cover
Article Per Year (5 Year)
All
Home Page
OAI Link
Editorial Team
Contact
Reviewer
Google Scholar
Contact Name
Adi Darmawan
Contact Email
adidarmawan@live.undip.ac.id
Phone
-
Journal Mail Official
jksa@live.undip.ac.id
Editorial Address
-
Location
Kota semarang,
Jawa tengah
INDONESIA
JURNAL KIMIA SAINS DAN APLIKASI
Published by Universitas Diponegoro
ISSN : 14108917     EISSN : 25979914     DOI : -
Core Subject : Science, Engineering,
Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry Engineering
urnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi (p-ISSN: 1410-8917) and e-ISSN: 2597-9914) is published by Department of Chemistry, Diponegoro University. This journal is published four times per year and publishes research, review and short communication in field of Chemistry.
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 796 Documents
 72   73   74   75   76 
Synthesis of Sulfonated Chitosan as An Active Agent of Antibacterial Packaging for Fish Fillets Dwi Susilo; Syahnindita Dyah Ajeng Wartari; Ngadiwiyana Ngadiwiyana; Purbowatiningrum Ria Sarjono; Ismiyarto Ismiyarto
Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi Vol 27, No 9 (2024): Volume 27 Issue 9 Year 2024
Publisher : Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jksa.27.9.409-418

Abstract

Modifying chitosan by increasing its hydrophilic properties through sulfonation reactions will increase its solubility in water and antibacterial activity and expand the application of chitosan. This study aims to determine the antibacterial activity of sulfonated chitosan film applied as fish fillet packaging using the total plate count method. Sulfonated chitosan in this study was successfully synthesized by reacting chitosan with 1,3-propane sultone. Sulfonated chitosan products were characterized using FTIR and UV-Vis spectrophotometers, while antibacterial activity was measured using the disc diffusion method. The optimum temperature for sulfonated chitosan synthesis was 60°C (SCS60). The resulting SCS 60 was a yellowish-white solid soluble in water with a yield of 61.46% and a degree of substitution of 33%. The diameters of the SCS 60 inhibition zone against E. coli and S. aureus isolates were 7 and 10 mm, respectively. SCS60-gelatin film is elastic (elongation 272%) and more hydrophobic with a contact angle of 90.12° compared to chitosan-gelatin film (62.8°). SCC60-gelatin film was able to suppress bacterial growth in fish fillets by up to 0.3 × 104 cfu/g compared to unpackaged fish (30 × 104 cfu/g). Sulfonated chitosan has the potential to be an antibacterial food packaging material.
The Synthesis and Characterization of A New Composite Material Ca-Mg-NH₄-PO₄ Dolomite-Based for Effective Multinutrient Fertilizer in Plant Growth Noni Aulia; Vica Brilliany Sanjaya; Ketut Sumada; Lilik Suprianti
Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi Vol 27, No 11 (2024): Volume 27 Issue 11 Year 2024
Publisher : Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jksa.27.11.531-537

Abstract

The rapid expansion of Indonesia's agricultural sector has led to a surge in fertilizer demand. Dolomite lime shows potential as a promising alternative material to enhance fertilizer quality. This study aims to synthesize and characterize a Ca-Mg-NH4-PO4 composite using dolomite as a precursor through precipitation. The synthesis was successfully achieved through several stages, beginning with dolomite preparation, dissolution in 5N phosphoric acid, and subsequent precipitation with ammonium hydroxide at pH 8, 30°C, with a stirring speed of 450 rpm. The resulting composite was analyzed using various analytical techniques to evaluate its structural, morphological, and elemental compositions. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) results indicated the formation of struvite crystals at positions 2θ = 20.828°, 30.539°, 33.234°, brushite crystals at position 2θ = 11.650°, and impurity compounds that appeared during the synthesis process. Impurities affecting crystal purity were detected but could be minimized through washing. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed a monoclinic crystal morphology with particle sizes ranging from 4.32 μm to 579 nm. X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) and Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) analysis verified the presence of Ca, Mg, NH₄, and PO₄ components in the composite. Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis showed that the composite has P-O-C functional groups at 949 cm⁻¹, 972 cm⁻¹, and 1027 cm⁻¹, and N-H functional groups at 1466 cm⁻¹. Overall, this Ca-Mg-NH₄-PO₄ composite derived from dolomite demonstrates promising characteristics as a multi-nutrient fertilizer, offering a high-quality option to support sustainable agricultural practices.
Design, Fabrication, and Testing of Salt Spray as An Atmospheric Corrosion Test Tool Using MgCl₂ and NaCl Solutions Sri Hastuty; Darius Tegar Oktaviyanto; Fatwa Khoirrun Nadhor; Wahyu Caesarendra; Muhammad Awwaluddin
Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi Vol 27, No 10 (2024): Volume 27 Issue 10 Year 2024
Publisher : Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jksa.27.10.499-509

Abstract

The research aimed to design a salt spray chamber adhering to ASTM-B117 standards and test the chamber with determine the atmospheric corrosion rate in a salt spray chamber using steel materials (ST 37 and SS 304) in NaCl and MgCl2 solutions. Corrosion tests spanned 48 hours, with time variables of 4, 6, and 8 hours of wet and dry cycle for 48 hours total. The objective was to design salt spray chamber and test the chamber to compare the corrosion rate based on solution and material selected. Visual inspections post-corrosion included macro photos, microscopy, SEM, and EDS analyses. Weight loss in Steel ST 37, cleaned per ASTM G1 with HCl, was also assessed. Corrosion rates of Steel ST 37 varied marginally across time variables and solutions. NaCl corrosion rates at 4, 6, and 8 hours averaged 4.5232, 5.8418, and 6.7148 mmpy, respectively. For MgCl2, rates were 4.2564, 5.3436, and 6.0915 mmpy, respectively. Stainless steel exhibited higher resistance compared to Steel ST 37. In conclusion, both NaCl and MgCl2 solutions accelerate corrosion, with NaCl inducing a higher rate. Stainless steel outperforms Steel ST 37, and the chamber material displays resilience against atmospheric corrosion.
Synthesis and Characterization of Zirconium Dioxide Nanoparticles in Various Liquid Media by Nd:YAG Pulse Laser Ablation and Its Antibacterial Application Dwi Endah Ni’matul Amalia; Iis Nurhasanah; Ali Khumaeni
Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi Vol 27, No 10 (2024): Volume 27 Issue 10 Year 2024
Publisher : Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jksa.27.10.464-469

Abstract

The issue of antibiotic resistance by bacteria has been studied to develop a new agent to inhibit bacterial activity. Recent studies have reported on nanoparticles promising antibacterial properties. Zirconium dioxide nanoparticles (ZrO2 NPs) have emerged as potential antibacterial agents for gram-negative bacteria. Nevertheless, there remains a gap in research done on producing stable nanoparticles. Additionally, it studies the impact of the liquid environment in the synthesis to keep a small size. In this present work, ZrO2 NPs have been successfully synthesized in various liquids by pulse laser ablation using the Nd:YAG laser. The laser was ablated on the surface of a zirconium metal plate in different liquid media, such as deionized water, ethylene diamine, and chitosan solution. Furthermore, the liquid media used has an effect on the characteristics of ZrO2 NPs and their antibacterial properties. An investigation of scanning electron microscope images reveals that ZrO2 NPs in deionized water, ethylene diamine, and chitosan solutions have a spherical morphology with diameters measuring around 24.33 nm, 19.76 nm, and 15.05 nm, respectively. The antibacterial effect of ZrO2 NPs in chitosan solution against E. coli bacteria is assessed by measuring the diameter of the inhibition zone (DIZ), which has greater colloidal stability than the other liquid media. The findings indicate that the stability and small size of nanoparticles enhance the ability to inhibit the growth of bacteria.
Synthesis of TiO₂/Hydroxyapatite Composite Based on Chicken Egg Shells for Methylene Blue Photodegradation Dhea Annisa Zein; F. Widhi Mahatmanti; Sri Wahyuni; Nuni Widiarti
Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi Vol 28, No 1 (2025): Volume 28 Issue 1 Year 2025
Publisher : Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jksa.28.1.31-38

Abstract

Hydroxyapatite (HAp) was synthesized using low-cost eggshell waste and employed as a composite support material for a TiO2 photocatalyst. The TiO2/HAp composite was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and a surface area analyzer (SAA). XRD analysis confirmed the presence of TiO2/HAp, revealing a crystallite size of 9.42 nm. The FTIR spectra further verified the characteristic peaks of TiO2/HAp, corresponding to those of TiO2 and HAp. BET-BJH analysis indicated that the surface area followed the trend TiO2 > TiO2/HAp > HAp trend, while the pore volume and diameter followed the HAp > TiO2 > TiO2/HAp. The photocatalytic activity of TiO2/HAp in methylene blue degradation was evaluated using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer, demonstrating excellent performance. The TiO2/HAp composite achieved a 99.10% photodegradation of 20 ppm methylene blue within 120 minutes, with an adsorption capacity of 8.3078 mg/g. The photodegradation efficiency for 40 ppm methylene blue was 86.47%, with an adsorption capacity of 13.6335 mg/g. These results confirm that HAp effectively inhibits the electron recombination process in TiO2, thereby enhancing its photocatalytic performance. This study highlights the potential of HAp for developing cost-effective and high-efficiency TiO2-based photocatalysts, offering a sustainable and environmentally friendly approach to water purification.
Authentication of Processed Beef Sausage Products Using Chemometric Analysis Based on FTIR Spectrophotometry Data Sonny Widiarto; Raisha Fauziyah; Triana Puji Astari; Ni Luh Gede Ratna Juliasih; Sutopo Hadi; La Zakaria; Irwan Saputra
Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi Vol 28, No 1 (2025): Volume 28 Issue 1 Year 2025
Publisher : Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jksa.28.1.39-46

Abstract

This study aims to detect chicken meat contamination in beef sausage products distributed in Bandar Lampung City, Lampung Province. The selection of chicken and beef for this research is based on economic factors, as the higher price of beef compared to chicken drives the adulteration of meat products. The sausage fat was obtained using the Soxhlet extraction method with n-hexane solvent. Subsequently, the sausage fat extract was analyzed using FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared) spectrophotometry to obtain infrared spectral data. This data was then analyzed using chemometric methods PCA (Principal Component Analysis) and PLS (Partial Least Squares). The PCA analysis results indicated that commercial sausages (AP, BP, CP, DP, and EP) and pure beef sausages showed closely clustered samples, suggesting similar physical and chemical properties with pure beef sausages. The PLS calibration set analysis yielded a model with a coefficient of determination (R2) value of 0.970409 and a root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC) parameter value of 0.09%, while the PLS validation set analysis produced a model with a coefficient of determination (R2) value of 0.963486 and a root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) parameter value of 0.13%. Based on the PLS model predictions, it was determined that the percentage of chicken meat mixed in beef sausages circulating in the market ranged from 0.0281% to 0.1106%. This indicates a small but notable adulteration in beef sausages with chicken meat.
Application of Polymer Inclusion Membrane in the Transport of Malachite Green Dye Using Copolymer(Eugenol-Diallyl Phthalate) 2% as a Carrier Rusyda Maulida Khairati; Agung Abadi Kiswandono; Rinawati Rinawati; Dwiky Ihwan Ma'ruf
Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi Vol 28, No 1 (2025): Volume 28 Issue 1 Year 2025
Publisher : Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jksa.28.1.8-15

Abstract

Malachite green is a compound commonly used as a dye for silk, leather, wool, cotton, and paper. Additionally, malachite green is utilized as a bacterial stain in microscopic analysis of cells and tissues. This study explores the transport of malachite green using the 2% copolymer of eugenol-diallyl phthalate (Co-EDAF) with the Polymer Inclusion Membrane (PIM) method. Several parameters influencing the transport of malachite green were investigated, including the pH of the source phase, HNO3 concentration in the receiving phase, PIM membrane thickness, and transport duration. The PIMs were prepared by dissolving the carrier 2% Co-EDAF, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and dibenzyl ether (DBE) in tetrahydrofuran (THF). The concentration of malachite green after transport was measured using UV-Vis spectrophotometry at a wavelength of 613 nm. The results showed that the PIM with 2% Co-EDAF effectively transported malachite green with an efficiency of 91.30% under optimal conditions: source phase pH of 9, HNO3 concentration of 0.75 M, PIM membrane thickness at T54, and transport duration of 18 hours.
Synthesis of Calcium Glyceroxide Catalyst from Pensi Shells for CPO-Based Biodiesel Production Addin Akbar; Dedy Rahmad; Eko Supriadi; Dwi Kemala Putri
Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi Vol 28, No 1 (2025): Volume 28 Issue 1 Year 2025
Publisher : Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jksa.28.1.1-7

Abstract

The synthesis of a calcium glyceroxide catalyst derived from pensi shells for biodiesel production using crude palm oil (CPO) has been successfully conducted. The catalyst was prepared via the wet impregnation method by reacting CaO with glycerol in methanol as a solvent for 5 hours at 65°C, with catalyst-to-glycerol ratios of 1:1, 1:1.5, and 1:2. The glycerol used was obtained from crude glycerol, a by-product of biodiesel transesterification. CaO was derived from the calcination of pensi shells at 1000°C. The synthesized catalyst was tested for activity in biodiesel production from CPO. The test parameters included catalyst concentrations of 1.5%, 2%, and 2.5%, reaction times of 2 hours and 4 hours, and oil-to-methanol molar ratios of 1:5. The biodiesel yield for a 2-hour reaction time at catalyst concentrations of 1.5%, 2%, and 2.5% was 56.32%, 54.80%, and 50.19%, respectively. For a 4-hour reaction time at the same concentrations, the biodiesel yields were 40.28%, 60.73%, and 65.98%, respectively. Catalyst characterization was performed using XRD, XRF, SEM, and FTIR to support the activity test data. SEM analysis visually confirmed the bonding between CaO and glycerol. XRD results revealed the highest peaks at 2θ angles of 37.621° for CaO and 34.101° for Ca(OH)2, indicating a bond formation between CaO and glycerol. XRF analysis determined a CaO concentration of 96.21%. FTIR analysis identified the presence of glycerol through dominant -OH and C-O groups. The quality of the resulting biodiesel was tested against SNI (Indonesian National Standard) parameters. The analysis showed the highest methyl ester content (95.6%) at a reaction time of 4 hours. The highest oxidation stability (10.77 hours) was observed at a reaction time of 2 hours. Additional results included an acid number of 0.1%, total glycerol content of 0.279%-b, free glycerol content of 0.018%-b, and viscosity at 40°C of 3.559 mm2/s. The quality test results demonstrated that several parameters met SNI biodiesel standards.
Synthesis and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles-Chitosan Beads as Antibacterial Agents Ayu Safirah; Atik Rismawati; Mohammad Alauhdin; Sri Wardani
Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi Vol 28, No 1 (2025): Volume 28 Issue 1 Year 2025
Publisher : Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jksa.28.1.47-52

Abstract

One of the key innovations in silver nanoparticle (AgNPs) material development is the formation of AgNPs/chitosan beads, which exhibit enhanced properties and broader functionality compared to chitosan or AgNPs alone. In this study, AgNPs/chitosan beads were synthesized using glutaraldehyde as a binding agent and sodium citrate as a reducing agent—both of which are safe and non-toxic, enabling broader applications. The synthesized beads were characterized to assess their chemical and physical properties, including functional groups, morphology, and crystallinity. Characterization results confirmed the successful cross-linking of chitosan by glutaraldehyde, enhancing the material’s physical and chemical strength. The chitosan beads appeared white, while AgNPs/chitosan beads were brownish, with an average bead size of 1.99 mm. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that the silver in the chitosan beads exhibited a face-centered cubic crystal structure. Antibacterial testing demonstrated that AgNPs/chitosan beads exhibited superior antibacterial activity compared to chitosan beads, attributed to the release of Ag+ ions from the matrix.
Zeolite and Its Potential as a Catalyst: A Study of Alternative Mineral Development in the Process of Converting Sugar Compounds into 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Ainun Jariyah; Veronika P. Sinta Mbia Wae; Yulius Dala Ngapa
Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi Vol 28, No 1 (2025): Volume 28 Issue 1 Year 2025
Publisher : Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jksa.28.1.16-22

Abstract

Synthesis of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) from sugar compounds in the form of glucose using natural zeolite catalysts Ende-Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT) through activation and modification of Cr metal impregnation processes has been carried out. This study aims to determine the potential of Ende natural zeolite as a catalyst in converting sugar compounds into HMF. The results showed that natural zeolite from Ende without activation, the process of activating acid-base compounds, and zeolite with the Cr metal embedding method had the potential as a catalyst for the transformation of sugar compounds into HMF. The resulting yield of glucose substrate was around 50.17%. Using a Cr-zeolite catalyst resulted in an HMF yield for glucose substrate of 26.78%. Overall, Ende natural zeolite can be used as a catalyst for synthesizing HMF without modification and with Cr metal impregnation.

Page 74 of 80 | Total Record : 796

 72   73   74   75   76 

Filter by Year

1998 2025


Reset
Filter By Issues
All Issue Vol 28, No 8 (2025): Volume 28 Issue 8 Year 2025 Vol 28, No 7 (2025): Volume 28 Issue 7 Year 2025 Vol 28, No 6 (2025): Volume 28 Issue 6 Year 2025 Vol 28, No 5 (2025): Volume 28 Issue 5 Year 2025 Vol 28, No 4 (2025): Volume 28 Issue 4 Year 2025 Vol 28, No 3 (2025): Volume 28 Issue 3 Year 2025 Vol 28, No 2 (2025): Volume 28 Issue 2 Year 2025 Vol 28, No 1 (2025): Volume 28 Issue 1 Year 2025 Vol 27, No 12 (2024): Volume 27 Issue 12 Year 2024 Vol 27, No 11 (2024): Volume 27 Issue 11 Year 2024 Vol 27, No 10 (2024): Volume 27 Issue 10 Year 2024 Vol 27, No 9 (2024): Volume 27 Issue 9 Year 2024 Vol 27, No 8 (2024): Volume 27 Issue 8 Year 2024 Vol 27, No 7 (2024): Volume 27 Issue 7 Year 2024 Vol 27, No 6 (2024): Volume 27 Issue 6 Year 2024 Vol 27, No 5 (2024): Volume 27 Issue 5 Year 2024 Vol 27, No 4 (2024): Volume 27 Issue 4 Year 2024 Vol 27, No 3 (2024): Volume 27 Issue 3 Year 2024 Vol 27, No 2 (2024): Volume 27 Issue 2 Year 2024 Vol 27, No 1 (2024): Volume 27 Issue 1 Year 2024 Vol 26, No 12 (2023): Volume 26 Issue 12 Year 2023 Vol 26, No 11 (2023): Volume 26 Issue 11 Year 2023 Vol 26, No 10 (2023): Volume 26 Issue 10 Year 2023 Vol 26, No 9 (2023): Volume 26 Issue 9 Year 2023 Vol 26, No 8 (2023): Volume 26 Issue 8 Year 2023 Vol 26, No 7 (2023): Volume 26 Issue 7 Year 2023 Vol 26, No 6 (2023): Volume 26 Issue 6 Year 2023 Vol 26, No 5 (2023): Volume 26 Issue 5 Year 2023 Vol 26, No 4 (2023): Volume 26 Issue 4 Year 2023 Vol 26, No 3 (2023): Volume 26 Issue 3 Year 2023 Vol 26, No 2 (2023): Volume 26 Issue 2 Year 2023 Vol 26, No 1 (2023): Volume 26 Issue 1 Year 2023 Vol 25, No 12 (2022): Volume 25 Issue 12 Year 2022 Vol 25, No 11 (2022): Volume 25 Issue 11 Year 2022 Vol 25, No 10 (2022): Volume 25 Issue 10 Year 2022 Vol 25, No 9 (2022): Volume 25 Issue 9 Year 2022 Vol 25, No 8 (2022): Volume 25 Issue 8 Year 2022 Vol 25, No 7 (2022): Volume 25 Issue 7 Year 2022 Vol 25, No 6 (2022): Volume 25 Issue 6 Year 2022 Vol 25, No 5 (2022): Volume 25 Issue 5 Year 2022 Vol 25, No 4 (2022): Volume 25 Issue 4 Year 2022 Vol 25, No 3 (2022): Volume 25 Issue 3 Year 2022 Vol 25, No 2 (2022): Volume 25 Issue 2 Year 2022 Vol 25, No 1 (2022): Volume 25 Issue 1 Year 2022 Vol 24, No 7 (2021): Volume 24 Issue 7 Year 2021 Vol 24, No 6 (2021): Volume 24 Issue 6 Year 2021 Vol 24, No 5 (2021): Volume 24 Issue 5 Year 2021 Vol 24, No 4 (2021): Volume 24 Issue 4 Year 2021 Vol 24, No 3 (2021): Volume 24 Issue 3 Year 2021 Vol 24, No 2 (2021): Volume 24 Issue 2 Year 2021 Vol 24, No 1 (2021): Volume 24 Issue 1 Year 2021 Vol 23, No 12 (2020): Volume 23 Issue 12 Year 2020 Vol 23, No 11 (2020): Volume 23 Issue 11 Year 2020 Vol 23, No 10 (2020): Volume 23 Issue 10 Year 2020 Vol 23, No 9 (2020): Volume 23 Issue 9 Year 2020 Vol 23, No 8 (2020): Volume 23 Issue 8 Year 2020 Vol 23, No 7 (2020): Volume 23 Issue 7 Year 2020 Vol 23, No 6 (2020): Volume 23 Issue 6 Year 2020 Vol 23, No 5 (2020): Volume 23 Issue 5 Year 2020 Vol 23, No 4 (2020): Volume 23 Issue 4 Year 2020 Vol 23, No 3 (2020): Volume 23 Issue 3 Year 2020 Vol 23, No 2 (2020): Volume 23 Issue 2 Year 2020 Vol 23, No 1 (2020): Volume 23 Issue 1 Year 2020 Vol 22, No 6 (2019): Volume 22 Issue 6 Year 2019 Vol 22, No 5 (2019): Volume 22 Issue 5 Year 2019 Vol 22, No 4 (2019): Volume 22 Issue 4 Year 2019 Vol 22, No 3 (2019): Volume 22 Issue 3 Year 2019 Vol 22, No 2 (2019): Volume 22 Issue 2 Year 2019 Vol 22, No 1 (2019): volume 22 Issue 1 Year 2019 Vol 21, No 4 (2018): volume 21 Issue 4 Year 2018 Vol 21, No 3 (2018): Volume 21 Issue 3 Year 2018 Vol 21, No 2 (2018): Volume 21 Issue 2 Year 2018 Vol 21, No 1 (2018): Volume 21 Issue 1 Year 2018 Vol 20, No 3 (2017): Volume 20 Issue 3 Year 2017 Vol 20, No 2 (2017): Volume 20 Issue 2 Year 2017 Vol 20, No 1 (2017): Volume 20 Issue 1 Year 2017 Vol 19, No 3 (2016): Volume 19 Issue 3 Year 2016 Vol 19, No 2 (2016): Volume 19 Issue 2 Year 2016 Vol 19, No 1 (2016): Volume 19 Issue 1 Year 2016 Vol 18, No 3 (2015): Volume 18 Issue 3 Year 2015 Vol 18, No 2 (2015): Volume 18 Issue 2 Year 2015 Vol 18, No 1 (2015): Volume 18 Issue 1 Year 2015 Vol 17, No 3 (2014): Volume 17 Issue 3 Year 2014 Vol 17, No 2 (2014): Volume 17 Issue 2 Year 2014 Vol 17, No 1 (2014): Volume 17 Issue 1 Year 2014 Vol 16, No 3 (2013): Volume 16 Issue 3 Year 2013 Vol 16, No 2 (2013): Volume 16 Issue 2 Year 2013 Vol 16, No 1 (2013): Volume 16 Issue 1 Year 2013 Vol 15, No 3 (2012): Volume 15 Issue 3 Year 2012 Vol 15, No 2 (2012): Volume 15 Issue 2 Year 2012 Vol 15, No 1 (2012): Volume 15 Issue 1 Year 2012 Vol 14, No 3 (2011): Volume 14 Issue 3 Year 2011 Vol 14, No 2 (2011): Volume 14 Issue 2 Year 2011 Vol 14, No 1 (2011): Volume 14 issue 1 Year 2011 Vol 13, No 3 (2010): Volume 13 Issue 3 Year 2010 Vol 13, No 2 (2010): Volume 13 Issue 2 Year 2010 Vol 13, No 1 (2010): Volume 13 Issue 1 Year 2010 Vol 12, No 3 (2009): Volume 12 Issue 3 Year 2009 Vol 12, No 2 (2009): Volume 12 Issue 2 Year 2009 Vol 12, No 1 (2009): Volume 12 Issue 1 Year 2009 Vol 11, No 3 (2008): Volume 11 Issue 3 Year 2008 Vol 11, No 2 (2008): Volume 11 Issue 2 Year 2008 Vol 11, No 1 (2008): Volume 11 Issue 1 Year 2008 Vol 10, No 3 (2007): Volume 10 Issue 3 Year 2007 Vol 10, No 2 (2007): Volume 10 Issue 2 Year 2007 Vol 10, No 1 (2007): Volume 10 Issue 1 Year 2007 Vol 9, No 3 (2006): Volume 9 Issue 3 Year 2006 Vol 9, No 2 (2006): Volume 9 Issue 2 Year 2006 Vol 9, No 1 (2006): Volume 9 Issue 1 Year 2006 Vol 8, No 3 (2005): Volume 8 Issue 3 Year 2005 Vol 8, No 2 (2005): Volume 8 Issue 2 Year 2005 Vol 8, No 1 (2005): Volume 8 Issue 1 Year 2005 Vol 7, No 3 (2004): Volume 7 Issue 3 Year 2004 Vol 7, No 2 (2004): Volume 7 Issue 2 Year 2004 Vol 7, No 1 (2004): Volume 7 Issue 1 Year 2004 Vol 6, No 3 (2003): Volume 6 Issue 3 Year 2003 Vol 6, No 2 (2003): Volume 6 Issue 2 Year 2003 Vol 6, No 1 (2003): Volume 6 Issue 1 Year 2003 Vol 5, No 3 (2002): Volume 5 Issue 3 Year 2002 Vol 5, No 2 (2002): Volume 5 Issue 2 Year 2002 Vol 5, No 1 (2002): Volume 5 Issue 1 Year 2002 Vol 3, No 3 (2000): Volume 3 Issue 3 Year 2000 Vol 3, No 2 (2000): Volume 3 Issue 2 Year 2000 Vol 3, No 1 (2000): Volume 3 Issue 1 Year 2000 Vol 2, No 4 (1999): Volume 2 Issue 4 Year 1999 Vol 2, No 3 (1999): Volume 2 Issue 3 Year 1999 Vol 2, No 2 (1999): Volume 2 Issue 2 Year 1999 Vol 2, No 1 (1999): Volume 2 Issue 1 Year 1999 Vol 1, No 1 (1998): Volume 1 Issue 1 Year 1998 More Issue