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Jurnal Asia Pacific Studies

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Published by Universitas Kristen Indonesia

ISSN : 25806378 EISSN : 25807048 DOI : -

Core Subject : Humanities, Education, Art, Social,

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Jurnal Asia Pasific Studies (JAPS) is published by International Relations Department of Universitas Kristen Indonesia (UKI). It is a bi-annual journal publishing articles on International Relations and Asia Pacific issues. The journal focused on multidisciplinary and pluralistic perspectives and approaches regarding International Relations theories, research methodologies, and International Political Economy as well as Security Sudies within the scope of Asia Pacific.

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Articles 87 Documents

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STRATEGI KEAMANAN CYBER SECURITY DI KAWASAN ASIA TENGGARA: SELF-HELP ATAU MULTILATERALISM? Iqbal Ramadhan
Kajian Asia Pasifik Vol 3 No 2 (2019): July - December 2019
Publisher : International Relations Study Program of Universitas Kristen Indonesia (UKI)

Cyber security is a new kind of topic in security studies. This issue came as prominent discourse when all the human aspect range from politics, military, economics and societal are connected to the cyber space. Cyber terrorism, cyber crime and cyber war are the most potential threat who come from the cyber world. As the strategic region in the world, South East Asia who has promising economic growth cannot escape from those threats. The aim of this research is to explain what kind of strategy that can be implemented in protecting the cyber security of South East Asia. To answer the research question, the author used mainstream approach such neorealism and neoliberalism. From the authorâ€™s perspective, ASEAN countries need to develop their technological power without ignoring the weightiness of interstate cooperation. Keywords: cyber security, neorealism, neoliberalism, security studies, South East Asia Abstrak Keamanan cyber pada hakikatnya merupakan isu dalam studi keamanan yang terbilang masih sangat baru. Isu ini muncul ketika semua aspek kehidupan politik, militer, ekonomi, sosial dan budaya terhubung ke dunia maya. Ancaman cyber yang berpotensi sebagai ancaman adalah cyber terrorism, cyber crime dan cyber war. Asia Tenggara sebagai salah satu kawasan penting di dunia dengan tingkat pertumbuhan ekonomi yang cukup tinggi tidak terlepas dari ancaman tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membahas strategi seperti apakah yang paling tepat dalam menjaga keamanan cyber di kawasan Asia Tenggara. Dalam menjawab research question, peneliti menggunakan pendekatan mainstream seperti neorealism dan neoliberal. Pada intinya, negara yang tergabung sebagai anggota ASEAN perlu mengembangkan kemampuan power teknologinya tanpa mengesampingkan pentingnya kerja sama antar negara. Kata Kunci: keamanan cyber, neorealis, neoliberalis, studi keamanan, Asia Tenggara

PERSAINGAN PENGARUH DI PASIFIK SELATAN: PENGALIHAN DUKUNGAN DIPLOMATIK KEPULAUAN SOLOMON DARI TAIWAN KE TIONGKOK Adinda Normala Putri
Kajian Asia Pasifik Vol 3 No 2 (2019): July - December 2019
Publisher : International Relations Study Program of Universitas Kristen Indonesia (UKI)

The Solomon Islands shifted their diplomatic support from Taiwan to China in September 2019 after 36 years of diplomatic relations, which was followed by Kiribati, leaving Taiwan with only four South Pacific countries that still formally recognize it. China and Taiwan have long been the main actors in the competition for influence in the South Pacific, which is mainly due to the capacity of the Pacific islands to provide diplomatic recognition, where the pressure exerted by China on Taiwan has intensified since the election of Taiwan President Tsai Ing-wen in 2016. This journal discusses the motives of the Solomon Islands to turn to China, using the bandwagoning theory by Randall L. Schweller with the argument that the Solomon Islands bandwagons the wave of the future, a decision taken because the ally is considered to represent the future. The method used in this journal is a qualitative method that aims to describe and analyze a phenomenon systematically, which will explain the motive behind the Solomon Islands decision to shift its diplomatic support supported by theory and secondary data. This journal will first elaborate on China and Taiwan's rivalry in the South Pacific and continue with the Solomon Islands' motives to shift their diplomatic support from China to Taiwan. Keywords: Solomon Islands, China, Taiwan, bandwagoning Abstrak Kepulauan Solomon mengalihkan dukungan diplomatiknya dari Taiwan ke Tiongkok pada September 2019 setelah 36 tahun memiliki hubungan diplomatik, yang diikuti oleh Kiribati, meninggalkan Taiwan dengan sisa empat negara Pasifik Selatan yang masih mengakuinya secara internasional. Tiongkok dan Taiwan telah lama menjadi aktor utama dalam persaingan pengaruh di Pasifik Selatan, yang disebabkan terutama oleh kapasitas Kepulauan Pasifik untuk memberikan pengakuan diplomatik, di mana tekanan yang diberikan oleh Tiongkok terhadap Taiwan semakin intensif sejak terpilihnya Presiden Taiwan Tsai Ing-wen pada tahun 2016. Jurnal ini membahas tentang motif Kepulauan Solomon berpindah haluan ke Tiongkok, dengan menggunakan teori bandwagoning yang dicetuskan oleh Randall L. Schweller dengan argumen bahwa Kepulauan Solomon melakukan bandwagoning wave of the future, yang dilakukan karena pihak sekutu dianggap merepresentasikan masa depan. Metode yang digunakan dalam jurnal ini adalah metode kualitatif yang bertujuan menggambarkan dan menganalisa suatu fenomena secara sistematis. Metode ini akan menjelaskan motif di balik keputusan Kepulauan Solomon mengalihkan dukungan diplomatiknya didukung dengan teori dan data sekunder. Adapun dalam pembabakan jurnal ini, akan dijabarkan rivalitas Tiongkok dan Taiwan di Pasifik Selatan dan dilanjutkan dengan motif di balik keputusan Kepulauan Solomon mengalihkan dukungan diplomatiknya dari Tiongkok ke Taiwan. Kata kunci: Kepulauan Solomon, Tiongkok, Taiwan, bandwagoning

KEPENTINGAN INDONESIA DALAM MENGAMBIL ALIH FLIGHT INFORMATION REGION (FIR) DARI SINGAPURA Alwafi Ridho Subarkah
Kajian Asia Pasifik Vol 3 No 2 (2019): July - December 2019
Publisher : International Relations Study Program of Universitas Kristen Indonesia (UKI)

Each state should maintain their sovereignty as a whole, especially on their territory which includes air, land and sea. However, Indonesia has not been fully sovereign in its airspace. For instance, Air Traffic Control (ATC) is still controlling flight identification zones in Western Indonesia, such as Serawak, Tanjung Pinang, Malacca Peninsula, Natuna and Riau Islands. This was a threat because when the Indonesian Armed Forces aircraft on patrol and training had to report to the Singapore ATC, economically it also required Indonesia to pay fees to Singapore if it passed through the area.This research aims to shows the Indonesian interest in taking over the Flight Information Region (FIR) in a bid to safeguard the sovereignty of Indonesia. The method in this research is qualitative method that describes and explains research problems related to the topics discussed and triangulates methods and data. This research uses the concept of national interest, where the state has ability to protect and defend its national interests sovereignly by making various policies.The results of this research show that the interest of Indonesia is to fully maintain their sovereignty by making Law No. 1 of 2009 concerning about Aviation and Government Regulation No. 4 of 2018 concerning Security of the Republic of Indonesia Airspace, improving human resources and technology. On an international scale, efforts continue to be made through the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) so that the FIR managed by the Singapore ATC can be managed by Indonesia. Thus, any diplomatic and foreign aircraft security clearance processed through the Indonesian government. Keywords: National Interest, Sovereignty, Air Sovereignty, Territory Control Abstrak Kedaulatan setiap negara harus dijaga secara keseluruhan, pada konteks ini adalah kedaulatan wilayah yang mencakup udara, darat dan laut. Namun Indonesia belum berdaulat dalam udara sepenuhnya. Bagian barat Indonesia, seperti Serawak, Tanjung Pinang, Semenanjung Malaka, Natuna dan Kepulauan Riau dalam mengelola zona identifikasi penerbangan dikuasai oleh Air Traffic Control (ATC) Singapura. Hal ini menjadi ancaman karena saat pesawat Tentara Nasional Indonesia dalam patroli maupun latihan melapor ke Singapura, secara ekonomi juga mengharuskan Indonesia untuk membayar biaya kepada Singapura jika melewati wilayah tersebut. Tujuan penelitian yaitu menunjukkan kepentingan Indonesia dalam mengambil alih Flight Information Region (FIR) sebagai upaya untuk menjaga kedaulatan Indonesia. Metode dalam penelitian ini yaitu metode kualitatif yang mendeskripsikan dan menjelaskan permasalahan penelitian terkait topik yang dibahas dan melakukan triangulasi metode dan data. Penelitian ini menggunakan konsep national interest yaitu kemampuan negara dalam melindungi maupun mempertahankan kepentingan nasionalnya secara berdaulat dengan mengeluarkan berbagai kebijakan. Hasil penelitian ini, kepentingan Indonesia adalah menjaga kedaulatan sepenuhnya dengan membuat Undang-Undang No. 1 Tahun 2009 tentang Penerbangan serta Peraturan Pemerintah No. 4 Tahun 2018 tentang Pengamanan Wilayah Udara Republik Indonesia, meningkatkan sumber daya manusia dan meningkatkan teknologi. Pada skala internasional terus dilakukan upaya melalui International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) agar FIR yang dikelola oleh ATC Singapura dapat dikelola oleh Indonesia sehingga izin diplomatik dan izin keamanan pesawat asing melalui pemerintah Indonesia. Kata Kunci: Kepentingan Nasional, Kedaulatan, Kedaulatan Udara, Pengelolaan Wilayah

DECENTRALIZATION AND CORRUPTION IN POST-1998 CRISIS ASIA IN IMF ASSISTANCE RECEIVER COUNTRY Darynaufal Mulyaman; Achmad Ismail
Kajian Asia Pasifik Vol 3 No 2 (2019): July - December 2019
Publisher : International Relations Study Program of Universitas Kristen Indonesia (UKI)

Rapid action must be taken by countries to handle the 1998 Asian crisis, one of which is through IMF loans, hopefully by promoting economic development. Unfortunately, IMF recipient countries must adjust the prescription of good governance ala IMF is identical to decentralization, as a result the power from the central government is distributed to the regional government. The presence of this prescription makes corruption still exist even more extends to the regional level. The article argues that the conditions of corruption in several Asian countries that receive IMF assistance still exist, even extending to the regional level where this is closely related to the IMF prescription which is identical to the concept of decentralization. This article focuses on several IMF recipient countries, namely Thailand, South Korea, the Philippines and especially Indonesia. This article uses a qualitative research method with a case study approach. In conclusion, the application of this concept, checks & balances must be further improved because power is distributed to the regional level so that corruption in the country becomes more resolved.

POSTSTRUCTURALISM AND ITS PRACTICAL RELEVANCE IN INTERNATIONAL POLITICS Rifki Dermawan
Kajian Asia Pasifik Vol 3 No 2 (2019): July - December 2019
Publisher : International Relations Study Program of Universitas Kristen Indonesia (UKI)

There are many different theories and approaches in international relations studies. They emerge as tools to understand world politics as well as to prevent the occurrence of wars and conflicts. Poststructuralism is one of them. This article addresses the practical relevance of poststructuralism in international politics. It looks at the role of poststructuralism, which provides a novel view on international issues in the globalized era. There are three major focuses of this paper. First, the discussion on the concept of sovereignty and state in a modern world. Second, the role of discourse in the poststructuralism theoretical framework. Third, the function of poststructuralism as a meta-theoretical critique in international relations. This article concludes that poststructuralism is practically useful in the study of international politics. Keywords: poststructuralism, theory, international politics, international relations. Abstrak Ada beragam teori dan pendekatan yang digunakan di dalam studi ilmu hubungan internasional. Teori dan pendekatan tersebut muncul sebagai alat untuk memahami kondisi peepolitikan dunia dan juga untuk mencegah terjadinya peperangan dan konflik. Poststrukturalisme adalah salah satunya. Tulisan ini membahas relevansi secara praktikal dari poststrukturalisme dalam politik internasional. Tulisan ini melihat peranan poststrukturalisme yang memberikan pandangan baru terhadap isu-isu internasional di zaman globalisasi. Ada tiga fokus utama dari tulisan ini. Pertama, pembahasan mengenai konsep kedaulatan dan negara di zaman modern. Kedua, peranan wacana dalam kerangka teori poststrukturalisme. Ketiga, fungsi poststrukturalisme sebagai kritik metateori di ilmu hubungan internasional. Kesimpulan yang dapat diambil dari tulisan ini adalah poststrukturalisme memiliki manfaat secara praktikal dalam studi politik internasional. Kata kunci: poststrukturalisme, teori, politik internasional, ilmu hubungan internasional.

POLITIK SEKURITISASI KONTRA-TERORISME GLOBAL AUSTRALIA PASCA 9/11 HINGGA TERPILIHNYA KEMBALI PERDANA MENTERI HOWARD Rahmat Ansari
Kajian Asia Pasifik Vol 3 No 2 (2019): July - December 2019
Publisher : International Relations Study Program of Universitas Kristen Indonesia (UKI)

Abstact Prime Minister Howard as a dominant actor in Australia’s securitization process of counterterrorism post 9/11. The securitization then resulting activation of Article IV of ANZUS alliance treaty. This study utilizes securitization framework through speech act conducted by Prime Minister Howard. It argues that speech act carried out by Prime Minister Howard in some occasions by speech in Australian Embassy in The United States, at the cabinet meetings, and parliament hearings. As the result, the process of securitization obtained a legitimacy for extraordinary measures in form of military support on global terrorisme eradication campaign. This study using kualtitative methods with data limits since 9/11 and Prime Minister Howard reelection in 2001. Keywords: Securitization, Terrorism, ANZUS, Afghanistan Invasion. Abstrak Perdana Menteri Howard sebagai aktor dominan dalam proses sekuritisasi kontra-terorisme Australia pasca 9/11. Sekuritisasi tersebut kemudian menghasilkan aktifasi Pasal IV perjanjian aliansi ANZUS. Kajian ini menggunakan kerangka sekurtisasi melalui speech act yang dilakukan oleh Perdana Menteri Howard. Kajian ini berpendapat bahwa proses sekuritisasi melalui speech act yang dilakukan dalam beberapa kesempatan pidatonya di Kedutaan Australia di Amerika Serikat, pada rapat kabinet khusus dan pada debat bersama parlemen. Pada akhirnya berhasil memperoleh legitimasi untuk dilakukannya tindakan luar biasa atau extraordinary measures dalam bentuk dukungan militer pada invasi Afghanistan untuk pemberantasan jaringan terorisme global. Kajian dibahas menggunakan metode kualitatif yang membatasi data sejak 9/11 hingga terpilihnya kembali Perdana Menteri Howard pada pemilu 2001. Kata Kunci: Sekuritisasi, Terorisme, ANZUS, Invasi Afghanistan.

Reasoning Criminal – Implikasi Limbah Hasil Operasional Kapal Terhadap Ekosistem Laut di Selat Malaka Verdinand Robertua; Bryan Libertho Karyoprawiro
Kajian Asia Pasifik Vol 3 No 2 (2019): July - December 2019
Publisher : International Relations Study Program of Universitas Kristen Indonesia (UKI)

The Malacca Strait, which has always been the most strategic world trade route. The majority of foreign vessels crossing the Malacca Strait transit at the Port of Singapore. The potential of environmental pollution in the Malacca Strait area is also very large, especially the pollution from vessel waste resulting from the operational activities of vessels in the form of liquid waste and garbage dumped in vain and the washing of vessels illegally. The operational activities of foreign ships in violation of international treaties and Indonesian law often occur in Indonesian coastal areas. Indonesian waters were victims of foreign vessels who carried out illegal activities in order to reduce operational costs and avoid sanctions from the port authorities and the Singapore's sincerity which required that every vessel to be anchored in Singapore's port was clean from waste. Regulations made by the Singapore Government encourage illegal ship laundering and waste disposal in the Straits of Malacca. The supervision of severe penalties against each vessel that crosses and violates the rules, and the establishment of a special zone of vessel cleaning in the Straits of Malacca can reduce environmental damage. This research uses qualitative methods using rational choice and institutional approach in environmental view to see how environmental problems caused by vessel waste occurred and cause cross border problems threatening ecosystem in the Straits of Malacca, especially the Indonesian water area. Data used in the form of qualitative data are collected through document studies, interviews, document analysis, focused discussions, and observations made.

CHINA DIGITAL AS COUNTERWEIGHT ASIA-PACIFIC CENTURY Bayu Altair
Kajian Asia Pasifik Vol 4 No 1 (2020): January - June 2020
Publisher : International Relations Study Program of Universitas Kristen Indonesia (UKI)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33541/japs.v4i1.1556

China's digital transformation has been made China's digital economic capabilities awake sharply. The digitalization of China is determined by several factors which are based on the current globalization. The Chinese government also plays an active role in accelerating the domestic digital transition process and core in way of intensive cooperation with countries in the Asia Pacific region. Changes in Chinese orientation using a digital approach create anxiety for the United States of America with the emergence of the China axis in the region. The framework of the article uses the concept of digitalization to describe the process of digital transformation in China, then Neo-liberalism theory of Robert Keohane & Joseph Nye to explain the pattern of China's cooperation with the region and the Balance of Power as the middle-range theory to emphasize the emergence of China's digital axis in Asia-Pacific. Using descriptive qualitative methods and collecting literature study data, this article emphasizes the analysis of the magnitude effect of digitizing China as a new axis in the Asia Pacific region as competitors in the United States and Australia. The digitalization and intensification of cooperation believed to be the main variable in balancing the political economy axis at the regional level. Keywords: China Digital, Cooperation, Digital Economic Capability Abstrak Transformasi digital China telah membuat kapabilitas ekonomi China meningkat tajam. Digitalisasi China dideterminasi oleh beberapa faktor yang didasari oleh adanya arus globalisasi. Pemerintah China juga berperan aktif mempercepat proses transisi digital domestik serta menjadi kunci jalannya kerjasama kerjasama intensif dengan negara dikawasan Asia Pasifik Perubahan orientasi China menggunakan pendekatan digital menciptakan kekhawatiran bagi Amerika Serikat akan munculnya poros China dikawasan. Kerangka pemikiran artikel menggunakan konsep Digitalisasi untuk menggambarkan proses transformasi digital di China, teori Neoliberalisme versi Robert Keohanne & Joseph Nye untuk menjelaskan pola kerjasama China dengan negara dikawasan dan teori Balance of Power sebagai middle-range teori untuk menekankan kemunculan poros digital China di Asia-Pasific. Dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif dan pengumpulan data studi literatur, artikel ini menekankan pada analisis besarnya pengaruh digitalisasi China sebagai poros baru dikawasan Asia Pasifik sebagai kompetitor Amerika Serikat dan Australia. Digitalisasi dan intensifikasi kerjasama diyakini menjadi variabel utama penyeimbang poros ekonomi politik dilevel regional. Kata Kunci: Digital China, Kerjasama, Kapabilitas Digital Ekonomi

APEC: INDONESIA AS A BALANCER AMONG US-CHINA Adellia Monika
Kajian Asia Pasifik Vol 4 No 1 (2020): January - June 2020
Publisher : International Relations Study Program of Universitas Kristen Indonesia (UKI)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33541/japs.v4i1.1570

APEC is an international organization located in the Asia Pacific region. Its member countries are affiliated with the intention of not only developing the regional economy but also making the region stable, because the Asia Pacific region is a busy area visited by international community entities, from developed to developing countries. This research will discuss the role of Indonesia as a counterweight to the interests of the United States and the People's Republic of China, especially in the economic fields of which each country is incorporated in APEC. Because, we know the dominance of the policies issued by the United States and the People's Republic of China in recent years has been very influential both in the international and regional order. The method used is qualitative by conducting a literature study. The approach or theory used in analyzing the discussion is the Concept of Interdependence and Neoliberal Institutionalism. The purpose of this study is to examine the extent of Indonesia's role in efforts to create regional stability between two countries that have more power such as the United States and the People's Republic of China. The results of this study will outline the benefits, opportunities and challenges of Indonesia in APEC membership and its impact on its relationship with the United States and the People's Republic of China. Keywords: APEC, Interdependence, Neoliberal Institutionalism, Indonesia, United States, China Abstrak APEC adalah salah satu organisasi internasional yang berada di kawasan Asia Pasifik. Negara-negara anggotanya tergabung dengan maksud tidak hanya mengembangkan ekonomi kawasan tapi juga menjadikan kawasan tersebut stabil, sebab kawasan Asia Pasifik merupakan kawasan yang ramai disinggahi para entitas masyarakat internasional, dari negara-negara maju hingga berkembang. Penelitian ini akan membahas mengenai peran Indonesia sebagai penyeimbang kepentingan Amerika Serikat dan Republik Rakyat Tiongkok, terutama di bidang ekonomi yang masing-masing negara tersebut tergabung dalam APEC. Sebab, kita ketahui dominasi dari adanya kebijakan yang dikeluarkan oleh Amerika Serikat dan Republik Rakyat Tiongkok beberapa tahun terakhir ini sangat berpengaruh baik di tatanan internasional maupun kawasan. Metode yang digunakan adalah kualitatif dengan melakukan studi literatur. Pendekatan atau teori yang digunakan dalam menganalisa pembahasan adalah Konsep Interdependensi dan Neoliberal Institusionalisme. Tujuan Penelitian ini adalah meninjau sejauh mana peran Indonesia dalam upaya menciptakan stabilitas kawasan di antara dua negara yang memiliki power lebih seperti Amerika Serikat dan Republik Rakyat Tiongkok. Hasil penelitian ini akan menguraikan manfaat, peluang dan tantangan Indonesia dalam keanggotaan APEC serta dampaknya terhadap hubungannya dengan Amerika Serikat dan Republik Rakyat Tiongkok. Kata Kunci: APEC, Interdependensi, Neoliberal Instutisionalisme, Indonesia, Amerika Serikat, Tiongkok

PEMBENTUKAN PLA ROCKET FORCE SEBAGAI UPAYA TIONGKOK DALAM PENGAMANAN KEPENTINGAN NASIONAL Aryo Bimo Prasetyo
Kajian Asia Pasifik Vol 4 No 1 (2020): January - June 2020
Publisher : International Relations Study Program of Universitas Kristen Indonesia (UKI)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33541/japs.v4i1.1604

President Xi Jinping carried out a military reorganization carried out in 2015. The reorganization included forming the PLA Rocket Force as a new dimension tasked with handling missile weapons, both conventional and nuclear. This article uses offensive-defensive theory in analyzing the formation of PLARF as an effort to secure national interests. Furthermore, this article will explain why China formed PLARF and prefers to develop these missile weapons through offensive-defensive theory variables. Thus it can be said that the factor of weaponry technology plays a dominant role in the formation of PLARF. Keyword : PLARF, China, Offense-Defense Abstrak Presiden Xi Jinping melakukan reorganisasi militer pada tahun 2015. Reorganisasi tersebut diantaranya mengubah PLA Second Altilery Corps (PLASAC) menjadi PLA Rocket Force (PLARF) sebagai matra baru yang sejajar dengan matra liannya serta memiliki tugas untuk menangani persenjataan misil, konvensional maupun nuklir. PLARF dilengkapi persenjataan rudal dengan berbagai jelajah. Pengembangan teknologi persenjataan dilakukan untuk meningkatkan kemampuan PLARF. Secara geografis, PLARF diperlukan untuk melindungi wilayah territorial Tiongkok. Presiden Xi Jinping menggambarkan PLARF sebagai inti kekuatan deterrence strategis Tiongkok, yang diperlihatkan melalui parade militer secara besar. PLARF juga disiapkan untuk melakukan operasi gabungan, serta adanya kontrol CMC terhadap PLARF memberikan kewenangan yang unik .Artikel ini menggunakan teori ofensif-defensif dalam menganalisis reorganisasi militer yang dilakukan Tiongkok. Selanjutnya, artikel ini akan menjelaskan mengapa Tiongkok membentuk PLARF serta lebih memilih mengembangkan persenjataan misil tersebut melalui variabel teori ofensif-defensif. Dengan demikian dapat dikatakan bahwa faktor teknologi persenjataan memegang peran dominan dalam pembentukan PLARF. Kata kunci : PLARF,Tiongkok, Ofensif-Defensif

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