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INDONESIA
MEDIA MEDIKA INDONESIANA
Published by Universitas Diponegoro
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Articles 134 Documents
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Berbagai Konsentrasi Ekstrak Daun Serai Wangi dan Daun Mimba Terhadap Kematian Larva Aedes aegypti Margo Utomo; Umi Budiarti
MEDIA MEDIKA INDONESIANA 2010:MMI VOLUME 44 ISSUE 1 YEAR 2010
Publisher : MEDIA MEDIKA INDONESIANA

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Several concentration of serai wangi leaf extract (Cymbopongan nardus L) and mimba (Azadiracta indica a juss L) and the death of Aedes aegypti larvaeBackground: Infection diseases spread through Aedes aegypti is still high in Indonesia. Herbal larvacide was essentially developed to kill Aedes aegypti larva. Serai wangit leaf extract contains aldehid, geroniol and citronelol. Mimba leaf extract contains azadirachitin. The aim of the study is to analyze the influenced several concentration of extract to kill the larvae.Method: A randomized post test only control group design was done, on 900 tails, 25 per tube of Aedes aegypti B2P2VRP Salatiga isolated, which was taken by random sampling. Extract of serai wangi and mimba leaf with any concentration, were taken from Balai Penelitian Tanaman Obat (BPTO) Tawangmangu. Result: One hundred percent larvae died in serai wangi extract at 60% level concentration with LC50 in 25.82% concentration and LC90 in 39.52% while for mimba extract 100% larvae died in 80% concentration with LC50 in 37.20% concentration and LC90 in 55.27%. There was significant difference in the death of Aedes aegypti larvae in various concentrations. Conclusion: Serai fragrant extract has better killing effect than mimba extract.ABSTRAKLatar belakang: Penyakit yang ditularkan lewat Aedes aegypti masih cukup tinggi di Indonesia. Larvasida alami sangat penting dikembangkan untuk membunuh larva Aedes aegypti. Ekstrak daun serai wangi mengandung aldehid, geroniol dan sitronelol. Ekstrak daun mimba mengandung azadirachitin. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh berbagai konsentrasi ekstrak serai wangi (Cymbopongan nardus L) dan mimba (Azadiracta indica A juss L) terhadap kematian larva Aedes aegypti. Metode: Desain penelitian adalah randomized post test only control group menggunakan 900 ekor larva isolat laboratorium B2P2VRP Salatiga, dibagi tiap tabung 25 ekor, dengan acak sederhana, dengan kontrol dan 3 kali ulangan. Ekstrak daun serai wangi dan daun mimba dari Balai Penelitian Tanaman Obat Tawangmangu.Hasil: Kematian larva 100% terjadi pada konsentrasi ekstrak serai wangi 60%, LC50 pada konsentrasi 25,82% dan LC90 pada konsentrasi 39,52%. Kematian larva 100% terjadi pada konsentrasi ekstrak daun mimba 80%, LC50 pada konsentrasi 37,20% dan LC90 pada konsentrasi 55,27%.Simpulan: Ekstrak daun serai wangi lebih baik daya bunuhnya daripada ekstrak daun mimba. 
Faktor Risiko Kejadian Kurang Pendengaran Tipe Sensorik pada Bayi Baru Lahir Muyassaroh Muyassaroh; M. Sholeh Kosim; Suprihati Suprihati
MEDIA MEDIKA INDONESIANA 2011:MMI Volume 45 Issue 3 Year 2011
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ABSTRACTThe risk factors of sensory type of hearing loss in newborn babyBackground: The influence of risk factors (RF) of hearing loss (HL) varies from birth until many years of live. This study aimed to analyze whether the risk factors asphyxia, indirect bilirubin levels, prematurity, birth weight and sepsis in the newborn influenced to the incidence of HL.Method: The cohort prospective study in newborn baby with or without RF at Kariadi Hospital Juli 2010-Desember 2010. Basic data and RF were taken from medical records. Hearing examination with DPOAE and tympanometer were done when discharge from the hospital and 3-month-old baby. Sensory HL is refer DPOAE and type A of tympanogram. Data analysis was using the chisquare test and relative risk.Result: There were 112 babies with RF and 117 babies without RF. The incidence of HL after 3 month, were 9 babies (3.9%) at-risk group and 3 (1.3%) in the group without RF. The risk to sensory HL in the babies with many RF was 4 times greater than one RF. Prematurity and VLBW influenced the incidence of sensory HL. Multivariate logistic regression analysis found that VLBW independency influenced the incidence of sensory HL (RR=9.500 CI=1.091-82.725; p=0.041). Aspyxia, hiperbilirubinemia and sepsis not influenced the incidence of sensory HL.Conclusion: Prematurity and VLBW influenced the incidence of sensory HL. VLBW independently influenced the incidence of sensory HL.Keywords: Hearing loss, risk factors, newborn babyABSTRAKLatar belakang: Manifestasi klinik kurang pendengaran (KP) dari beberapa faktor risiko (FR) bervariasi dari sejak lahir sampai bayi umur beberapa bulan atau setelah beberapa tahun. FR yang dapat menyebabkan KP adalah asfiksia, berat badan lahir, prematuritas, kadar bilirubin indirek, dan sepsis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuktikan bahwa FR asfiksia, berat lahir, prematuritas, kadar bilirubin indirek dan sepsis pada bayi baru lahir secara sendiri atau bersama-sama berpengaruh terhadapkejadian KP tipe sensorik.Metode: Dilakukan penelitian kohort prospektif pada 229 bayi baru lahir dengan atau tanpa FR yang dirawat di RSUP Dr. Kariadi Semarang Juli 2010-Desember 2010. Data dasar dan FR diambil dari rekam medik. Pemeriksaan pendengaran dengan distortion product otoacustic emission (DPOAE) dan timpanometri sesaat sebelum pulang dan dievaluasi setelah 3 bulan. KP tipe sensorik bila hasil pemeriksaan DPOAE merujuk pada “refer” dan timpanogram menghasilkan tipe A. Analisis statistik digunakan uji Chi-squaredan risiko relatif.Hasil: Didapatkan 112 bayi dengan FR dan 117 bayi tanpa FR. Kejadian KP tipe sensorik pada 9 bayi dengan FR (3,9%) dan 3 bayi tanpa FR (1,3%). Bayi dengan beberapa FR mempunyai risiko 4 kali lebih besar terjadi KP tipe sensorik dibandingkan dengan bayi satu FR. Prematur dan BBLSR berpengaruh terhadap kejadian KP tipe sensorik. Analisis regresi logistik multivariat didapatkan BBLSR secara independen berpengaruh terhadap kejadian KP tipe sensorik (RR=9,500 CI=1,091-82,725; p=0,041). Asfiksia, hiperbilirubinemia dan sepsis tidak berpengaruh terhadap kejadian KP tipe sensorik. Asfiksia, hiperbilirubinemia dan sepsis tidak berpengaruh terhadap kejadian KP tipe sensorik.Simpulan: Prematur dan BBLSR berpengaruh terhadap kejadian KP tipe sensorik. BBLSR secara independen berpengaruh terhadap kejadian KP tipe sensorik.
Inspeksi Visual Asam Asetat (IVA) untuk Deteksi Dini Lesi Prakanker Serviks Sapto Wiyono; T. Mirza Iskandar; Suprijono Suprijono
MEDIA MEDIKA INDONESIANA 2008:MMI Volume 43 Issue 3 Year 2008
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Abstract

Visual acetic acid inspection (IVA) for early cervix pre cancer lesion detectionBackground: In 1985 WHO and had recommended an alternative approach, the down staging concept of cervical malignancy with visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) for developing countries. Displastic cervical epithelial cells will make an acethowhite appearance with VIA. It is important to know the sensitivity and specificity of VIA for early detection of cervical precancer lesion.Methods: A hundred and twenty subjects who fullfilled inclution criteria had Pap test, VIA and four quadrant biopsy. Fortyfive subjects came from Gynecology and fertility clinic at Dr. Kariadi hospital and seventy five subjects came from Indonesian Cancer Foundation Semarang. From all of these examination the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value were calculated by 2x2 tabel. Biopsy result was considered as gold standard.Results: Based on biopsy result there were 32 cases (26.7%) with normal finding, 31 cases (25.81%) with chronic cervicitis, 50 cases (41.6%) with chronic cervicitis with mild dysplasia, 3 cases (2.5%) with chronic cervicitis and moderate dysplasia, 2 cases (1.7%) with non specific inflammation, 2 cases (1.7%) with chronic cervicitis and mild dysplasia, 1 cases (0.8%) with malignancy. The sensitivity of Pap test was 55%, specificity 90%, PPV 84% and NPV 69% whether VIA had sensitivity 84%, specificity 89%, PPV87% and NPV 86%.Conclusions: Visual inspection with acetic acid has high sensitivity for early detection of cervical precancer lesion.Keywords: VIA, acetowhite, early detection, cervical precancer lesion.ABSTRAKLatar belakang: Tahun 1985 WHO merekomendasikan suatu pendekatan alternatif bagi negara yang sedang berkembang dengan konsep down staging terhadap kanker serviks dengan pemeriksaan IVA. Epitel serviks yang mengalami displasia akan memberikan gambaran acethowhile dengan pemeriksaan IVA. Untuk itu perlu diketahui seberapa besar sensitivitas dan spesifisitas dari pemeriksaan VIA dalam mendeteksi dini lesi prakanker serviks.Metode: Seratus dua puluh peserta penelitian, 45 berasal dari poliklinik ginekologi dan FER RSUP Dr. Kariadi dan 75 berasal dari YKI Cabang Semarang yang memenuhi kriteria penerimaan sampel dilakukan pemeriksaan tes Pap, IVA dan biopsi empat kuadran. Terhadap hasil pemeriksaan ini dilakukan perhitungan sensitivitas, spesifisitas, nilai duga positif maupun nilai duga negatifHasil: Berdasarkan hasil pemeriksaan biopsi didapatkan 32 subyek (26,7%) dengan hasil normal, 31 (25,8%) dengan servisitis kronis, 50 (41,6%) dengan servisitis kronis dengan displasia ringan, 3 (2,5%) servisitis kronis dengan displasia sedang, 2 (1,7%) dengan radang tidak spesifik dengan displasia ringan, 2 (1,7%) dengan radang tidak spesifik dan 1 (0,8%) dengan keganasan serviks. Sensitivitas untuk tes Pap 55%, spesifisitas 90%, nilai duga positif 84%, nilai duga negatif 69%, sedang sensitivitaspemeriksaan IVA 84%, spesifisitas 89%, nilai duga positif 87% dan nilai duga negatif 86%.Simpulan: Pemeriksaan IVA mempunyai sensitivitas yang tinggi untuk deteksi dini lesi prakanker serviks.
Studi Komparasi Pemeriksaan MRI 0,5 Tesla Terhadap EEG Skalp dan Evaluasi Hasil Operasi Berdasarkan Kriteria Engel pada Epilepsi Mesial Temporal Sclerosis Nurdopo Baskoro; Hermina Sukmaningtyas; Abubakar Abubakar
MEDIA MEDIKA INDONESIANA 2009:MMI VOLUME 43 ISSUE 4 YEAR 2009
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Abstract

Comparative study of MRI 0,5 Tesla result with scalp ECG and evaluation of surgery result based on Engel classification among patient with mesial temporal sclerosis epilepsy.Background: Accurate preoperative localization of the epileptic is important in the intraoperative localization of lesion which ultimately will control the postoperative seizures.Purpose: To investigate the association among routine scalp electroencephalographic (EEG), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) 0.5 Tesla and Surgical outcome using Engel’s criteria in Mesial Temporal Sclerosis (MTS).Methods: This study used is an analitical descriptive study with cross sectional design. Correlation between EEG and MRI was analized using the Kappa and MRI findings with operative outcome was analized using the Spearmann. Forty seven patients with intractable Epilepsy who underwent temporal lobe lobectomy between 2000 and 2007 were the subjects of the study.Results: Routine scalp EEG and MRI findings revealed that the focus were the mostly temporal lobe epileptiform in the right side. Comparing the EEG foci with MRI lesion, the study revealed same location of foci in the right side (42.6% vs 61.7%), in the left side (27.7% vs 27.7%), bilateral (14.9% vs 2.1%) and normal (14.9% vs 8.5%). The correlation of  lateralization of foci between EEG findings and MRI lesion is significan. There was association between the MRI 0.5 Tesla findings and operative outcome (r=0.352, p=0.015). All patients after surgery showed I-III Engel’s classification.Conclusions: Result of MRI 0.5 Tesla gives slight agreement with scalp ECG result but is associated with the operation outcome based on Engel classification.Keyword: MTS, EEG, MRI 0.5 T, Engel’s criteriaABSTRAKLatar belakang: Menentukan lokalisasi fokus epilepsi secara akurat sangat membantu dalam melokalisasi lesi intraoperasi yang pada akhirnya dapat mengkontrol serangan kejang pasca operasi.Tujuan: Untuk mencari hubungan antara pemeriksaan rutin elektroensefalografi (EEG) skalp dan MRI 0,5 Tesla dan hasil operasi berdasarkan kriteria Engel pada Mesial Temporal Sclerosis.Metode: Jenis penelitian ini menggunakan studi deskriptif analitik dengan desain Cross Sectional. Hubungan antara EEG dan MRI dilakukan analisis dengan Kappa dan antara temuan MRI dan hasil operasi dilakukan analisis dengan Uji korelasi Spearman. Dievaluasi sebanyak 47 pasien dengan epilepsi intraktabel yang telah dilakukan operasi lobektomi temporal antara tahun 2000- 2007.Hasil: Dari pemeriksaan EEG scalp dan MRI didapatkan fokus epilepsi lobus temporalis lebih banyak di sisi kanan. Perbandingan lokasi fokus berdasarkan EEG dan MRI adalah lokasi yang sama pada sisi kanan (42,6% vs 61,7%), pada sisi kiri (27,7% vs 27,7%), bilateral (14,9% vs 2,1%) dan normal (14,9% vs 8,5%). Lateralisasi fokus antara pemeriksaan EEG dan MRI menunjukkan hubungan yang bermakna. Ada hubungan antara pemeriksaan MRI 0,5 Tesla dan hasil operasi (r=0,352, p=0,015). Pasca operasi,semua pasien termasuk dalam kriteria Engel I-III.Simpulan: MRI 0,5 Tesla menunjukkan kesesuaian yang rendah dengan hasil EEG, namun berkorelasi dengan temuan hasil operasi.
Uji Validitas dan Reliabilitas Kwesioner Etiologi dan Faktor Risiko Kanker Nasofaring Awal Prasetyo; Bambang Hariwiyanto; Mohammad Hakimi; Soenarto Sastrowijoto
MEDIA MEDIKA INDONESIANA 2013:MMI VOLUME 47 ISSUE 1 YEAR 2013
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Abstract

ABSTRACT Validity and reliability tests on questionnaires designed for etiology and risk factors of nasopharynx cancerBackground: The etiology and risk factors of NPC is a combination of multi-risk factors of genetic history, lifestyle, environmental exposure, and EBV infection. Currently, there is no publication about NPC’s questionnaire. This study analyzed the reliability and validity of the questionnaire of NPC’s etiology and risk factors.Methods: The cross-sectional study of the questionnaires of NPC’s etiology and risk factors were filled by the used-tryout samples i.e NPC sufferers and their family members, in April to August 2012. The study were done at Anatomical Pathology Laboratory of Kariadi & St. Elisabeth Hospitals Semarang. There are three main constructs, namely; genetic, lifestyle, and environmental exposure. The 74 filled-questionnaires were tested by correlation analysis of product moment for the validity, and the reliability tests conducted with Cronbach's Alpha. The data were analyzed with SPSS for Windows version 17.0.Results: A test for risk family history constructs were valid (p>0.932) and reliabel (Cronbach's Alpha=0.864). A test for lifestyle with a Pearson Correlation were p>0.785 for smoking habit, eating salted fish p>0.793, eating grilled-fish p>0.862, eating pickled p>0.831, drinking alcohol p>0.760, instant noodle p>0.497, food preservation p>0.495, food contains MSG p>0.627, with Cronbach's Alpha>0.751. A test for environmental exposure risk were valid for the exposure to passive cigarette smoke (p>0.486) Cronbach's Alpha=0.789,the exposure of the home environment p>0.658 Cronbach's Alpha=0.832, exposure-related jobs p>0.373 Cronbach's Alpha=0.697, and chronic nasopharingitis are all valid (p>0.900) with Cronbach's Alpha=0851.Conclusions: The questionnaires designed as a tool of NPC’s etiology and risk factors are valid and reliable.Keywords: Validity, realibility, questionnaires, NPC’s etiology and risk factorsABSTRAKLatar belakang: Etiologi dan faktor risiko KNF merupakan kombinasi risiko riwayat genetik, gaya hidup, paparan lingkungan, dan infeksi EBV. Saat ini, belum ada publikasi tentang kwesioner KNF. Penelitian ini membuktikan validitas dan reliabilitas alat ukur kwesioner etiologi dan faktor risiko KNF.Metode: Penelitian cross-sectional terhadap hasil pengisian kwesioner etiologi dan faktor risiko KNF yang diisi oleh sampel tryout terpakai, yaitu penderita KNF dan anggota keluarganya, pada April - Agustus 2012, di Laboratorium Patologi Anatomi RSUP  Dr. Kariadi Semarang dan RS St. Elisabeth Semarang. Kwesioner berdasar pada tiga konstruk utama, yaitu risiko genetik, risiko kebiasaan/gaya hidup, dan risiko paparan lingkungan. Sebanyak 74 kwesioner dilakukan uji validitas dengan analisis korelasi product moment, serta uji reliabilitas Cronbach's Alpha. Data dianalisis dengan SPSS for Windows version 17.0.Hasil: Uji konstruk risiko riwayat keluarga didapatkan valid (p>0,932) dan reliabel (Cronbach's Alpha=0,864). Uji konstruk risiko gaya hidup dengan Pearson Correlation didapatkan p>0,785 untuk subkonstruk kebiasaan merokok, kebiasaan makan ikan asin p>0,793, kebiasaan makan ikan/daging asap/bakar p>0,862, kebiasaan makan asinan p>0,831, kebiasaan minum alkohol p>0,760, kebiasaan makan mie instan p>0,497, kebiasaan makan makanan awetan p>0,495, kebiasaan makanan mengandung MSG p>0,627, Cronbach's Alpha=0,751. Uji konstruk risiko paparan lingkungan didapatkan valid untuk subkonstruk paparan pasif asap rokok (p>0,486), Cronbach's Alpha=0,789, paparan lingkungan rumah p>0,380, Cronbach's Alpha=0,713, paparan yang berhubungan dengan pekerjaan p>0,373 Cronbach's Alpha=0,697, infeksi nasofaringitis kronik semuanya valid (p>0,900), Cronbach's Alpha=0,851.Simpulan: Kwesioner yang diuji sebagai alat ukur untuk menggali etiologi dan faktor risiko KNF layak dipergunakan karena valid dan reliabel
Ekstrak Keladi Tikus (Typhonium flagelliforme) Fraksi Diklorometanolik dan Ekspresi Caspase-3 dan p21 Cell-Line Kanker Payudara MCF-7 Agung Putra; Tjahjono Tjahjono; Winarto Winarto
MEDIA MEDIKA INDONESIANA 2011:MMI Volume 45 Issue 2 Year 2011
Publisher : MEDIA MEDIKA INDONESIANA

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ABSTRACTThe dichloromethanolic fraction of keladi tikus (Typhonium flagelliforme) extract and the expression of p21 and caspase-3 of MCF-7 breast cancer cell-lineBackground: Breast cancer has a high degree of heterogeneity and problems in therapy, such as insensitive to antiproliferation signal and able to escape from apoptosis program. Typhonium flagelliforme (Lodd), Blume (Araceae) more commonly known as keladi tikus in Indonesia, often used as alternative in treating cancer, including breast cancer. The objective of study is proving the dichloromethanolic fraction of Typhonium flagelliforme tuber extracts influence on the expression of caspase-3 and p21 of MCF-7 cell-line that have deletion in CASP-3 gene.Methods: This study adapts laboratory experimental in-vitro in cells-line MCF-7, with “post test control group only design” and divided into two groups, were incubated in 5h, 10h and 20h. The control group received no other treatment. The treatment group received the dichloromethanolic fraction of Typhonium flagelliforme tuber extracts in IC50. Starting with cytotoxicity assay using MTT to determine the IC50, followed by Immunocytochemical analysis to observe the expression of p21 and caspase-3.Results: Paired sample T test shows a significant differences in treatment groups compared with the controls (p<0.05), namely an increase in the expression of nuclear p21 and caspase-3 on 20h incubation.Conclusion: There were increased in the expression of caspase-3 and nuclear p21, as well as depleted the cytoplasmic of p21 on MCF-7 cell-line that have deletion in CASP-3 in treatment by tuber extract of Typhonium flagelliforme dichloromethanolic fraction.Keywords: p21, caspase-3, MCF-7 cell-line, Typhonium flagelliformeABSTRAKLatar belakang: Kanker payudara mempunyai tingkat heterogenitas tinggi dan problem dalam terapi, diantaranya tidak sensitif terhadap signal antiproliferasi dan mampu menghindar dari program apoptosis. Typhonium flagelliforme (Lodd). Blume (Araceae) yang lebih dikenal sebagai keladi tikus di Indonesia, sering digunakan sebagai alternatif dalam mengobati penyakit kanker,termasuk kanker payudara. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk membuktikan pengaruh Typhonium flagelliforme terhadap ekspresi caspase- 3 dan p21 pada cell-line MCF-7 yang mengalami delesi gen CASP-3.Metode: Penelitian eksperimental laboratorik secara invitro pada cell-line MCF-7, dengan rancangan penelitian post test control group only design, yang dibagi dalam 2 kelompok dan diinkubasi dalam 5 jam, 10 jam dan 20 jam. Kelompok kontrol tidak mendapatkan perlakuan, sedangkan kelompok perlakuan mendapatkan ekstrak umbi Typhonium flagelliforme fraksi diklorometanolik kadar 62,08 μg/mL(IC50). Dimulai dengan uji sitotoksisitas menggunakan MTT untuk menentukan IC50, dilanjutkananalisis imunositokimia untuk melihat ekspresi p21 dan caspase-3.Hasil: Paired sample T test menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan bermakna pada kelompok perlakuan dibandingkan kontrol (p<0,05), dimana terjadi peningkatan ekspresi caspase-3 dan p21 nukleus serta deplesi p21 sitoplasmik pada inkubasi 20 jam.Simpulan: Ekstrak umbi Typhonium flagelliforme fraksi diklorometanolik mampu meningkatkan ekspresi caspase-3 dan p21 nukleus serta deplesi p21 sitoplasmik cell-line MCF-7 yang mengalami delesi gen CASP-3.
Asupan Energi, Karbohidrat, Serat, Beban Glikemik, Latihan Jasmani dan Kadar Gula Darah pada Pasien Diabetes Mellitus Tipe 2 Fitri RI; Yekti Wirawanni
MEDIA MEDIKA INDONESIANA 2012:MMI VOLUME 46 ISSUE 2 YEAR 2012
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Abstract

Energy intake, carbohydrate intake, fiber intake, glycemic load, exercise and blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitusBackgrounds: The worldwide prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is increasing at epidemic proportion. Dietary patterns and sedentary lifestyle are risk factors of type 2 DM.Objective: The study aimed to examine the association between carbohydrate intake, total energy intake, fiber intake, glycemic load, frequency of exercise and duration of exercise with fasting blood glucose levels and with 2h postprandial blood glucose levels. Method: In this observational study with crossectional approach, 46 adults with type 2 DM. The subjects consisted of 17 male and 29 female. This study was performed at Dr. Kariadi Hospital during February-March 2008. Data on food consumption was obtained using semi quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and recall. Data on exercise was obtained using questionnaire. Data on blood glucose level was obtained from medical records. Data analysis used Pearson Product Moment and multiple regression to test this associations.Results: Most (76.1% and 78.3%) subjects had high fasting blood glucose and 2h pp. In bivariate analysis, significant associations with fasting blood glucose level were observed for carbohydrate intake (r=0.638, p=0.000), total energy intake (r=0.539, p=0.000), fiber intake (r=-0.670, p=0.000), glycemic load (r=0.345, p=0.019), frequency of exercise (r=-0.561, p=0.000), and duration of exercise (r=-0.393, p=0.007). Significant associations with 2h postprandial blood glucose level were also observed for total energy intake (r=0.673, p=0.000), fiber intake (r=-0.638, p=0.000), glycemic load (r=0.775, p=0.000), frequency of exercise (r=-0.482, p=0.001), and duration of exercise (r=-0.393, p=0.007). Fiber intake, frequency of exercise and duration of exercise were negatively associated with fasting blood glucose levels and with 2h postprandial blood glucose levels. Carbohydrate intake, total energy intake, fiber intake, glycemic load, frequency of exercise and duration of exercise influenced 69.7% fasting blood glucose levels and 71.3%2h blood glucose levels.Conclusion: The unsuccessful blood glucose level central are associated with food intake glycemic index of the food and physical activity.Keywords: Carbohydrate intake, total energy, fiber, glycemic load, exercise, blood glucose levels, type 2 diabetes mellitus ABSTRAKLatar belakang: Prevalensi diabetes mellitus (DM) tipe 2 meningkat secara epidemologis di seluruh dunia. Pola makan dan pola hidup santai merupakan faktor risiko DM tipe 2.Tujuan: Menjelaskan hubungan asupan energi, asupan karbohidrat, asupan serat, beban glikemik, frekuensi latihan jasmani dan durasi latihan jasmani dengan kadar gula darah puasa dan kadar gula darah 2 jam postprandial (2 jam pp).Metode: Penelitian ini bersifat observasional dengan pendekatan belah lintang dilaksanakan di Rumah Sakit Dr. Kariadi Semarang selama bulan Febuari-Maret 2008 dengan 46 pasien DM sebagai subyek penelitian, yang terdiri atas 17 orang laki-laki dan 29 orang perempuan. Data asupan makanan diperoleh dengan formulir frekuensi makan semi kuantitatif dan recall. Data latihan jasmani diperoleh dengan kuesioner. Data kadar gula darah diperoleh dari buku rekam medik. Analisis data menggunakan korelasiPearson Product Moment dan regresi linear ganda.Hasil: Sebagian besar (76,1%) dan (78,3%) subyek mempunyai kadar gula darah puasa dan 2 jam pp dengan kategori tinggi. Terdapat hubungan bermakna untuk kadargula darah puasa dengan asupan energi (r=0,539, p=0,000), karbohidrat (r=0,638, p=0,000), serat (r=-0,670, p=0,000), beban glikemik (r=0,345, p=0,019), frekuensi latihan jasmani (r=-0,561, p=0,000) dan durasi latihan jasmani (r=-0,393, p=0,007). Terdapat hubungan bermakna antara kadar gula darah 2 jam pp dengan asupan energi (r=0,673, p=0,000), asupan serat (r=-0,638, p=0,000), beban glikemik (r=0,775, p=0,000), frekuensi latihan jasmani (r=-0,482, p=0,001) dan durasi latihan jasmani (r=-0,393, p=0,007). Asupan energi, karbohidrat, serat, beban glikemik, frekuensi latihan jasmani dan durasi latihan jasmani secara bersama-sama mempengaruhi 69,7% kadar gula darah puasa, dan 71,3% kadar  gula darah 2 jam pp.Simpulan: Ketidakberhasilan pengendalian kadar gula darah berhubungan dengan asupan dan beban glikemik makanan serta aktivitas fisik yang rendah.
Pengembangan Sistem Kewaspadaan Dini Malaria Berbasis Sistem Informasi Lingkungan (EIS-EWSM) Bagi Pengambilan Kebijakan di Daerah Endemis Pedesaan Pulau Ambon Salakory Melianus
MEDIA MEDIKA INDONESIANA 2012:MMI VOLUME 46 ISSUE 3 YEAR 2012
Publisher : MEDIA MEDIKA INDONESIANA

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Abstract

Development of malaria early warning system based environmental information systems (EIS-EWSM) to policy making in endemic areas of rural Ambon IslandBackground: The study on the incidence of malaria by using environment risk approach that emphasizes the linkage relationship between the host (host), agent (agent), and the environment (environment) need to be used more widely in public health in controlling the prevalence, incidence and distribution in an effort to prevent an increase in malaria cases/outbreaks of malaria. Were assessing the environmental parameters that can be used in the preparation of the environmental information system for decisionmaking in malaria endemic areas of Ambon Island, developed a model (prototype) environmental information system test the model (prototype), develop The EWSM, based on existing environmental information.Method: The design of this study was retrospective and prospective study design with time series observational approach; since March-November 2009 (for 9 whole months: dry season, early rain, the peak rainy, early dry/transition).Result: The results of a retrospective study, determined two potential areas of endemic malaria on the island of Ambon, namely: the village of Passo Baguala district city of Ambon, and the village of Hila-Kaitetu Leihitu district of district Central Molluca. Significant environmental risk factors included as model parameters are: density of larvae, ways of handling waste, drainage conditions, the proportion of forest, swamp proportion, the proportion of water bodies, the state of salinity, pH conditions, wind conditions, the state of precipitation, air humidity conditions, the state of air temperature, and density of the vector (Anopheles mosquito).Conclusions: Prepared by GIS, and maps of malaria distribution and map of priority malaria endemic in the village of Passo and Hila village. The EIS-EWSM, is a software that gives early warning outbreaks of malaria on the basis of environmental information. The program is also equipped with installation guide, and guide the application operates.Keywords: Development, malaria early warning system, based environmental information systems (EIS-EWSM), endemic areas, Rural Ambon Island ABSTRAKPendahuluan: Kajian terhadap kejadian malaria dengan menggunakan pendekatan lingkungan risiko yang menitikberatkan pada keterkaitan hubungan antara inang (host), agen (agent), dan lingkungan (environment) perlu digunakan secara lebih luas pada kesehatan masyarakat dalam melakukan pengontrolan terhadap prevalensi, insidensi dan distribusinya sebagai upaya untuk mencegah terjadinya peningkatan kasus Malaria/KLB Malaria. Tujuan khusus yang ingin dicapai dalam penelitian ini sebagai berikut adalah mengkaji parameter lingkungan yang dapat digunakan dalam penyusunan Sistem Informasi Lingkungan Malaria bagi pengambilan kebijakan di daerah Endemis Pulau Ambon, mengembangkan model (prototype) sistem informasinya, melakukan uji coba model (prototype) sistem informasi tersebut, kemudian mengembangkan EWSM.Metode: Rancangan penelitian ini adalah rancangan penelitian retrospektif dan diteruskan secara prospektif dengan pendekatan Time Series observational sejak Maret-  Nopember 2009 (musim kemarau, awal hujan, puncak hujan, awal kemarau/pancaroba).Hasil: Hasil studi retrospektif dipakai untuk menentukan dua daerah potensi endemis malaria di pulau Ambon yaitu desa Passo (wilayah Puskesmas Passo) kecamatan Baguala Kota Ambon, dan desa Hila-Kaitetu (wilayah Puskesmas Hila) Kecamatan Leihitu Kabupaten Maluku Tengah. Hasil studi secara prospektif, ditemukan faktor lingkungan risiko yang signifikan dimasukkan sebagai parameter model adalah kepadatan jentik, cara penanganan sampah (konteiner), keadaan drainase, proporsi hutan, proporsi rawa, proporsi tubuh air, keadaan salinitas, keadaan pH, keadaan angin, keadaan curah hujan, keadaan kelembaban udara, keadaan suhu udara, dan kepadatan vektor (nyamuk anopheles).Simpulan: Olahan dengan SIG, menghasilkan peta distribusi malaria serta peta prioritas endemis malaria di desa Passo dan di desa Hila. EIS-EWSM, merupakan software yangmemberikan peringatan dini terjadinya KLB malaria dengan basis informasi lingkungan. Program tersebut dilengkapi pula dengan panduan penginstalan, dan panduan  mengoperasikan aplikasi.
Asupan Mikronutrien, Kadar Hemoglobin dan Kesegaran Jasmani Remaja Putri Citta Cendani; Etisa Adi Murbawani
MEDIA MEDIKA INDONESIANA 2011:MMI Volume 45 Issue 1 Year 2011
Publisher : MEDIA MEDIKA INDONESIANA

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ABSTRACTMicronutrient intake, hemoglobin levels and physical fitness amongst female adolescentsBackground: Female adolescents is a group that is suspectible to anemia. Iron, zinc, copper, folic acid, vitamin B6 and vitamin B12 intake are factors among others that influence hemoglobin level. People with anemia would have the low physical fitness. The objective of this study was to understand the association between micronutrient intake (iron, zinc, copper, folic acid, vitamin B6, vitamin B12) with hemoglobin level, and hemoglobin level with physical fitness of female adolescents.Method: The design of this study was a cross sectional and the number of subject were 40 chosen by simple random sampling from 10th and 11th grade students that fulfill the inclusion criteria. Data on nutrients intake were obtained using semi quantitative food frequencies. The hemoglobin level was measured by cyanmethaemoglobin method, whereas physical fitness level was measured byharvard step test.Results: There were 32 subjects (80%) categorized as having very low and low from physical fitness. There were 10 subjects (25%) anemic. Eight subjects had low from physical fitness. There were significant associations between iron, zinc, copper, folic acid and vitamin B6 intake with hemoglobin level. There were no significant association between vitamin B12 with hemoglobin level.Regression analysis showed that iron intake contributed 67.7% variant to hemoglobin level. There were no significant association between hemoglobin level with physical fitness after controlled by nutritional status and physical activity.Conclusion: Intake of Fe, Zn, Cu, folic acid and B6 are associated with hemoglobin level, but hemoglobin level is not associated with physical fitness.Keyword: Female adolescents, physical fitness, hemoglobin, iron, zinc, copper, folic acid, vitamin B6, vitamin B12ABSTRAKLatar belakang: Remaja putri merupakan golongan yang rawan terhadap anemia. Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi terjadinya anemia diantaranya adalah asupan mikronutrien seperti besi, seng, tembaga, folat, vitamin B6, vitamin B12. Seseorang yang mengalami anemia dapat memiliki tingkat kesegaran jasmani yang kurang. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan antara asupan mikronutrien (besi, seng, tembaga, folat, vitamin B6, vitamin B12) dengan kadar hemoglobin dan hubungan kadar hemoglobin dengan kesegaran jasmani remaja putri.Metode: Desain penelitian cross sectional dengan jumlah subyek 40 dipilih secara simple random sampling dari kelas X dan XI yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Data asupan diperoleh dengan semi quantitative food frequencies. Kadar Hb diukur dengan metodecyanmethaemoglobin, sedangkan tingkat kesegaran jasmani diukur dengan metode harvard step test.Hasil: Sebanyak 32 subyek (80%) termasuk dalam kategori tingkat kesegaran jasmani sangat kurang sampai kurang. Sebanyak 10 subyek (25%) termasuk dalam kategori anemia. Sebanyak 8 subyek diantaranya memiliki tingkat kesegaran jasmani kurang. Ada hubungan antara asupan besi, seng, tembaga, folat, vitamin B6 dengan kadar hemoglobin. Analisis data dengan uji regresi didapatkan bahwa 67,7% kadar hemoglobin dapat dijelaskan oleh asupan zat besi. Tidak ada hubungan antara asupan vitamin B12 dengan kadar hemoglobin. Tidak ada hubungan antara kadar hemoglobin dengan kesegaran jasmani setelah dikontrol dengan status gizi dan aktivitas fisik .Simpulan: Asupan Fe, Zn, Cu, asam folat dan B6 berhubungan dengan kadar hemoglobin, namun kadar hemoglobin tidak berhubungan dengan kesegaran jasmani
Osteoporosis dan Faktor Risikonya pada Lansia Etnis Jawa Fatmah Fatmah
MEDIA MEDIKA INDONESIANA 2008:MMI Volume 43 Issue 2 Year 2008
Publisher : MEDIA MEDIKA INDONESIANA

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ABSTRACTOsteoporosis and its risk factors among Javanese elderly.Background: Osteoporosis is marked by the reduction of Bone Mass Density caused by multifactor. Osteoporosis is often found among elderly people, and at present still a problem in public health. At present data on prevalence of osteoporosis among Javanese elderly is not available. The objective of the study was to analyze the prevalence of osteoporosis among the elderly Javanese with its risk factors.Method: The risk of osteoporosis was measured by using Sahara Clinical Bone Sonometer, and T<-2.5 score was the criteria of osteoporosis.Result: The study showed that osteoporosis in the rural was lower than in the urban. Osteoporosis proportion among females was twice bigger than males. There was osteoporosis proportion development based on age group. Level of education, physical activity and occupational activity were related to osteoporosis. Respondents with low level of education had the mean and osteoporosis proportion higher than those with high/middle level of education. Percentage of osteoporosis among elderly with low level of physical and occupational activity was also higher than those who had high level. Calcium and protein intakes had no relevance withosteoporosis occurrence.Conclusions: Rural and urban areas, sex, age, level of education, work status, and weight are osteoporosis risk factors. Sex was the main osteoporosis determinant in this study. Keywords: Osteoporosis, sex, age, education, physical activity, occupational activity level ABSTRAKLatar belakang: Osteoporosis ditandai menurunnya densitas massa tulang yang disebabkan oleh multifaktor. Osteoporosis sering ditemukan pada lansia dan saat ini masih menjadi masalah kesehatan masyarakat. Saat ini informasi data epidemiologi tentang osteoporosis pada lansia etnis Jawa belum diketahui. Tujuan studi adalah untuk menganalisis proporsi dan faktor-faktor risiko osteoporosis lansia Suku Jawa.Metode: Studi cross sectional dilakukan masing-masing di 3 wilayah pedesaan dan perkotaan. Lokasi diperoleh melalui two stages stratified random sampling, sedangkan subyek melalui acak sederhana. Risiko osteoporosis dinilai dengan menggunakan alat Sahara Clinical Bone Sonometer dengan kriteria osteoporosis memiliki nilai skor T<-2,5.Hasil: Diperoleh 812 subyek penelitian. Proporsi osteoporosis di desa sedikit lebih rendah daripada kota. Perempuan memiliki proporsi osteoporosis dua kali lebih besar daripada laki-laki. Terdapat peningkatan osteoporosis berdasarkan umur. Tingkat pendidikan, beban pekerjaan harian, dan aktivitas fisik berhubungan dengan osteoporosis. Responden dengan tingkat pendidikan akhir yang rendah memiliki mean dan proporsi osteoporosis lebih tinggi daripada tingkat pendidikan tinggi/menengah. Persentase osteoporosis responden pada aktivitas fisik rendah dan beban pekerjaan harian rendah lebih tinggi dibandingkan tingkat berat. Asupan kalsium dan protein tidak berhubungan dengan kejadian osteoporosis.Simpulan: Wilayah tinggal, jenis kelamin, umur, tingkat pendidikan akhir, tingkat aktivitas fisik, dan tingkat beban pekerjaan harian merupakan faktor-faktor risiko osteoporosis lansia Etnis Jawa. Jenis kelamin adalah determinan utama osteoporosis dalam studi ini.

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