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Indonesian Journal of Chemistry

ijc
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Published by Universitas Gadjah Mada

ISSN : 14119420 EISSN : 24601578 DOI : -

Core Subject : Science, Engineering,

Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry

Indonesian Journal of Chemistry is an International, peer-reviewed, open access journal that publishes original research articles, review articles, as well as short communication in all areas of chemistry including applied chemistry. The journal is accredited by The Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education (RISTEKDIKTI) No : 21/E/KPT/2018 (in First Rank) and indexed in Scopus since 2012. Since 2018 (Volume 18), Indonesian Journal of Chemistry publish four issues (numbers) annually (February, May, August and November).

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Articles 1,981 Documents

92 93 94 95 96

Application of Functionalized Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Growth Enhancement of Mustard Seed Germination Agus Subagio; Erma Prihastanti; Ngadiwiyana Ngadiwiyana
Indonesian Journal of Chemistry Vol 20, No 1 (2020)
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are one of the nanomaterials that can be applied to agriculture. This work investigates the beneficial effects of MWCNT function on mustard plants. In this study, the material of MWCNTs is functionalized with nitric acid to attach the carboxylic group onto the tube wall. The functionalized MWCNTs were characterized by SEM, TEM, XRD, and FTIR. The MWCNT diameter produced ranges from 20 to 50 nm and the inner diameter is 5 to 10 nm at the pyrolysis temperature of 900 °C. It was found that crystallites of the MWCNTs have (002) and (100) directions. There is a weak peak in MWCNTs prior to the functionalization process due to the presence of metal carbide (Fe3C), which serves as an active catalyst. FTIR results clearly indicate the presence of hydroxyl and carboxylic groups. These functionalized MWCNTs were dispersed into distilled water with various concentrations at 25, 50 and 75 µg/mL. By utilizing an immersion time of 24 h, mustard (Brassica juncea) seeds were soaked in each functionalized and non-functionalized MWCNT solution. Functionalized MWCNT solution at a concentration of 50 µg/mL was found to affect the growth of mustard seeds more significantly.

Adsorption Study of Rhodamine B and Methylene Blue Dyes with ZSM-5 Directly Synthesized from Bangka Kaolin without Organic Template Ani Iryani; Hadi Nur; Mardi Santoso; Djoko Hartanto
Indonesian Journal of Chemistry Vol 20, No 1 (2020)
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

Rhodamine B (RB) and Methylene Blue (MB) dyes adsorption using adsorbent ZSM-5 synthesized from Bangka kaolin were investigated in this study. The effects of the initial concentration, contact time and temperature on the adsorption process were also analyzed. The effect of the initial concentration and contact time played an important role in the adsorption process; however, the effect differs significantly in both dyes. The temperature plays little role in the dye adsorption process. The results showed the adsorption process occurred in ZSM-5 adhere to Langmuir isothermal adsorption model showing that the adsorption process occurred to be monolayer. Based on the kinetics studies, the pseudo-first-order kinetic model represents the adsorption kinetics that occurs for both dyes onto the synthesized ZSM-5. Thermodynamic parameters namely Gibbs free energy (ΔG°), standard entropy changes (ΔS°) and standard enthalpy (ΔH°) reveal that the adsorption process onto ZSM-5 for both dyes was spontaneous and exothermic.

Comparative Mass Transfer Study of Basic and Acid Magenta Adsorption onto Natural Clay Radia Yous; Hakima Cherifi; Razika Khalladi
Indonesian Journal of Chemistry Vol 19, No 4 (2019)
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

In this work a comparative study of basic and acid magenta sorption on Algerian natural untreated clay was investigated using theoretical models for the following conditions C0(BM) = 200 mg/L, C0(AM) = 150 mg/L, V = 500 mL, CB(BM) = 1g/L, T = 22 °C. Adsorption mechanism of both dyes based on an intraparticle diffusion, external mass transfer, and kinetic models was examined. Statistical error functions regression coefficient (R2), the root mean square error (RMSE) and the average relative error deviation ARED were used to estimate the deviation between experimental and theoretical values. This work indicated that the experimental results obtained for both dyes fitted well the chosen models in the following order: External model of Boyd < Kinetic model < Urano and Tachikawa model < External model of Weber and Morris ≤ Weber and Morris internal diffusion model. However, the calculated values of Biot number are 32.31 and 69.33 for acid magenta and basic magenta respectively, indicating that the adsorption of both dyes onto the same clay is initially controlled by external film diffusion at the first ten minutes. The adsorption capacity of the tested clay for both dyes is remarkable compared to other natural adsorbents. Where the best results were obtained for basic magenta (qexp = 198.028 mg g–1, R2 = 0.992, ARED = 0.128 and RMSE = 0.461).

Effect of Glutaraldehyde Concentration on Catalytic Efficacy of Candida rugosa Lipase Immobilized onto Silica from Oil Palm Leaves Emmanuel Onoja; Roswanira Abdul Wahab
Indonesian Journal of Chemistry Vol 19, No 4 (2019)
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

Till date, studies that investigated the effect of glutaraldehyde concentration on catalytic efficacy of biocatalyst developed with silica-derived from oil palm leaves (OPL) as support, are unknown. The study presents the preparation of a support consisting of silica extracted from OPL coated over magnetite (G/A/SiO2-M) for the immobilization of Candida rugosa lipase (CRL). Herein, the effect of glutaraldehyde concentration on the catalytic efficacy of immobilized CRL was assessed by the enzymatic production of butyl butyrate as a model. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra and immobilization parameters indicated that covalent bound CRL on functionalized OPL-derived silica-magnetite composite activated with 4% (v/v) glutaraldehyde solution (100 mM, pH 7.0) (CRL/G/A/SiO2-M) and pretreated in toluene, resulted in a protein loading and an immobilization yield of 68.3 mg/g and 74.3%, respectively. The resultant CRL/G/A/SiO2-M biocatalyst which specific activity was 61.9 U/g catalyzed the esterification production of 76.5% butyl butyrate in just 3 h, as confirmed by analyses of the purified ester using FTIR and 1H NMR spectroscopy. Hence, the finding envisages the promising use of G/A/SiO2-M support fabricated from discarded OPL as a carrier for immobilization and activation of CRL, in conjunction to being a good alternative source of renewable silica.

Validation of Mineral (Fe, Zn, and Cu) Analysis Methods in Carbohydrate, Protein and Fat-Rich Samples Using Microwave Digestion Method Didah Nur Faridah; Imas Solihat; Nancy Dewi Yuliana
Indonesian Journal of Chemistry Vol 20, No 2 (2020)
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

Destruction process using both dry and wet conditions serves as a significant step in mineral quantification. Wet destruction using microwave-assisted digestion refers to the standard method of AOAC (2012); in this work, we modified the destruction procedures provided in microwave digestion manual book, including temperature, reagent volume (HNO3 and H2O2), and length of destruction. The experiment works aimed (1) to validate the procedures in destruction process using microwave digestion; (2) to quantify Fe, Zn and Cu in various food matrices (canned peas, canned fish, full cream powdered milk) using a validated method. The method was evaluated according to linearity, accuracy, precision, absolute and relative LOD, LOQ, and intra-reproducibility. Measurement of Fe, Zn and Cu were considered to have a satisfying accuracy at a range of 80–115%, with a good precision value (% RSD < 2/3 CV Horwitz), while regression curves R2 > 0.995. The results showed that data collected from the modified method was not significantly different compared to those from the AOAC method. The currently developed method also fulfilled the acceptability requirements for laboratory analysis.

Wild Boar-Specific PCR Assay and Sequence Analysis Based on Mitochondrial Cytochrome-B Gene for Halal Authentication Studies Ganea Qorry Aina; Abdul Rohman; Yuny Erwanto
Indonesian Journal of Chemistry Vol 20, No 2 (2020)
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

Wild boar meat (WBM) is non-halal meat widely abused in Indonesia. The most common case is mixing beef with WBM either in raw or processed foods. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a detection method of WBM contamination. The objective of this study was to employ polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequence analysis using species specific primer (SSP) targeting on wild boar mitochondrial cytochrome-b (CYTBWB2-wb) gene for the identification of WBM in a meatball. The specificity of primer was tested, and the amplicon size was confirmed with conventional PCR and agarose electrophoresis. The base sequences were analyzed using GeneStudio software and subjected to BLAST using NCBI. CYTBWB2-wb primer was also used to test the reference meatballs made from beef and WBM using real-time PCR. The result showed that CYTBWB2-wb amplified wild boar Cyt-B mt-DNA gene specifically. The amplicon size was 194 base pair (bp) with a similarity of 93–98% toward gen Cyt-B mt-DNA of several wild boar types. The primer is able to detect WBM on the reference meatballs up to 0.1% wt/wt with efficiency value of 108.0% and coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.970. The CYTBWB2-wb primer proved to be specific and could be used as a standard method to identify the presence of WBM contamination in meatball products for halal authentication studies.

Rotational Barrier and Conjugation: Theoretical Study of Resonance Stabilization of Various Substituents for the Donors NH2 and OCH3 in Substituted 1,3-Butadienes Ali Hussain Yateem
Indonesian Journal of Chemistry Vol 19, No 4 (2019)
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

The barrier to internal rotation around the central C2–C3 single bond of a series of (1E)-monosubstituted 1,3-butadienes and (1E,3E)-1-Y-4-X-disubstituted butadienes, with Y=NH2 or OCH3 and X=NO2, CHO, COOH, CN, CF3, Cl or F, were studied at the density functional w B97X-D/6-31G∗∗ level. The effect of substituents on π-conjugation in disubstituted 1,3-butadienes was studied by correlating the calculated internal rotational barriers with the difference in structural, atomic and molecular properties between the transition state TS and the s-trans conformers. The calculated differences in lengths of C–C, C–NH2 and C–OCH3 single bonds, N-H-N, and C-O-CH3 angles, NH2 out-of-plane angle, natural charges on amino nitrogen and methoxy oxygen, and the maximum electrostatic potential on amino hydrogens, were found to correlate strongly with the rotational barriers. The conjugative interaction was strongly stabilized in the case of strong π-electron acceptors such as NO2 or CHO and is slightly or negligibly affected with Cl and F groups. The resonance stabilization with the remaining acceptors decreases in the order COOH > CN > CF3. Acceptors X maintain their relative order of stabilization for the two donors, and NH2 is more stabilizing. Dominant resonance structures are suggested for highly and negligibly conjugated systems.

Kinetics Modeling of Glycerol Carbonate Synthesis from Glycerol and Urea over Amberlyst-15 Catalyst Hary Sulistyo; Sabariyanto Sabariyanto; Muhammad Noor Ridho Aji; Muhammad Mufti Azis
Indonesian Journal of Chemistry Vol 19, No 4 (2019)
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

Synthesize of glycerol carbonate from glycerol and urea is an attractive path as glycerol carbonate has a large potential as a green solvent. The aim of the present study was to develop a kinetic model of glycerol carbonate synthesis with amberlyst-15 resins as a catalyst. The investigation was carried out at various temperatures from 353 to 383 K and catalyst loading from 0.25 to 1 wt.% of glycerol. The experimental results indicated that both temperature and catalyst loading have an important effect on the glycerol conversion. According to the experimental result, the highest glycerol conversion was found 36.90% which was obtained using a molar ratio of urea to glycerol 1:3, catalyst loading of 1 wt.%, stirrer speed of 700 rpm, the temperature of 383 K and reaction time of 5 h. A kinetic model was developed based on elementary steps that take place over the catalyst. The model estimated that the pre-exponential factor was 2.89.104 mol.g–1.min–1 and the activation energy was 50.5 kJ.mol–1. By comparing the simulation and experimental data, it could be inferred that the model could predict the trend of experimental data well over the range of temperature and catalyst loading investigated in the present study.

Removal Efficiency of Acid Red 18 Dye from Aqueous Solution Using Different Aluminium-Based Electrode Materials by Electrocoagulation Process Nurulhuda Amri; Ahmad Zuhairi Abdullah; Suzylawati Ismail
Indonesian Journal of Chemistry Vol 20, No 3 (2020)
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

This work compares commercial aluminium electrode for use in the treatment of wastewater by electrocoagulation process against waste aluminium cans electrode. The applicability of the waste aluminium cans electrode was tested for decolorization of Acid Red 18 dye as a model pollutant. The batch electrocoagulation process using both types of electrode was conducted at a current density of 25 mA/cm2, a pH of 3, an initial concentration of 100 mg/L and 25 min of reaction time. The elemental composition and surface morphology of both electrode materials and the sludge produced were analyzed using SEM-EDX to establish the correlation between the properties and characteristics of both electrode materials with their dye removal performance. The results demonstrated that waste aluminium cans performed better than commercial aluminium electrode with a removal efficiency of 100% in 25 min of reaction time. This was due to the higher Al dissolution of waste aluminium cans electrode that contributed to the larger amount of Al3+ released into the solution to consequently form more flocs to remove the dye molecules. In conclusion, the proposed waste aluminium electrode was considered as efficient and cost-effective and had the potential to replace the conventional ones in treating colored industrial wastewater using electrocoagulation process.

Further Analysis of Burkholderia pseudomallei MF2 and Identification of Putative Dehalogenase Gene by PCR Mohamed Faraj Edbeib; Roswanira Abdul Wahab; Fahrul Zaman Huyop; Hasan Murat Aksoy; Yilmaz Kaya
Indonesian Journal of Chemistry Vol 20, No 2 (2020)
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

Halogenated organic compounds are extensively and widely used as pesticides, herbicides, and antibiotics that contribute to the pollution. This research was aimed to further analyze and characterize a bacterium that has the ability to utilize 2,2-dichloropropionic acid (2,2-DCP) as a model to study dehalogenase enzyme production. Microscopic observation, biochemical tests and PCR technique were carried out in order to characterize the isolated bacterium. Strain MF2 showed its ability to grow on 10 mM 2,2-DCP liquid minimal medium with doubling time of 13 h with maximum chloride ion released of 19.8 molCl–/mL. The 16S rDNA analysis suggested that strain MF2 belongs to the genus Burkholderia. This was supported by the microscopic observation and biochemical tests. Dehalogenase gene was observed when using only primers dehIfor1 and dehIrev2 derived from group I deh PCR primer sequences, whereas no amplification using dhlB-314-forward and dhlB-637-reverse (group II dehalogenase) and haloacetate dehalogenase (H2-1157-forward and H2-1662-reverse) PCR primer sequences. The results suggested that, possibly, dehalogenase from MF2 was related to group I deh. In conclusion, strain MF2 showed the ability to utilize 2,2-DCP as sole source of carbon and energy. Further analysis revealed the MF2 strain consisted of dehalogenase gene that could be used for degradation of man-made halogenated compounds present in the environment. Using existing dehalogenase PCR primers, it was possible to amplify the dehalogenase genes sequence.

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