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Peran Limfosit T Helper-1 (TH1) dan T Helper-2 (TH2) pada Patogenesis Artritis Lepra Suyanto Hadi; Sunarto Sunarto; Hardyanto S; Triyuliati Triyuliati; Susanto J; F.X. Hartono
MEDIA MEDIKA INDONESIANA 2008:MMI Volume 43 Issue 1 Year 2008
Publisher : MEDIA MEDIKA INDONESIANA

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ABSTRACTThe role of lymphocyte T Helper-1 (TH1) and T Helper-2 (TH2) in the pathogenesis of leprosy arthritisBackground: The autoreactive of TH CD4+ cells is the thought to play an important role in arthritis leprosy pathogenesis. However, wheter of TH1 or TH2 predominant has never been studied.Methods: Various Ag M. leprae (Ag 35 kDa, 10 kDa, 45 kDa, 85 kDa, and MLSA 2 ug/ml) were stimulated to the peripheral blood (10cc) lymphocyte culture (PBMC) using 96 weels microplate and RPMI 1640 media of 22 leprosy arthritis cases, control-1 (n=12) (leprosy without arthritis) and control 2 (n=12) (healthy contact). The activity difference between TH1 and TH2 CD4+ lymphocyte was analysed using the difference delta levels of IFN-γ and IL-4 (ELISA) of the three group studies. Statistical analysis used wereANOVA, Kruskal Wallis or Mann Whitney, and Chi-square.Results: IFN-γ delta levels was significantly higher in the lymphocytes cultures in LA group (the median 132.234 pg/ml, 60.347 g/ml, 14.093 pg/ml, 16.619 pg/ml and 138.394 pg/ml) compared with IL-4 value level (median 0.317 pg/ml, 0.017 pg/ml, -0.206 pg/ml, -0.200 pg/ml and 0.492 pg/ml) after being stimulated with 35 kDa, 10 kDa MMP-1, 45 kDa LAM, 85 kDa and MLSA of 2 ug/ml dose consecutively (all p<0.001). The IFN-γ delta value in LA group also showed the significantly higher level in response toall M. leprae Ag compared to all control-groups, with all p value < 0.05.Conclusion: TH1 CD4+ lymphocyte activity is more dominant compared than TH2 CD4+ lymphocyte activity in leprosy arthritis group patients.Key Words: Leprosy arthritis, IFN-γ, IL-4, TH1 CD4+ and TH2 CD4+ lymphocyte, and M. leprae Ag ABSTRAKLatar belakang: TH CD4+ autoreactive diduga kuat pada patogenesis artritis lepra. Apakah autoimunitas akibat dominansi aktivasi limfosit TH1 atau TH2 pada penderita lepra belum pernah diteliti.Metode: Berbagai Ag M.leprae (35 kDa, 10 kDa, 45 kDa LAM, 85 kDa, dan MLSA dosis 2 ug/ml) distimulasikan pada kultur limfosit darah perifer (10 cc darah vena), menggunakan media RPMI 1640 dari 22 kasus artritis lepra, 12 kontrol-1 (lepra tanpa artritis), dan 12 kontrol-2 (tetangga sehat kontak positif). Nilai delta kadar IFN-γ dan IL-4 (ELISA) diukur untuk mengetahui peran aktivitas limfosit TH1 dan TH2. Statistik yang dipergunakan uji ANOVA, uji Kruskal-Wallis atau Mann Whitney, dan metode Chi-square.Hasil: Nilai delta IFN-γ kultur limfosit kasus artritis lepra (median 132,234 pg/ml, 60,347 pg/ml, 14,093 pg/ml, 16,619 pg/ml dan 138,394 pg/ml) kelompok LA lebih tinggi bermakna dibandingkan nilai delta IL-4 (median 0,317 pg/ml, 0,017 pg/ml, -0,206 pg/ml, - 0,200 pg/ml dan 0,492 pg/ml) pasca stimulasi dengan Ag M. leprae 35 kDa, 10 kDa MMP-1, 45 kDa LAM, 85 kDa dan MLSA dosis 2 ug/ml, (p<0,001). Nilai delta IFN-γ kelompok kasus juga lebih tinggi dibandingkan kedua kelompok kontrol (p< 0,05).Simpulan: Aktivitas limfosit TH1 CD4+ lebih dominan dibandingkan TH2CD4+ pada kelompok penderita artritis lepra.

Aspartat Amino Transferase-Platelet Ratio Index (APRI), Kadar Bilirubin dan Venektasi Penderita Kolestasis Anak di RSUP Dr. Kariadi Semarang Ninung Rose Diana Kusumawati; I. Hartantyo; Vina Rosalina; Indah Nurhayati
MEDIA MEDIKA INDONESIANA 2012:MMI VOLUME 46 ISSUE 1 YEAR 2012
Publisher : MEDIA MEDIKA INDONESIANA

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Aspartat amino transferase (AST)-platelet ratio index (APRI), bilirubin level and venectation of the pediatric cholestatic patient in Kariadi Hospital SemarangBackground: Cholestasis occurs when there is obstruction in the secretion of various substances, causing substances retention in the liver and cause damage to liver cells. The number of patients with cholestasis in infants and children is increasing, but diagnosis is still problematic. The purpose of this study is to describe cholestatic patients in Dr. Kariadi Hospital Semarang and to define correlation between APRI, bilirubin level, and venectation.Method: A retrospective study was conducted in Dr. Kariadi Hospital, Semarang from December 2010 until January 2012. Discriptive analysis was used to analyse data and Spearman Brown correlation was used to analyse correlation between APRI, bilirubin level, and venectation.Result: From December 2010 to January 2012 there were 29 patients with cholestasis. For 10 patient (34%) the cause of cholestatic problem could not be found. From 19 patient that were diagnosed, the most common cause of cholestasis in this group is cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, followed by billiary atresia and cholelithiasis. In this study the AST-Platelet Ratio Index (APRI) of the subjects were between 0.26 and 11.09, with mean of 3.23. There was no correlation between the degree of liver fibrosis as measured using the APRI with high levels of bilirubin (r=0.36; p=0.58) and venectation in the subject (r=0.47; p=0.14).Conclusion: Patients with cholestasis in Dr. Kariadi Hospital were mostly under 2 years old and the most common cause are CMV infection. There was no correlation between the degree of liver fibrosis with bilirubin, which is one of parameter in determining the prognosis of patients with end stage liver disease, and venectation. Although APRI is sensitive to detect liver fibrosis but it is not sensitive to determine the degree of liver damage.Keywords: Cholestasis, children, APRI, venectationABSTRAKLatar belakang: Kolestasis terjadi bila didapatkan hambatan sekresi berbagai substansi ke dalam duodenum, sehingga menyebabkan tertahannya bahan-bahan tersebut di dalam hati dan menimbulkan kerusakan sel-sel hati. Dari tahun ke tahun jumlah penderita kolestasis pada bayi dan anak semakin bertambah, dan sebagian penderita dengan kolestasis tersebut belum bisa ditegakkan diagnosisnya secara pasti. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan data dan gambaran klinik penderita kolestasis anak di RSUPDr. Kariadi Semarang dan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara APRI dengan kadar bilirubin dan venektasi.Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian retrospektif di RSUP Dr. Kariadi Semarang dari Desember 2010 sampai dengan Januari 2012. Data dianalisis secara diskriptif dan hubungan antara APRI, bilirubin direk, dan venektasi dianalisis dengan tes Spearman Brown.Hasil: Dari bulan Desember 2010 sampai Januari 2012 didapat 29 penderita kolestasis. Sepuluh orang (34%) diantaranya belum dapat didiagnosis penyebab kolestasisnya. Dari 19 orang yang terdiagnosis didapatkan penyebab terbanyak adalah infeksi Cytomegalovirus (CMV) sebanyak 7 orang diikuti oleh atresia bilier dan kholelithiasis. Pada penelitian ini dihitung nilai ASTPlatelet Ratio Index (APRI). Nilai APRI terendah 0,26 dan nilai tertinggi 11,09 dengan nilai rata-rata 3,23. Nilai APRI dalam penelitian ini tidak berkorelasi dengan nilai bilirubin direk pada subyek (r=0,36; p=0,58) ataupun venektasi pada subyek (r=0,47; p=0,14).Simpulan: Penderita kolestasis yang datang di RSUP Dr.Kariadi Semarang sebagian besar berusia di bawah 2 tahundengan penyebab terbanyak adalah infeksi CMV. Tidakdidapatkan hubungan antara derajat fibrosis hati yangdengan APRI dengan kadar bilirubin yang merupakan salah satu parameter dalam menentukan prognosis penderitadengan end stage liver disease dan dengan venektasi.Meskipun APRI cukup sensitif untuk menentukan derajatfibrosis hati akan tetapi tidak sensitif untuk menentukantingkat kerusakan fungsi hati.

Pemberian Diet Tambahan pada Anak dengan Penyakit Jantung Bawaan Asianotik M. Wishnuwardhana; M. Mexitalia; JC. Susanto
MEDIA MEDIKA INDONESIANA 2009:MMI VOLUME 43 ISSUE 6 YEAR 2009
Publisher : MEDIA MEDIKA INDONESIANA

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Food supplementation for children with acyanotic congenital heart diseaseBackground: Children with Congenital Heart Disease (CHD) have a high risk for growth faltering. The prevalence of undernutrition in children with acyanotic CHD on the Pediatric Cardiology Clinic Dr. Kariadi Hospital Semarang is 80.4%. The purpose of the study is to define the benefit of food supplementation to children with acyanotic CHD to improve their growth.Methods: Clinical trial with one group pre and post test design study were conducted in children with CHD in the Pediatric Cardiology Clinic Dr. Kariadi Hospital Semarang during 2005-2006. Twenty-two children aged 6-57 months were involved in this study. Besides their daily intake, they had been given biscuit as food supplementation for 3 months, 20% above their Requirement Daily Allowance (RDA). Their weight and length/height were measured every months. The data was analyzed using Wilcoxon test.Results: The mean of Weight of Age z score (WAZ), Height of Age z score (HAZ), and Weight of Height z score (WHZ) before the supplementation were -1.570.9; -0.751.97; and -0.891.7 respectively. After 3 months there were an increased on WAZ 0.16 and HAZ 0.33 significantly but the improvement of WHZ is 0.01 (not significant). During the supplementation the calorie and protein intake were increased 14.6% and 8.4% respectively.Conclusion: Food supplementation with biscuit 14.6% above the RDA for 3 months improve the growth of children with acyanotic CHD.Keywords: Food supplementation, growth, acyanotic CHDABSTRAKLatar belakang: Anak dengan penyakit jantung bawaan (PJB) merupakan anak yang rawan mengalami gangguan pertumbuhan. Di Klinik Kardiologi Anak RSUP Dr. Kariadi Semarang, didapatkan 80,4% anak dengan PJB asianotik mengalami gizi kurang. Pemberian diet tambahan diharapkan memperbaiki status gizi dan pertumbuhan. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui manfaat diet tambahan pada anak dengan PJB asianotik terhadap pertumbuhan.Metode: Uji klinis one group dengan pre and post test design, dilakukan pada anak dengan PJB asianotik di Klinik Kardiologi Anak RSUP Dr. Kariadi Semarang tahun 2005-2006. Dua puluh dua anak berumur 6-57 bulan diberikan perlakuan dengan pemberian biskuit sampai dengan 20% di atas Angka Kecukupan Gizi (AKG) selama 3 bulan selain tetap diberikan diet sehari-hari. Setiap bulan berat badan, panjang/tinggi badan diukur. Data dianalisis dengan uji Wilcoxon dengan batas kemaknaan p<0,05.Hasil: Sebelum perlakuan rerata z skor BB/U (WAZ) -1,570,9, z skor TB/U (HAZ) -0,751,97, z skor BB/TB (WHZ) rerata -0,891,7 dan sesudah perlakuan WAZ BB/U -1,411, HAZ -0,421,8, WHZ -0,881,6. Peningkatan rerata pertumbuhan sebelum dan sesudah perlakuan WAZ 0,16, HAZ 0,33 dan WHZ 0,01. Didapatkan perbedaan bermakna pada WAZ dan HAZ sedangkan WHZ tidak bermakna. Akseptabilitas meningkat setiap bulan dan terjadi peningkatan bermakna rerata asupan energi dan protein yang bersumber dari biskuit masing-masing sebesar 14,6% dan 8,4% dalam waktu 3 bulan.Simpulan: Pemberian biskuit minimal 14,6% di atas AKG selama 3 bulan pada anak PJB asianotik meningkatkan pertumbuhan.

Massa Otot dan Senam Sehat Indonesia pada Wanita Usia Lanjut Ferdy Kurniawan Cayami; Hardhono Susanto
MEDIA MEDIKA INDONESIANA 2010:MMI VOLUME 44 ISSUE 2 YEAR 2010
Publisher : MEDIA MEDIKA INDONESIANA

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Muscle mass and senam sehat Indonesia in elderly womenBackground: Health problem in elderly has become main concern because of the population increase. One of the problems is the decrease of musculoskeletal function influenced by the decrease of muscle mass. Activity like exercise can maintain muscle mass. Senam Sehat Indonesia (SSI) is one of well known, easy and right exercise for elderly. The aim of this study was to compare muscle mass between elderly women who exercise SSI regularly and who didn’t in relation with age and Body Mass Index (BMI).Method: An observational study was done with subjects taken from 2 different nursing home based on inclusion criteria. To get the total of muscle mass, we measured the Mid Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC), Triceps Skinfold (TSF) and height followed by calculation with muscle mass formula. Body weight was measured to calculate the muscle mass percentage and BMI. Data were analyzed with ANCOVA test with age and BMI as covariates.Result: A total of 54 subjects with 31 of them (57,41%) had regular exercise. They have better muscle mass (28.96%) of body weight and BMI 21,78 compared to the inactive subjects (28.86% and 24,47; p for muscle mass=0.007).Conclusion: Elderly who had regular exercise had better muscle mass than those who are inactive.ABSTRAKLatar belakang: Kesehatan pada orang lanjut menjadi perhatian saat ini karena jumlah populasinya yang semakin meningkat. Salah satu masalah adalah penurunan fungsi musculoskeletal yang dipengaruhi oleh penurunan massa otot. Aktivitas gerak seperti olahraga berguna untuk mempertahankan massa otot. Senam Sehat Indonesia (SSI) merupakan salah satu olahraga yang mudah dilakukan dan cocok bagi usia lanjut. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah membandingkan massa otot antara wanita usia lanjut yang melakukan SSI dengan yang tidak dengan memperhatikan usia dan Indeks Massa Tubuh (IMT).Metode: Penelitian belah lintang analitik ini dilakukan dengan mengambil subjek dari dua panti wredha yang berbeda dan memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Dilakukan pengukuran lingkar lengan atas, lipatan kulit triceps dan tinggi badan untuk perhitungan dengan rumus untuk massa otot. Berat badan juga diukur untuk menghitung persentase massa otot dan IMT. Hasil yang diperoleh dianalisis dengan uji statistik ANCOVA (Analysis of Covariate) dengan kovarian usia dan IMT. Hasil: Dari total 31 subjek yang melakukan SSI dan 23 subjek yang tidak melakukan SSI diperoleh perbedaan sangat bermakna (p=0,007) dengan massa otot yang lebih baik pada yang melakukan SSI. Pada 31 subjek yang melakukan SSI dengan IMT 21,78% memiliki persentase massa otot 28,96% terhadap massa tubuh. Dari 23 subjek yang tidak melakukan SSI dengan IMT 24,77 memiliki persentase massa otot 28,86% terhadap massa tubuh. Simpulan: Massa otot orang usia lanjut yang melakukan Senam Sehat Indonesia secara bermakna berbeda lebih baik daripada yang tidak melakukan Senam Sehat Indonesia.

Acceptability and Nutrient Content of Wet Noodles Fortified with Inorganic or Organic Iron and Provitamin A from Pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) Ninik Rustanti; Retno Murwani; Syaiful Anwar
MEDIA MEDIKA INDONESIANA 2011:MMI Volume 45 Issue 3 Year 2011
Publisher : MEDIA MEDIKA INDONESIANA

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ABSTRACTBackground: Iron fortification of wet noodles is a choice among many others, to reduce iron deficiency anemia. Organic andinorganic iron interact with provitamin A. An experiment was conducted to fortify wet noodles with organic and inorganic iron and provitamin A from pumpkin, and to study its effect on acceptance and its iron and provitamin A content.Methods: Six groups were used in this experiment to test optimal level of iron fortification (100 ppm, 150 ppm, 200 ppm of FeSO4 or organic iron). As for pumpkin, 10%, 15% and 20% were used. To test iron and provitamin A content, 5 groups were employed: wet noodle alone, wet noodle + (FeSO4), + (organic Fe), + (FeSO4 & pumpkin), and + (organic Fe & pumpkin) respectively. Data were evaluated by one-way ANOVA and continued by Duncan’s test with 95% CI.Result: Noodle fortified with 200 ppm iron was acceptable in term color, taste and texture. Adding 15% pumpkin improved texture optimally compared to 10% and 20%. In term color and taste, 10%, 15% and 20% pumpkin addition gave similar acceptance. Fortification of iron and provitamin A from pumpkin didn’t affect the moisture, protein, fat, fiber, and carbohydrate content but increased iron, ash and betacarotene content. Highest content of iron and provitamin A were found in noodles + (FeSO4 + pumpkin) and noodles + (organic Fe + pumpkin).Conclusion: Iron and provitamin A fortified wet noodles can serve as a choice for eliminating iron deficiency anemia in Indonesia. Further studies to see the bioavailability and effectiveness of fortified wet noodles to reduce anemia are needed.Keywords: Fortification, organic iron, inorganic iron, provitamin A pumpkin, wet noodlesABSTRAKDaya terima dan kandungan gizi mie basah yang difortifikasi zat besi anorganik dan organik serta provitamin A labu kuning (Cucurbita moschata)Latar belakang: Fortifikasi mie basah merupakan salah satu pilihan untuk menanggulangi permasalahan anemia gizi besi. Besi organik dan anorganik dapat berinteraksi dengan provitamin A. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memfortifikasi mie basah dengan besi organik dan anorganik serta provitamin A labu kuning, dan untuk mengetahui pengaruhnya terhadap daya terima, kadar besi dan provitamin A pada mie basah.Metode: Enam perlakuan digunakan dalam penelitian untuk optimasi kadar besi fortifikan (100 ppm, 150 ppm, dan 200 ppm FeSO4 atau Fe organik). Labu kuning yang digunakan 10%, 15%, dan 20%. Untuk mengetahui kadar besi dan provitamin A digunakan 5 perlakuan: mie basah, mie basah + (FeSO4), + (Fe organik), + (FeSO4 & labu kuning), dan + (Fe organik & labu kuning). Data dianalisis dengan one-way ANOVA dan dilanjutkan dengan uji Duncan dengan 95% CI.Hasil: Mie yang difortifikasi dengan 200 ppm zat besi dapat diterima dari sisi warna, rasa dan tekstur. Penambahan labu kuning 15% memberikan tekstur yang lebih baik dibandingkan 10% dan 20%. Dari sisi warna dan rasa, penambahan labu kuning 10%, 15% dan 20% mempunyai daya terima yang sama. Fortifikasi besi dan provitamin A labu kuning tidak mempengaruhi kadar air, protein, lemak, serat dan karbohidrat tetapi meningkatkan kadar besi, abu dan betakaroten. Kadar besi dan provitamin A tertinggi terdapat pada mie + (FeSO4 +labu) dan mie + (Fe organik + labu).Simpulan: Mie basah yang difortifikasi besi dan provitamin Aberupa labu kuning dapat menjadi alternatif untuk mengatasianemia gizi besi di Indonesia. Diperlukan penelitian lanjutanuntuk mengetahui bioavailabilitas dan keefektifan mie yangdifortifkasi untuk mengurangi anemia.

Penyuluhan Model Pendampingan dan Perubahan Status Gizi Anak Usia 6 – 24 Bulan Aswita Amir; S. Fatimah Muis; Suyatno Suyatno
MEDIA MEDIKA INDONESIANA 2008:MMI Volume 43 Issue 3 Year 2008
Publisher : MEDIA MEDIKA INDONESIANA

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The outreach counseling model and nutritional status change in 6–24 months old childrenBackground: Insufficient knowledge on food and health of mothers will lead to inadequate food intake and high infection risk, especially diarrhea and acute respiratory tract infection (ARTI). Improvement of knowledge can be achieved by counseling. There are several model of counseling, one of them is the outreach model. This study aimed was to analyze the influence of outreach counseling model toward the change of nutritional status of 6–24 months old children. Methods: Research design was a quasi experiment with non randomized pre post test control group. Intervention group recieved outreach counseling model by outreach nutritionists (Tenaga Gizi Pendamping) and control group recieved conventional counseling from nutritionists of primary health care center (Tenaga Gizi Puskesmas). The study was done in Makassar City, South Sulawesi Province with the working area of Sudiang Raya’s Primary Health Care chosen as intervention area and Bira’s Primary Health Care as control site. Subjects were children aged 6–24 months with WAZ between -3 until 0 SD. The number of subjects in intervention group were 32 and control were 37 children. The observation variables were changes of mother’s knowledge, energy adequacy level, protein adequacy level, diarrhea and ARTI duration and nutritional status (WAZ, HAZ and WHZ) of the children. Data were analyzed using t-test and multivariate analysis by linear regression.Results: After 3 months of intervention, there were increase in mother’s knowledge, energy adequacy level, and the decrease of duration diarrhea was higher in the outreach counseling group than the control group. The WAZ and HAZ in outreach counseling group were better than control group, and there was an increase in WHZ in outreach counseling group with a decrease in the control group.Conclusions: Outreach counseling model is more effective than conventional counseling in lowering the decrease of nutritional status on 6–24 months old children.Key words: Outreached counseling, nutritional status, 6–24 months old children. ABSTRAK Latar Belakang: Pengetahuan ibu yang kurang tentang gizi dan kesehatan akan menyebabkan asupan makanan yang tidak cukup serta meningkatnya risiko penyakit infeksi diantaranya diare dan ISPA pada anak. Peningkatan pengetahuan dapat dilakukan dengan penyuluhan. Penyuluhan terdiri dari beberapa model, salah satu diantaranya adalah model pendampingan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh penyuluhan model pendampingan terhadap ibu selama 3 bulan terhadap perubahan status gizi anak usia 6-24 bulan.Metode: Desain penelitian adalah quasi experiment berupa non randomized pre post test control group. Kelompok intervensi mendapat penyuluhan model pendampingan oleh Tenaga Gizi Pendamping (TGP) dan kelompok kontrol mendapat penyuluhan konvensional oleh Tenaga Gizi Puskesmas. Penelitian dilakukan di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Sudiang Raya Kota Makassar sebagai lokasi intervensi dan Puskesmas Bira sebagai lokasi kontrol. Subyek penelitian adalah anak usia 6–24 bulan dengan skor Z BB/U -3 s.d. 0 SB. Jumlah subyek untuk kelompok intervensi 32 dan kontrol 37 anak. Variabel yang diamati meliputi perubahan pengetahuan ibu, Tingkat Kecukupan Energi (TKE), Tingkat Kecukupan Protein (TKP), hari sakit (Diare dan ISPA) dan status gizi (skor Z BB/U, PB/U dan BB/PB). Analisis data dilakukan dengan menggunakan uji beda dan analisis multivariat dengan regresi linier.Hasil: Setelah 3 bulan intervensi, terjadi peningkatan rerata skor pengetahuan ibu dan TKE, dan penurunan jumlah hari sakit diare lebih tinggi pada kelompok intervensi dibandingkan kontrol. Status gizi (skor Z BB/U dan PB/U) pada kelompok intervensi lebih baik dibandingkan kontrol (p<0,05), terjadi peningkatan skor Z BB/PB pada kelompok intervensi dan penurunan skor tersebut pada kelompok kontrol (p<0,05).Simpulan: Penyuluhan model pendampingan lebih efektif daripada penyuluhan konvensional dalam menekan penurunan status gizi anak usia 6–24 bulan.

Pengaruh Kalsium dan Vitamin D3 Terhadap Stabilitas Tulang Alveolar - Studi pada Tikus Jantan Putih (Rattus Norvegicus) Saifuddin Ali Anwar
MEDIA MEDIKA INDONESIANA 2009:MMI VOLUME 43 ISSUE 5 YEAR 2009
Publisher : MEDIA MEDIKA INDONESIANA

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The effect of calcium and vitamin D3 on alveolar bone stability - The study in white male Rattus Norvegicus rats.Background: Calsium and vitamin D3 play important roles in the development and stability of alveolar bone that hold teeth. Alveolar bone stability is very important for successful outcome of orthodontic and prostodontic treatment.Objective: This study aimed to analyze the effect of calcium and vitamin D3 supplementation on different dosages on the alveolar bone stability.Methods: A post test-only control group design experiment was carried out on white rats (Rattus norvegicus Wistar strain). The treatments were 20% calcium reduction in the diet (P1) and supplentation of 20% (P2); 40% (P3) and 60% (P4) calsium to the standar diet given to control group. Alveolar bone stability was assessed by calcium contents, the number of osteocytes and weight of alveolar bone which were measured by AAS methode, histologic examination using hematoxylin and eosin staining on two microscopic fields of lamella Haversi region of alveolar bone and weighing of upper incisivus region of alveolar bone respectively. Data were analysed using t.test, Anova and LSD. Results: There were no difference on the calcium content of the alveolar bone among the 5 experimental groups (F=0.290, p=0.881). The number of osteocytes were different among as well as between the groups (F=9.685; p=0.000). There were differences of alveolar bone weight among the groups (F=10.901; p=0.000) while the weight were only significantly increase in the groups which given 40% (P3) and 60% (P4) calcium supplements this difference was not occured in the group which given 20% calcium supplements compare to the control group. There was no difference of alveolar weight between P3 and P4 groups.Conclusions: Supplementation of calsium and vitamin D3 20%, 40% and 60% above the standard diet give different result in 2 parameters of bone stability.Keywords: Calcium, vitamin D3, alveolar bone weight.ABSTRAK Latar belakang: Kalsium dan vitamin D3 berperan dalam pembentukan dan stabilitas tulang alveolar yang berfungsi sebagai penyangga gigi. Stabilitas tulang alveolar berperan dalam keberhasilan perawatan ortodontik dan prostodontik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji perbedaan pengaruh suplementasi kalsium dan vitamin D3 pada berbagai takaran terhadap stabilitas tulang alveolar pada hewan coba.Metode: Dilakukan suatu penelitian eksperimental dengan rancangan the post test-only control group, menggunakan hewan coba tikus putih jantan (Rattus norvegicus galur Wistar). Perlakuan yang diberikan berupa pengurangan kalsium 20% (P1) dan penambahan 20% (P2), 40% (P3) dan 60% (P4) kalsium dalam pakan. Stabilitas tulang alveolar dinilai dengan parameter kadar kalsium, jumlah osteosit dan berat tulang alveolar, yang secara berurutan diukur dengan metoda SSA, dihitung secara histologik dengan pengecatan hematoksilin dan eosin pada dua lapang pandang lamela Haversi regio insisivus atas dan penimbangan tulang alveolar regio incicivus atas. Data di analisis menggunakan uji t, Anova dan LSD.Hasil: Tidak ada perbedaan yang bermakna pada kadar kalsium tulang alveolar di antara 5 kelompok penelitian (F=0,290; p=0,881). Jumlah osteosit berbeda bermakna di antara kelompok dan antara kelompok perlakuan (F=9,685, p=0,000).

Efek Pemberian Ekstrak Eurycoma Longifolia dan Pimpinella Alpina pada Spermatogenesis Tikus Spraque Dawly Achmad Zulfa Juniarto
MEDIA MEDIKA INDONESIANA 2010:MMI VOLUME 44 ISSUE 1 YEAR 2010
Publisher : MEDIA MEDIKA INDONESIANA

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The effect of eurycoma longifolia and pimpinella alpina on spermatogenesis in male Spraque Dawly Background: Alternative medicine used to overcome infertility among others is using traditional herbs. Crops which often used are pasak bumi (Eurycoma longifolia) and purwaceng (Pimpinella alpina). Several studies reported that pasak bumi and purwaceng could improve testosterone, luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone level in animal. The aim of the study was to analyze whether the extract of Eurycoma longifolia and Pimpinella alpina had effect on motility and spermatogenesis in white male Spraque Dawly mouse.Material and Method: Thirty white male mice, aged 40 days, with mean body weight of 200 grams were divided into 10 groups randomly. Each mouse was placed into individual cage and was given 25 mg Pimpinella alpina, 25 mg Eurycoma longifolia Jack and plain water in control group. Food was given ad libitum. All the treatment was given every morning for 53 days successively then the testis and epididymis were taken for analysis. Result: Administration of Eurycoma longifolia and Pimpinella alpina increased the number and motility of sperms as well as the spermatogenesis. However, there was no difference between the effect of Eurycoma longifolia and Pimpinella alpine.Conclusion: Extract of Eurycoma longifolia and Pimpinella alpina can improve spermatogenesis.ABSTRAKLatar belakang: Pengobatan alternatif untuk mengatasi infertilitas antara lain adalah dengan menggunakan pasak bumi (Eurycoma longifolia Jack) dan purwaceng (Pimpinella alpina). Pada beberapa penelitian keduanya terbukti meningkatkan kadar hormon testosteron, luteinizing hormone dan follicle stimulating hormone. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mempelajari apakah pemberian ekstrak pasak bumi dan purwaceng berpengaruh terhadap peningkatan derajat spermatogenesis serta jumlah dan motilitas sperma pada tikus putih jantan Spraque Dawly.Metode: Tiga puluh ekor tikus putih jantan, umur 40 hari dengan berat badan rata-rata 200 gram dibagi menjadi 10 kelompok secara acak. Tiap-tiap kelompok terdiri dari 3 ekor tikus. Setiap tikus ditempatkan dalam kandang individual. Makanan yang diberikan secara ad libitum. Masing-masing kelompok diberi perlakuan ekstrak akar pasak bumi sebanyak 25 mg, purwaceng sebanyak 25 mg dan akuades sebagai kontrol. Semua perlakuan tersebut diberikan tiap pagi selama 53 hari berturut-turut, kemudian diperiksa testis untuk derajat spermatogenesisnya dan epididimisnya. Untuk pemeriksaan jumlah dan motilitasnyaHasil: Pemberian ekstrak pasak bumi maupun purwaceng meningkatkan jumlah, motilitas spermatozoa serta derajat spermato-genesis tikus bila dibandingkan dengan kontrol (p<0,01). Efek pemberian pasak bumi tidak berbeda dengan pemberian purwaceng (p>0,01).Simpulan: Ekstrak Eurycoma longifolia dan Pimpinella alpine meningkatkan derajat spermatogenesis.

Kadar Apolipoprotein B dan Aterosklerosis Arteri Karotis Interna pada Pasien Pasca Stroke Iskemik Haryo Teguh; Retnaningsih Retnaningsih; MI Widiastuti
MEDIA MEDIKA INDONESIANA 2011:MMI Volume 45 Issue 2 Year 2011
Publisher : MEDIA MEDIKA INDONESIANA

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ABSTRACTRelations between apolipoprotein B level with internal carotid artery atherosclerosis in post ischemic stroke patientBackground: Ischemic stroke is caused by brain artery obstruction or brain artery narrowing called atherosclerosis. Its marker is the thickness of tunica intima-media (intima-media thickness/IMT) of the artery. Apolipoprotein B is one of the indicator of atherosclerosis diseases. Most of the previous studies investigate association between apolipoprotein B level and cardiovascular disease, while the association between apolipoprotein B and atherosclerosis in post ischemic stroke patients has not been studied yet.Objective: To investigate association between apolipoprotein B level and internal carotid artery atherosclerosis based on thickness of intima-media in patients post ischemic stroke.Method: This cross-sectional study was done in post ischemic stroke (first attack) subjects in outpatient clinic of Neurology Department Kariadi Hospital Semarang, during December until February 2011. Apolipoprotein B level was measured with Integra method, during 1 month after the onset. The thickness of tunica intima-media of the internal carotid artery was measured by Ultrasonography Duplex.Result: Fourty four patients post ischemic stroke that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria, comprise of 22 male (50%) and 22 female (50%). Atherosclerosis which was defined as tunica intima-media thickness >0.9 mm, was found in 24 subjects (54.6%). Apolipoprotein B level, which designated as high if apoB >105 mg/dl, was found in 25 subjects (56.8%). Multivariate logistics regression test controlling lipid factor as confounding factors resulted in OR 142.1 (p=0.0001).Conclusion: Apolipoprotein B level significantly correlate with atherosclerosis of internal carotid artery represented by thickness of intima-media in patients post ischemic stroke.Keywords: Apolipoprotein B level, internal carotid artery atherosclerosis, ischemic strokeABSTRAKLatar belakang: Stroke iskemik disebabkan obstruksi atau penyempitan pembuluh darah arteri otak yang disebut aterosklerosis. Marker aterosklerosis adalah ketebalan tunika intima-media (intima-media thickness/IMT) di pembuluh darah tersebut. Kadar apolipoprotein B merupakan indikator penyakit yang disebabkan aterosklerosis. Penelitian yang ada kebanyakan menghubungkan pengaruh apoB dengan penyakit kardiovaskuler, pengaruh apoB dengan aterosklerosis pada pasien pasca stroke iskemik belum pernah dilakukan.Tujuan: Membuktikan adanya hubungan antara kadar apolipoprotein B dengan aterosklerosis arteri karotis interna yang dilihat dari ketebalan tunika intima-media pada pasien pasca stroke iskemik.Metode: Penelitian cross sectional, dilaksanakan di Poli Saraf RSUP Dr. Kariadi Semarang, periode Desember 2010-Februari 2011. Subyek penelitian adalah pasien pasca stroke iskemik pertama kali yang diambil secara consecutive sampling. Kadar apolipoprotein B diukur dengan menggunakan metode Integra, pemeriksaan ketebalan tunika intima-media arteri karotis internamenggunakan Ultrasonografi Duplek.Hasil: Empat puluh empat pasien pasca stroke iskemik yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi, terdiri dari pria 22 (50,0%) dan wanita 22 (50,0%). Dikategorikan aterosklerosis bila ketebalan tunika intima-media >0,9 mm dan terjadi pada 24 subyek (54,6%). Kadar apolipoprotein B tinggi (apoB>105 mg/dl) terdapat sebanyak 25 subyek (56,8%). Hasil analisis uji regresi logistik multivariat yang mengendalikan faktor lipid (kolesterol, LDL, trigliserid) menunjukkan OR 142,1 (p=0,0001).

Penentuan LD50 Penyakit Infeksi Toxoplasma gondii pada Mencit balb/c Winarto Winarto
MEDIA MEDIKA INDONESIANA 2009:MMI VOLUME 43 ISSUE 4 YEAR 2009
Publisher : MEDIA MEDIKA INDONESIANA

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LD50 determination in toxoplasma gondii infection in balb/c miceBackground: LD50 is a marker of virulence which is reflects degree of microorganism pathogenicity. LD50 of every pathogens to be used should be determined in order to choose an appropiate infective dose of agent under the study. Toxoplasma gondii RH strain has been maintained in the laboratory by serial passage in mice for several years, in which the biologic and laboratory conditions might has an effect on its virulence. The objective of this study was to determine LD50 of Toxoplasma gondii RH strain used for research in Biotechnology Laboratory Gajah Mada University.Methods: The design of the study was true experiment consisting three goups of 10 female balb/c mice aged 8–10 weeks that were infected with 101, 103 and 106 of Toxoplasma gondii RH strain/mice respectively, and being followed up to day 18. Homogeneity of mice before infection were analyzed by Levence statistic, while the effects of infection was analyzed by Anova. The number of dead mice in each group were recorded and LD50 was calculated base on proportional distance.Results: There was no weight difference between groups of mice before infection. The weight increased up to day 6 in group I and II, while group III after day 3 there was weight decrease. LD50 of Toxoplasma gondii was 1.39x103 which belonged to genotype II of pathogenicity classification.Conclusions: LD50 of Toxoplasma gondii was 1.39x103 which is lower than the original RH strain, and belonged to group II of genotype, which is often reported as the major cause of human and animal infections.Keywords: LD50, Toxoplasma gondii, balb/c mice, infection. ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Toxoplasma gondii di laboratorium dipelihara dengan cara pasase dari satu mencit ke mencit berikutnya, yang mungkin berpengaruh terhadap virulensinya. LD50 adalah ukuran virulensi suatu mikroorganisme penyebab infeksi, yang harus diketahui apabila akan melakukan penelitian tentang fenomena infeksi pada binatang coba. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menentukan besar LD50 Toxoplasma gondii strain RH yang disimpan dan digunakan untuk penelitian di Laboratorium Bioteknologi UGM yang belum pernah ditentukan nilai LD50nya.Metode: Disain penelitian adalah eksperimental murni. Tiga kelompok mencit balb/c usia 6–8 minggu masing-masing kelompok terdiri dari 10 mencit, diinfeksi Toxoplasma gondii strain RH secara berturut-turut tiap kelompok diinfeksi dengan 101, 103 dan 106 toksoplasma/mencit, yang diamati sampai hari ke-18. Sebelum perlakuan ketiga kelompok dilakukan tes homogenitas berat badan mencit dengan statistik Levene. Efek infeksi toksoplasma dianalisis dengan Anova, sedangkan LD50 dihitung berdasarkan jarak proporsi.Hasil: Sebelum diinfeksi Toxoplasma gondii, tidak terdapat perbedaan berat badan mencit pada 3 kelompok. Setelah diinfeksi toksoplasma sampai hari ke-6, berat badan mencit pada kelompok I dan II naik, sedangkan kelompok III pada hari ke-1 sampai hari ke-3 beratnya naik, kemudian setelah hari ke-3 beratnya turun. LD50 Toxoplasma gondii strain RH di PAU Bioteknologi UGM didapatkan sebesar 1,39x103 yang sesuai dengan genotipe II.Simpulan: LD50 Toxoplasma gondii sebesar 1,39x103 lebih rendah dari strain RH yang sebenarnya dan termasuk genotipe II yaitu yang paling sering dilaporkan sebagai penyebab infeksi pada manusia dan binatang.

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