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Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior
ISSN : -     EISSN : 25490281     DOI : -
Core Subject : Health,
Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior (JHPB) is an electronic, open-access, double-blind and peer-reviewed international journal, focusing on health promotion and health-related behaviors. It began its publication on May 21, 2015. The journal is published four times yearly. It seeks to understand factors at various layers associated with health behavior and health-impacting policy and find evidence-based social and behavioral strategies to improve population health status.
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 509 Documents
Qualitative Study of Community Participation Behavior in the Family Planning Program at the Kajuara Community Health Center, Bone District, South Sulawesi, Indonesia Musakkar, Mustika Eka Pratama; Erniati, Erniati; Adam, Arlin; Alim, Andi
Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior Vol. 8 No. 4 (2023)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26911/thejhpb.2023.08.04.05

Abstract

Background: The high birth rate is the main reason for the need for family planning services. Many women experience difficulties in determining the choice of type of contraception. This is not only because of the limited available methods but also because of their ignorance to make the right choice according to age, number of children and the side effects that often arise. This study aimed to obtain in-depth information about the behavior of community participation in the family plan­ning program at the Kajuara Community Health Center, Bone Regency. Subjects and Method: The type of research used is descriptive qualitative research. The number of informants in this study was 7 people. The variables of this study are people's behavior, know­ledge, attitudes, and actions. These research variables in a qualitative approach are referred to as the research focus. Data collection was done through in-depth interviews. Data analysis using "content analysis". While the technique of testing the validity of the data using data triangulation. Results: The results showed that basically, the community at the Kajuara Community Health Center knew about the Family Planning program, its benefits, and objectives, but the informa­tion obtained about the Family Planning program was not fully obtained. The attitude of the people who are less responsive to participation in the Family Planning program does not mean they are afraid of not having children but are afraid of the effects of these contraceptives. The actions of people who do not participate in the Family Planning program are due to informa­tion from other people regarding the effects of contraceptives which makes people not want to participate in the Family Planning program. Conclusion: This study concludes that there is a need to increase public knowledge about the Family Planning program through intensive counselling in the community by health workers. It is recommended that the community at the Kajuara Community Health Center support the Family Planning program that has been programmed by the government by participating in the program. It is hoped that mothers will not be influenced by information from other people about the effects of family planning and seek information about family planning programs from health workers. Keywords: participation behavior, family planning program, knowledge, attitudes, actions. Correspondence: Erniati. Faculty of Public Health, University of Pejuang Republic Indonesian. Jl. Raya Baruga, Antang, Manggala, Makassar, 90234 South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Email: erniatibnn@gmail.com. Mobile: +62 852-5684-0988.
Factors Associated with the Occurrence of Pneumonia in Children Under Five in Tarus, Central Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara Rafael, Bendelina; Romeo, Petrus; Ndoen, Enjelita M
Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior Vol. 8 No. 2 (2023)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26911/thejhpb.2023.08.02.08

Abstract

Background: Pneumonia is an acute infection that attacks the lung tissue (alveoli) caused by various microorganisms such as viruses, fungi and bacteria. The risk factors for pneumonia are environmental factors, individual child factors, and behavioral factors. Environmental factors include indoor air pollution, physical condition of the house, and residential density. Individual child factors include age, gender, nutritional status, low birth weight, immunization and breast­feeding. Behavioral factors include smoking habits, habit of opening and closing windows, and habit of cleaning the house. The study aimed to analyze the factors associated with the incidence of pneumonia in children under five in Tarus Village, Central Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara. Subjects and Method: An analytic survey study with a cross-sectional design was conducted in the Tarus Village, Kupang Tengah, Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara from August to September 2022. A total of 88 mothers of children under five aged 12-59 months in the Tarus Village, Kupang Tengah District, Kupang Regency, East Nusa Tenggara were selected for this study. The dependent variable is the inci­dence of pneu­monia in children under five. The independent variables are the type of floor, light­ing, ventilation, occupancy density, smoking habit, habit of opening windows, and habit of cleaning the house. Data were collec­ted using a questionnaire and analyzed using the chi-square test. Results: There is a relationship between house ventilation (OR= 5.83; 95% CI= 1.05 to 1.34; p= 0.003), house floor (OR= 4.65; 95% CI= 1.57 to 1.77; p= 0.001), house lighting (OR= 6.22; 95% CI= 1.09 to 1.25; p= 0.005), occupancy density (OR= 6.90; 95% CI=1.18 to 1.37; p= 0.001), window opening behavior (OR= 5.34; 95% CI= 1.26 to 1.46; p = 0.004), and house cleanliness (OR= 8.55; 95% CI= 1.07 to 1.22; p= 0.002) on the incidence of pneumonia. Conclusion: House ventilation, house floors, lighting, occupancy density, window opening beha­vior, and house cleanliness are significantly related to the incidence of pneumonia. Keywords: pneumonia, risk factors, children under five. Correspondence: Bendelina Rafael. Study Program of Public Health, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Nusa Cendana. Lasiana, Klp. Lima, Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara. Email: ellarafael780@gmail.com. Mobile: +6282123890312.
Estimation of Self-Medication and Associated Factors among Urban General Population in Part of Saurashtra Region of Gujarat, India Savani, Nikita; Kansagara, Trusha; Chauhan, Meet; Gurjar, Yamini
Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior Vol. 8 No. 4 (2023)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26911/thejhpb.2023.08.04.04

Abstract

Background: Self-medication is a universal phenomenon and is practiced globally with varied frequency. In several studies, it has been found that the potential disadvantage of self-medication is a waste of resources, increased resistance to pathogens, and causes serious health hazards such as adverse reactions and prolonged suffering. This study aimed to estimate the practice and factors associated with self-medication among the urban general population. Subjects and Method: This community based cross-sectional study was conducted among gene­ral population of Amreli city, Gujarat, India from February to November 2022. A total of 110 sub­jects were include in this study. The dependent variable is self-medication practice. The inde­pendent variables are education, occupation, economic class. Data were collected by face-to-face interview using a semi-structured questionnaire with a recall period of 6 months’ experiences in 110 houses. Statistical analysis was done using Jamovi software. Results: Upper socio-economic class (OR= 1.74; 95% CI= 1.05 to 2.90; p= 0.031), highly educated (OR= 0.58; 95% CI= 0.41 to 0.83; p= 0.003) more likely to do self-medication than the lower socio-economic class and low education. Conclusion: Upper socio-economic and high education improve self-medication. Keywords: Self-medication, urban, reasons, adverse effects. Correspondence: Yamini J. Gurjar. Department of Community Medicine, Shantabaa Medical College & General hospital, Amreli, Suarashtra University, Gujarat, India-365601. Email: yjgurjar@gmail.com. Mobile: 9428625208
Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Stress and Anxiety on Alcohol Consumption Behavior in Early Adults Paramita, Windya Kartika; Demartoto, Argyo; Prasetya, Hanung
Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior Vol. 8 No. 2 (2023)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26911/thejhpb.2023.08.02.07

Abstract

Background: Consumption of alcoholic beverages is a risk factor for health problems globally.  The consumption of alcoholic beverages is very influential on the effect of calmness in people who have anxiety and stress disorders. The effect occurs because alcohol is classified as a psychoactive substance that affects nerves in the brain with the effect of dependence on the dose consumed.  This study aims to assess the effect size of stress and anxiety on increased alcohol consumption behavior in early adulthood using a meta-analysis of primary studies conducted by the previous authors. Subjects and Method: This study was a meta-analysis with the following PICO, population: Early adults (18-25 years). Intervention: Stress and Anxiety. Comparison: no stress and no anxiety.  Result: Increased Alcoholic Beverages Consumption Behavior.  9 The articles used in this study were obtained from three databases namely Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus. The keywords for searching for articles were stress AND (Anxiety OR nervousness OR discomfort) AND ("consumption of drinking alcohol" OR "Alcohol use").  The included articles were full-text English with a cross-sectional study design from 2012 to 2022. Article selection was conducted using the PRISMA flow diagram. Articles were analyzed using the Review Manager 5.3 app. Results: A total of 9 cross-sectional case studies from Europe, Asia, North America, Africa, and Australia were selected for systematic review and meta-analysis.  7 studies discovered that stress increased alcoholic beverage consumption behavior in early adults by 1.29 times compared to low stress, and the result of the meta-analysis was statistically significant (aOR= 1.29; CI 95%= 1.31-1.47; p< 0.001) with the heterogeneity of I2= 84%, p<0.001. 7 studies of the effect of anxiety on increased alcoholic beverage consumption behavior in early adults showed anxiety increased alcoholic beverage consumption behavior in early adults by 1.59 times compared to low anxiety.  The result of the meta-analysis was statistically significant (aOR= 1.59; CI 95%= 1.22-2.07; p= 0.001) with heterogeneity of I2=96%, p< 0.001. Conclusion: Stress and anxiety increased the behavior of alcoholic beverage consumption in early adults.. Keywords: stress, anxiety, alcohol consumption. Correspondence: Windya Kartika Paramita. Master’s Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java, Indonesia. Email: windyakartikap@gmail.com. Mobile: +6282227841414. 
Relationship between Environmental Sanitation and Incidence of Diarrhea among Children Under Five in Alak Health Center, Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara Djaba, Dahniar Salsabiella; Salmun, Johny A. R; Sir, Amelya Betsalonia
Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior Vol. 8 No. 4 (2023)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26911/thejhpb.2023.08.04.06

Abstract

Background: Diarrhea is an occurrence of mushy to liquid bowel movements, with a frequency of 3 times or more in a day. Diarrhea is influenced by several factors that directly or indirectly include agent, host, and environmental factors. Environmental sanitation factors are the most dominant factors causing diarrhea, namely drinking water sources, latrine conditions, garbage disposal con­ditions, and waste drain conditions. Alak Community Health Center is one of the community health centers with the highest cases of diarrhea with a total of 557 cases in 2018, 428 cases in 2019, and 296 cases in 2020. This study aims to determine the correlation between environmental sanitation and the incidence of diarrhea in children under five in the working area of the Alak Community Health Center, Kupang City. Subjects and Method: A quantitative study with a cross-sectional design conducted in the working area of the Alak community health center, Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara in November-December 2022.  A total of 93 children under five were selected by simple random sampling.  The dependent variable was the incidence of diarrhea in children under five. The independent variables were raw water sources, latrine conditions, garbage disposal conditions, and wastewater disposal conditions. The data were collected using questionnaires and analyzed using chi-square tests. Results: There was a significant association between raw water sources (p< 0.001), latrine conditions (p< 0.001), landfills (p< 0.001), and wastewater disposal (p= 0.001) to the inci­dence of diarrhea in children under five. Conclusion: There is a correlation between raw water sources, latrine conditions, garbage disposal, and wastewater disposal to the incidence of diarrhea in children under five. Keywords: diarrhea, environmental sanitation, children under five. Correspondence: Dahniar Salsabiella Djaba. Faculty of Public Health Universitas Nusa Cendana Kupang. Lasiana, Lima, Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Email: dahniarsalsabielladjaba@gmail.com. Mobile: +62 812-3909-5885.
Factors Associated with the Occurrence of Stunting in Naibonat Village, Kupang Regency, East Nusa Tenggara, in 2022 Muda, Wehelmince Sisilia Cantika Dasi; Nur, Marselinus Laga; Riwu, Rut Rosina
Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior Vol. 8 No. 3 (2023)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26911/thejhpb.2023.08.03.02

Abstract

Background: Stunting is a condition of failure to thrive in children under five years old (children under five) due to chronic malnutrition in the First 1000 Days of Life (HPK) and is based on the BB/U or TB/U index with a z-score limit of less than -2 SD to - 3 SD. Stunting can be caused by several factors, namely exclusive breastfeeding, father's education, mother's education, family income, number of children. The purpose of this study is to determine the factors associated with the incidence of stunting in the Naibonat Village, Kupang Regency in 2022. Subjects and Method: This is a case-control study conducted in Naibonat Village, East Kupang, Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara, in September-October 2022. There were 134 children under five consisting of 67 stunted children under five and 67 children under five who were not stunted. The dependent variable is the incidence of stunting. The independent variables were exclusive breastfeeding, history of infectious diseases, father's education, mother's education, family income, history of LBW, and number of children. Data were collected using observation sheets and analyzed using the chi-square test. Results: Not exclusively breastfed (OR= 4.12; 95% CI= 1.84 to 9.24; p< 0.001), history of father's education was low (OR= 0.34; 95% CI= 0.13 to 0.89; p= 0.024), history of mother's education was low (OR= 0.17; 95% CI= 0.04 to 0.65; p= 0.004), low family income (OR= 0.23; 95% CI= 0.08 to 0.62; p= 0.002), and history of LBW (OR= 0.48; 95% CI= 0.40 to 0.51; p= 0.042) related to the incidence of stunting, and statistically significant. Conclusion: A history of exclusive breastfeeding, a history of low father education, a history of low maternal education, low family income, and a history of LBW are statistically related to the incidence of stunting. Keywords: stunting, risk factors, children under five. Correspondence: Wehelmince Sisilia Cantika Dasi Muda. Study Program of Public Health, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Nusa Cendana. Jl. Adisucipto Penfui, Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara Timur. Email: sisiliadasimuda09@gmail.com. Mobile: +62 813-3901-4476.
Meta Analysis: The Effects of Parental Smokers, Peer Smokers, and Stress on Smoking Behavior in Teenagers Nuha, Riya Ulin; Demartoto, Argyo; Prasetya, Hanung
Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior Vol. 8 No. 3 (2023)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26911/thejhpb.2023.08.03.03

Abstract

Background: The habit of smoking is one of the health problems that the world is still facing today. The habit of smoking generally starts from youth, where it can have an impact on the health and cognitive behavior of adolescents that is sustainable. This study aims to estimate the influence of smoking parents, close friends of smokers, and stress on smoking habits in adolescents based on values obtained from several previous similar studies. Subjects and Method: This study used a systematic review study design and meta-analysis. The primary articles used were obtained from online databases (Google Scholar, Elsevier, PubMed, Springer Link, and Science Direct) published in 2012-2022. Population: teenagers. Intervention: parents of smokers, close friends of smokers, and stress. Comparison: parents don't smoke, close friends don't smoke, and don't get stressed. Outcome: smoking habit. In searching for primary ar­tic­les, the researcher used the keywords “parents smoking” AND “peers smoking OR friends smo­k­ing” AND “stress” AND “adolescents OR youth” AND “smoking behavior” AND “cross-sec­tional study”. This study uses full text articles with a cross-sectional study design and contains aOR (adjus­ted odds ratio) values. The selection of articles is done using PRISMA flow diagrams. Pri­mary article analysis using the Review Manager 5.4 application. Results: Articles with a sample size of 378,135 from Finland, Saudi Arabia, Brazil, Nigeria, South Korea, Taiwan, Malaysia, Turkey, Nepal, Ethiopia, Iran, Tunisia, France and Spain were selected for this meta-analysis. This study showed that adolescents whose parents smoked (aOR = 2.18; 95% CI = 2.12 to 2.25; p< 0.001), close friends smoked (aOR = 6.09; 95% CI = 2.71 to 13.70; p< 0.001), and stress significantly increased smoking behavior in adolescents (aOR = 1.41; 95% CI = 1.33 to 1.49; p< 0.001). Conclusion: Parents of smokers, close friends of smokers, and stress may all increase the risk of smoking. Keywords: parents, close friends, stress, smoking, teenagers. Correspondence: Riya Ulin Nuha. Master’s Program, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir Suratmi No.36A, Jebres, Jebres, 57126 Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia. Email: ulin514@gmail.com. Telepon: +6281238710748.
The Occurrence of Asthenopia among Online Gamers in Kupang City, East Nusa Tenggara Welkis, Anggie Elzha Yulindri; Berek, Noorce Christin; Setyobudi, Agus
Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior Vol. 9 No. 1 (2024)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26911/thejhpb.2024.09.01.07

Abstract

Background: Data from WHO shows that asthenopia cases in the world range from 75-90%. Astenopia can result from excessive efforts of the vision system to obtain the quality of vision it should. Excessive online gaming habits have the potential to result in decreased vision quality. This problem needs to be considered because asthenopia is an early symptom sign of more serious visual impairment. This study aimed to discover an overview of the incidence of asthenopia among online game players in Kupang City based on the duration, distance of smartphones, body position, and eye rest while playing online games. Subjects and Method: It was a descriptive study conducted in Kupang City from March to April 2023. With a total of 378 online game players aged 15-24 years selected by purposive sampling. The dependent variable was the incidence of asthenopia. The independent variables were the duration of playing online games, the viewing distance of smartphone, body position, and eye rest. The data collection techniques used was questionnaires. The data were presented descriptively. Results: A total of 367 people (97.1%) complained about symptoms of eyestrain (asthenopia), 251 people (66.4%) played online games with a duration of >2 hours and other 127 people (33.6%) played online games <2 hours. 277 people (73.3%) used smartphones with a distance of <30 cm and other 101 people (26.7%) with a distance of >30 cm. 184 people (48.7%) played online games while lying down and 194 people (51.3%) sitting. 187 people (49.5%) did not do eye rest and as many as 191 people (50.5%) did eye rest consisting of 53 people (14.0%) doing micro break, 55 people (14.6%) doing mini break and 83 people (22.0%) doing maxi break. Conclusion: Different types of asthenopia have been discovered. The most common incidence of asthenopia is experienced by online game players with risky viewing distance of smartphone.
Determinant Factors of COVID-19 Vaccination Participation at Ndetundora Health Center, Ende, East Nusa Tenggara Sani, Hafaf Lutfiani; Muntasir; Regaletha, Tadeus A. L.
Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior Vol. 8 No. 3 (2023)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26911/thejhpb.2023.08.03.05

Abstract

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic is one of the major public health problems today and the whole country is experiencing a pandemic. Vaccination is the government's effort to tackle the COVID-19 pandemic. The coverage of COVID-19 vaccination at the Ndetundora Health Center in 2021 is still low, namely as much as 14.80% for dose 1 and 7.04% for dose 2, then in 2022 the vaccination coverage will increase quite high, namely 75.16% for dose 1 and 53.23% for dose 2. The purpose of this study was to find out the public's interest in taking the COVID-19 vaccination in the working area of the Ndetundora Health Center, Ende Regency in 2022. Subjects and Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Ndetun­dora Health Center, Ende, East Nusa Tenggara, from September to October 2022. A total of 243 people were selected for this study. The dependent variable was the public's interest in taking the COVID-19 vaccination. The independent variables are age, gender, education, occupation, knowledge, attitude, community motivation and public communication. Data were collected using a questionnaire and analyzed using Chi-square. Results: The results showed that someone with higher education increased their interest in taking the COVID-19 vaccination by 0.38 times compared to people with low education, and the results were statistically significant (OR= 0.38; 95% CI= 0.21 to 0.69; p= 0.001). Someone with motivation High motivation increase interest in taking the COVID-19 vaccination by 49.5 times compared to those with low motivation (OR = 49.5; 9% CI = 21.49 to 114.16; p < 0.001), good public communication will increase public interest in taking the COVID-19 vaccination 2.74 times compared to poor public communication (OR= 2.74; 95% CI= 1.20 to 6.25; p= 0.014). Conclusion: Education, knowledge, attitudes, community motivation, and public communication have a significant effect on participation in the COVID-19 vaccination. Keywords: public interest, vaccination, COVID-19. Correspondence: Hafaf Luthfianti Sani. Study Program of Public Health, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Nusa Cendana. Jl. Adisucipto, Penfui, Kupang, 85001, East Nusa Tenggara. Email:  hafafsani16­@­gmail.­com. Mobile: +62 821-4436-7462.
Analysis of Musculoskeletal Disorders Complaints among Ikat Weaving Craftsmen in Langa Bajawa, Ngada, East Nusa Tenggara in 2022 Djawa, Agostin Nofembriyani; Muntasir; Landi, Soleman
Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior Vol. 8 No. 3 (2023)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26911/thejhpb.2023.08.03.06

Abstract

Background: Ikat weavers work manually and non-stop for a long duration of time, which increases the risk of occupational diseases such as musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). Ikat weaving craftsmen perform work manually and non-stop for a long duration of time which generates occu­pational diseases such as musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). This study aimed to determine the analysis of complaints of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) among ikat weavers in Langa Bajawa Subjects and Method: A cross-sectional study were conducted from August to September 2022 among ikat weaving craftsmen in Langa Bajawa region, Ngada, East Nusa Tenggara. A total of 38 subjects were included in this study. The dependent variable was complaints of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). The independent variables were age, working period, duration of work, body posture, work-load, repetitive activity, stretching, and back rest. The data were collected with study questionnaires, Nordic Body Map questionnaires, Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) ques­tionnaires, and obser­vations. The data were analyzed using Chi-square. Results: Age >35 years (OR= 1.07; 95% CI= 1.07 to 17.79; p= 0.034), working period >10 years (OR= 3.85; 95% CI= 0.98 to 15.12; p= 0.049), posture with RULA score >4 (OR= 5.66; 95% CI= 1.36 to 23.46; p= 0.013),  working hours >8 hours/day (OR= 10.5; 95% CI= 2.16 to 51.42; p= 0.002), repetitive activity (OR= 11.55; 95% CI= 2.41 to 55.39; p= 0.001), rarely stretching (OR= 0.04; 95% CI= 0.00 to 0.27; p< 0.001), and not having a backrest (OR= 0.09; 95% CI= 0.02 to 0.44; p= 0.001) had a significant effect on complaints of musculoskeletal disorder in ikat weaving craftsmen. Meanwhile, the workload of a person who has a pulse of (> 125 BPM) affected the complaints of MSDs, however, it was statistically insignificant. Conclusion: Age >35 years, working period >10 years, posture with a RULA score of >4, working hours >8 hours/ day, repetitive activities, rarely stretching, not having a backrest, and the work­load of a person with a pulse rate (> 125 BPM) affect complaints of musculoskeletal disorder in ikat weaving craftsmen. Keywords: complaints of musculoskeletal disorders, craftsmen, ikat weaving. Correspondence: Agostin Nofembriyani Djawa. Faculty of public Health, Universitas Nusa Cendana. Jl. Adi Sucipto Penfui, Penfui, Maulafa, 85001, Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Email: agostinnofem­briyani­djawa@­gmail.com. Mobile: +62 823-1135-6914.