.65% to 99.74%. Meanwhile, the base shear ranges from -7.34% to 50.135% for both the X and Y directions, displacement increases by 23.55% to 216.79%, and inter-story drift increases by 0% to 148.8%. This amplification across all response parameters is more pronounced in low- to mid-rise structures. Furthermore, variations in the models yield consistent differences in response, where models with a lower stiffness distribution result in a more flexible structure and larger displacements. The model stiffness is highly influenced by the distribution of the soil modulus of elasticity or subgrade modulus. Specifically, a constant modulus distribution based on the pile diameter tends to underestimate the soil-pile stiffness.
An Integrated Airport Planning Framework for Spatially Imbalanced Regions M. Syafril Rustam; Sakti Adji Adisasmita; Sumarni Hamid Aly; M. Asad Abdurrahman
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 8 (2026): August
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-08-016

Abstract

Airport planning in archipelagic regions is challenged by fragmented geography, limited connectivity, and spatial-functional imbalances between administrative centers, activity concentrations, and transportation infrastructure. This study proposes an integrated airport planning framework that combines terrain suitability analysis, spatial constraints and land-use restrictions, accessibility analysis based on transport networks, and preferred candidate zone delineation through a GIS-based stepwise screening process. The framework is demonstrated through a case study of Sofifi, Indonesia. Terrain suitability was assessed using slope analysis derived from DEM data, while spatial constraints incorporated protected areas, water bodies, spatial planning regulations, and settlement buffer zones. Accessibility was evaluated using service area and isochrone analyses. The results indicate that suitable land is limited and becomes increasingly constrained after the application of spatial restrictions and settlement buffers. Accessibility to existing airport infrastructure remains restricted due to dependence on multimodal transport connections, particularly scheduled sea crossings. The framework identifies preferred candidate zones that are physically suitable, spatially compliant, and relatively accessible within the regional transport system. The proposed framework provides a transferable and complementary planning tool by integrating suitability, constraints, accessibility, and candidate zone delineation within a single GIS-based analytical process for airport planning in archipelagic regions experiencing spatial-functional imbalances.
Experimental Evaluation of Concrete Structural Properties with Recycled Coarse Aggregate and Rice Husk Ash Doha EL-Sayed; Ahmed Youssef; Januarti J. Ekaputri; Tiao Wang; Reda Fadallah
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 8 (2026): August
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-08-05

Abstract

The present work examines the mechanical and structural performance of concrete in which rice husk ash (RHA) partially replaces cement and recycled concrete coarse aggregate (RCA) serves as an alternative to natural coarse aggregate (NCA). Fifteen concrete mixtures were prepared with RCA replacement levels of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% and RHA contents of 0%, 10%, and 20%. Compressive strength was evaluated at 7, 28, and 91 days, while splitting tensile strength was measured at 28 days. Additionally, the structural response of two reinforced concrete beams was assessed under both flexural and shear loading conditions for a reference beam and a beam produced with 100% RCA and 20% RHA. Results showed that increasing RCA content reduced compressive strength by approximately 2–27% and splitting tensile strength by 14.8–37.2% relative to conventional concrete. The incorporation of RHA at 10% and 20% produced similar trends, with compressive strength reductions of about 15% and 27% at 0% and 100% RCA replacement levels, respectively. Although the beam containing 100% RCA and 20% RHA exhibited lower toughness and ductility than the control beam, both beams achieved comparable ultimate load capacities and showed nearly identical responses under shear loading.
Coal Fly Ash Based Prime Coats for Enhanced Interlayer Adhesion in Flexible Pavements Shaban Ismael Albrka Ali; Ahmed Suliman B. Ali; Mohammad Al-Zu'bi; Ashraf Abdalla M. Radwan; Allam Musbah Al Allam; Naeem Aziz Memon; Munder Bilema
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 8 (2026): August
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-08-017

Abstract

The establishment of strong interlayer bonding between the base course and asphalt surface is critical for the durability of flexible pavements. Inadequate adhesion at this junction commonly causes slippage, fissures, and early deterioration, consequently diminishing pavement longevity and escalating maintenance expenses. Conventional prime coats, such as cutback and emulsified asphalts, possess drawbacks, including ecological issues and variable efficacy in adverse site conditions. This study investigates the Prime Coal Fly Ash Coat (PCFAC), which is developed utilizing Coal Fly Ash (CFA), an abundant industrial by-product, as an eco-friendly substitute for prime coats. Experimental work involved preparing granular base layers in accordance with laboratory specifications, followed by the application of PCFAC mixtures at different CFA-to-water ratios and distribution rates. Specimens were cured under laboratory conditions for 24 hours following base preparation and an additional 24 hours subsequent to PCFAC application before testing. Findings indicated that higher CFA content enhanced mixture stability and adhesion, with PCFAC-2.5 demonstrating optimal performance. The optimum distribution rate of 1.75 kg/m² was determined by comparing penetration depth, pull-off strength, and direct shear strength, balancing sufficient infiltration with strong adhesion and effective workability. At this rate, the PCFAC attained a pull-off tensile strength of 322 kPa and a direct shear strength of 3.5 MPa, signifying the highest values among the investigated PCFAC formulations. The findings highlight PCFAC’s capability to enhance interlayer bonding while valorizing industrial waste, thereby contributing to sustainable pavement practices. The manuscript further examines the limitations of the study, such as the adaptation of current testing standards, and proposes recommendations for further research and field validation.
Monotonic Bond Behavior of Deformed Bars in Sustainable Steel-Fiber and Nano-Silica-Modified Crumb Rubber Concrete Daniyal Hadi; Muhammad Iftiarul Islam; Rajon Dey; Md. Borhan Uddin; Muntasir M. Chowdhury; Zhang Pu
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 8 (2026): August
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-08-022

Abstract

Crumb rubber concrete (CRC) improves sustainability and toughness but increases interfacial porosity and reduces rebar–concrete bond capacity; waste-tire rubber weakens the interfacial transition zone and reduces bond capacity, confining CRC largely to non-structural use. Steel fibers and nano-silica can each offset such losses at the macro- and micro-scale, yet their combined effect on the rebar–concrete bond, and its sensitivity to bar diameter and anchorage length, remains unquantified, and no calibrated predictive model exists for this material. This study addresses these gaps through monotonic pull-out tests on 24 deformed-bar specimens (14–22 mm) embedded in plain, steel-fiber-reinforced, and steel-fiber–nano-silica-modified CRC (5% rubber content), across two concrete grades and two anchorage lengths, supported by strain-gauge bond-stress measurements, a three-stage bond–slip model, and a validated three-dimensional finite element model. The hybrid modification raised ultimate bond strength by 18.6% over unmodified CRC and shifted the failure mode from brittle splitting toward ductile splitting–pullout. Bond strength increased with concrete grade and decreased with bar diameter and anchorage length, though the diameter-related loss was markedly milder than reported for unmodified matrices. Both models reproduced the measured bond–slip response within 1.3% error in ultimate strength (R² > 0.97). These results show that combined steel-fiber and nano-silica modification can offset the bond penalty typically associated with rubber substitution, providing calibrated design tools that support crumb rubber concrete as a viable, code-compliant option for load-bearing resistance.

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