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Indonesian Journal of Chemistry

ijc
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Published by Universitas Gadjah Mada

ISSN : 14119420 EISSN : 24601578 DOI : -

Core Subject : Science, Engineering,

Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry

Indonesian Journal of Chemistry is an International, peer-reviewed, open access journal that publishes original research articles, review articles, as well as short communication in all areas of chemistry including applied chemistry. The journal is accredited by The Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education (RISTEKDIKTI) No : 21/E/KPT/2018 (in First Rank) and indexed in Scopus since 2012. Since 2018 (Volume 18), Indonesian Journal of Chemistry publish four issues (numbers) annually (February, May, August and November).

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Articles 1,981 Documents

90 91 92 93 94

Optimization of Enzymatic Synthesis of Betulinic Acid Amide in Organic Solvent by Response Surface Methodology (RSM) Nurul Atikah Amin Yusof; Nursyamsyila Mat Hadzir; Siti Efliza Ashari; Nor Suhaila Mohamad Hanapi; Rossuriati Dol Hamid
Indonesian Journal of Chemistry Vol 19, No 4 (2019)
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

Optimization of the lipase catalyzed enzymatic synthesis of betulinic acid amide in the presence of immobilized lipase, Novozym 435 from Candida antartica as a biocatalyst was studied. Response surface methodology (RSM) and 5-level-4-factor central-composite rotatable design (CCRD) were employed to evaluate the effects of the synthesis parameters, such as reaction time (20–36 h), reaction temperature (37–45 °C), substrate molar ratio of betulinic acid to butylamine (1:1–1:3), and enzyme amounts (80–120 mg) on the percentage yield of betulinic acid amide by direct amidation reaction. The optimum conditions for synthesis were: reaction time of 28 h 33 min, reaction temperature of 42.92 °C, substrate molar ratio of 1:2.21, and enzyme amount of 97.77 mg. The percentage yield of actual experimental values obtained 65.09% which compared well with the maximum predicted value of 67.23%. The obtained amide was characterized by GC, GCMS and 13C NMR. Betulinic acid amide (BAA) showed a better cytotoxicity compared to betulinic acid as the concentration inhibited 50% of the cell growth (IC50) against MDA-MB-231 cell line (IC50 < 30 µg/mL).

Succinylated Bacterial Cellulose Induce Carbonated Hydroxyapatite Deposition in a Solution Mimicking Body Fluid Farah Nurlidar; Mime Kobayashi
Indonesian Journal of Chemistry Vol 19, No 4 (2019)
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

Incorporation of bone-like hydroxyapatite into bacterial cellulose (BC) is an attractive approach for the fabrication of a bioactive three-dimensional (3D) scaffold for bone tissue regeneration. This study investigates the influence of the succinylation of BC on its ability to incorporate bone-like hydroxyapatite. A biomimetic process using a 1.5 × Simulated Body Fluid (SBF) was used to deposit the hydroxyapatite into the succinylated-BC. After soaking the succinylated-BC in the 1.5 × SBF for six days, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images were taken and the composition of the succinylated-BC was analyzed by energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry. The biocompatibility of the scaffolds was tested in vitro using rat Bone Marrow Stromal Cells (rBMSCs). The SEM images and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra showed that carbonated hydroxyapatite was deposited on the succinylated-BC. In contrast, only a small amount of carbonated hydroxyapatite deposition was observed on unmodified BC, indicating that the succinyl group in the BC is effective for inducing hydroxyapatite deposition. In vitro studies using rBMSCs revealed the biocompatibility of the scaffold. Combining with the ability of the cells to differentiate into bone cells, the succinylated-BC scaffold is a promising 3D scaffold for bone tissue regeneration.

Separation Factor of Y/Dy Emulsion on Membrane Process Using Nitric Acid and D2EHPA Solvent Kris Tri Basuki; Niken Siwi Pamungkas
Indonesian Journal of Chemistry Vol 19, No 4 (2019)
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

Liquid extraction of Y that containing Dy using bis-2-Ethylhexyl phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) extractant has been conducted. The purpose of this study is to determine the optimum parameter in a separation process that uses membrane emulsion. As the aqueous phase, a mixed solution of Y2O3 and Gd2O3 containing Y 10 g/L and Gd 250 mg/L was used. D2EHPA as extractant or organic phase with a variety of concentration was diluted with kerosene. Emulsifier Span-80 was used to make an emulsion of membrane liquid. The internal phase of the liquid membrane used 0.20–0.50 M nitric acid, and the external phase used 1–5 M nitric acid. The studied parameters were extractant concentration, stirring speed, stirring time, and the ratio of the internal and external phase. X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) was used for the analysis of Y and Dy. The analysis of Y and Dy used the X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF). The optimization results of the extraction process of Y with emulsion membrane using D2EHPA extractants obtained the following conclusions: the optimum stirring rate was 8500 rpm, the D2EHPA concentration was 4.5% in kerosene, the internal concentration was 0.45 M nitric acid, the external concentration was 4 M nitric acid, the stirring time was 10 min that fixed stirring rate was 500 rpm, and the ratio of internal and external phase was 1:1. This conditions acquired a separation factor (SF) Y-Gd of 7.57.

Adsorption of Cadmium(II) Using Ca/Al Layered Double Hydroxides Intercalated with Keggin Ion Tarmizi Taher; Yunita Irianty; Risfidian Mohadi; Muhammad Said; Roy Andreas; Aldes Lesbani
Indonesian Journal of Chemistry Vol 19, No 4 (2019)
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

Ca/Al layered double hydroxides (Ca/Al LDH) was synthesized using co-precipitation method following calcination at 800 °C and was intercalated with Keggin ion [α-SiW12O40]4– to form intercalated Ca/Al LDH. Materials were characterized using XRD and FTIR spectrophotometer. Furthermore, materials were used as an adsorbent of cadmium(II) from solution. The results showed that layer material was formed completely after calcination which was indicated at diffraction 20° due to loss of water in the interlayer space. Ca/Al LDH after calcination was intercalated with [α-SiW12O40]4– ion and interlayer distance was increased from 4.25 to 4.41 Å showed that intercalation process was successfully conducted. Adsorption of cadmium(II) using Ca/Al LDH was conducted at pH 9 and intercalated Ca/Al LDH at pH 8 showed that intercalated material has slightly faster than Ca/Al LDH without intercalation probably due to slightly increasing interlayer distance of Ca/Al LDH after intercalation. The adsorption capacity of intercalated Ca/Al LDH was higher than Ca/Al LDH without intercalation at the temperature range of 30–50 °C.

Effect of Temperature, Time and Diimide/Rubber Ratio on the Hydrogenation of Liquid Natural Rubber by Response Surface Methodology Mohamad Shahrul Fizree Idris; Nur Hanis Adila Azhar; Fazira Firdaus; Siti Efliza Ashari; Siti Fairus Mohd Yusoff
Indonesian Journal of Chemistry Vol 19, No 4 (2019)
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

Hydrogenated liquid natural rubber (HLNR) was synthesized from liquid natural rubber (LNR) by thermolysis of p-toluenesulfonyl hydrazide (TSH). The HLNR structure was characterized by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopies. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that the HLNR had higher decomposition temperature compared to LNR. A response surface methodology (RSM) based on a central composite rotatable design (CCRD) with five-level-three-factors was used to optimize the main important reaction parameters, such as the TSH:LNR weight ratio (1–3), reaction temperature (110–150 °C), and reaction time (1–8 h). A quadratic model was developed using this multivariate statistical analysis. Optimum conditions for the non-catalytic hydrogenation of LNR using TSH were obtained; an LNR hydrogenation percentage of 83.47% at a TSH:LNR weight ratio of 1.41, a reaction temperature of 118.11 °C, and a reaction time of 3.84 h were predicted. The R2 value of 0.9949 indicates that the model provides data that are well matched with those from the experiment.

Combined Computational and Experimental Study the Effect of Doped Magnesium into Betanine-sensitized TiO2 Photoanode for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Application Yuly Kusumawati; Nanik Ismi Oktavianti; Linda Wati Oktavia; Nurul Widiastuti; Lukman Atmaja; Nur Izzati Abu Bakar; Nur Hadi
Indonesian Journal of Chemistry Vol 19, No 4 (2019)
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

A preliminary study of the effect of magnesium-doped into betanine-sensitized TiO2 thin layers has been carried out computationally and experimentally. The computational calculation was performed to observe the effect of magnesium on the interaction molecular of betanine onto TiO2 surface, using Ti12O28H8 model cluster. It was found out that the distance of the oxygen on the anchoring site betanine with the Ti in TiO2/Mg cluster is shortercompare to that one in TiO2 cluster. This result confirms the bond between betanine and TiO2 is stronger in the case of Mg2+ incorporation. The Natural Population Calculation also confirms that the electron transport from betanine to the TiO2 is more facilitated after Mg2+ incorporation. These results are also supported by the HOMO-LUMO profile of TiO2-betanine and TiO2/Mg. The XRD and SEM measurement confirm those are no effect on the TiO2 structure and morphology with the incorporation of Mg2+. The thin-film UV-Vis measurement confirms there is a bandgap sift after the incorporation of Mg.

Solubility Enhancement of Simvastatin through Surfactant Addition for Development of Hydrophobic Drug-Loaded Gelatin Hydrogel Niswati Fathmah Rosyida; Pinandi Sri Pudyani; Akhmad Kharis Nugroho; Ika Dewi Ana; Teguh Ariyanto
Indonesian Journal of Chemistry Vol 19, No 4 (2019)
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

This study aims to synthesize simvastatin hydrogel as drug delivery system with surfactant addition for improving solubility of simvastatin. Surfactants used in the study were the zwitterionic amino acid of arginine and nonionic surface-active agent of polysorbate 80. The solubility study was conducted by pouring of an excess mass of simvastatin into the solution of a surfactant in a conical flask. The sample was shaken up to 72 h in a mechanical water bath shaker at a varied temperature of 25, 40, and 50 °C. The amount of drug dissolved in solution was analyzed by UV/Visible spectrophotometer at 238 nm. The results showed that the simvastatin solubility is profoundly influenced by the surfactant type, surfactant concentration, and temperature. Polysorbate 80 exhibited as a better surfactant than arginine and an enhancement up to 1400 times, in respect of without any addition of a surfactant, was observed. Based on the solubility study, simvastatin-loaded gelatin hydrogel composite was formulated and the characterization (FTIR and SEM) showed the successful impregnation. The hydrogel microparticles of featured swelling indexes in the range of 2–6 for every patch and presented a sustained release profile.

Optimization and Kinetics of Zirconium Oxychloride (ZOC) Dissolution Using HNO3 Maria Veronika Purwani; Muzakky Muzakky
Indonesian Journal of Chemistry Vol 19, No 4 (2019)
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

The design of chemical reactor can not be separated from the optimization data and reaction kinetics obtained from the experimental measurement. Through the idea of making the dissolution reactor design, the purpose of this research is to obtain optimization data and dissolution kinetics of Zirconium Oxide Chloride (ZOC) using HNO3. The design of the solvent reactor is required to make the feedstock in the liquid-liquid extraction process continuously. The extraction process is a mini-pilot plant unit as a nuclear-grade zirconia manufacture. The dissolution optimization was carried out by dissolving ZOC solids of zircon sand processed products using HNO3 in a container with some variation of contact time, HNO3 concentration and temperature. While the kinetics data was gained by extracting from the optimization data obtained based on the formula of reaction orders. The investigation result with 6 gr of ZOC and 6M HNO3 concentration obtained the best contact optimum time of 2 minutes and the conversion number (α) of 0.96. The dissolution reaction mechanism was estimated in accordance with the reaction of order 1 with the k value of 1.5879 minutes-1. It was predicted that the reaction mechanism of ZOC dissolution in HNO3 begins with diffuse control and is followed by chemical reaction control. With increasing conversion temperature, the conversion will increase to 0.98, while the reaction also follows the reaction order 1. The optimum temperature at 60 °C, and the correlation between temperature (T) with the calculated reaction rate constant (k) according to the Arrhenius formula yielded an equation of ln k = - 4191,6 / T + 13,903 or k = 13,903.e- 4191,6 / T, with the frequency factor A = 1091430 and the activation energy E = 34,848 kJ / mole.

Incorporation CdS with ZnS as Composite and Using in Photo-Decolorization of Congo Red Dye Faten Hadi Fakhri; Luma Majeed Ahmed
Indonesian Journal of Chemistry Vol 19, No 4 (2019)
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

The aim of this manuscript was to modify the ZnS surface by incorporating with CdS photocatalyst. This manner led to depressing the recombination process and increasing the activity. The X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD) data were proved that the CdS incorporated with ZnS and formed ZnS-CdS nanocomposite by observing new peaks at 26.92, 28.62, 30.52, and 47.26°. Based on the Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) analysis and Tauc equation, the particle sizes for all samples were raised with decreased the band gap values. The activation energy for decolorization of Congo red with the using ZnS is found to be more than that value for the using prepared ZnS-CdS composite. The percentage of efficiency was found to be increased with modified the ZnS surface.

Distribution Pattern of Volcanic Ash Essential Elements on the Top Layer of Agricultural Land Post Merapi Eruption in Sleman Sri Murniasih; Darsono Darsono; Sukirno Sukirno; Saefurrochman Saefurrochman
Indonesian Journal of Chemistry Vol 19, No 4 (2019)
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

Volcanic ash contains essential elements to the soil fertility of agricultural land which is important to be investigated. The aim of this study was to determine the distribution pattern of volcanic ash essential elements as a result of volcanic eruption disaster using Surfer software. To input, the Surfer software, soil samples of volcanic ash at 10 sampling locations in Sleman at a radius of 14 to 26 km towards the south from a peak of Merapi were collected. Data of wind direction, humidity and ground level at the time of sampling were also collected. The concentrations of the essential element in samples were measured using NAA (neutron activation analysis). The pH of volcanic ash samples in each sampling locations was also measured. The results showed that volcanic ash for all sampling locations contained, Al, Fe, Na, K, and Si as major elements and Zn, Co, and Se as trace elements. The concentration distribution pattern of the Zn, Si, Co and Fe elements tends to decrease towards the peak of Merapi, on the other hand, the Na, and K elements showed that their distribution concentration tends to decrease away from the peak of Merapi. The wind’s speed affects the distribution range of an element contained in volcanic ash samples. The pH of volcanic ash samples seemingly only affect the concentration of Zn elements in the distribution pattern of elements.

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