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Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior
Published by Universitas Sebelas Maret
ISSN : -     EISSN : 25490281     DOI : -
Core Subject : Health,
Medicine & Pharmacology Public Health
Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior (JHPB) is an electronic, open-access, double-blind and peer-reviewed international journal, focusing on health promotion and health-related behaviors. It began its publication on May 21, 2015. The journal is published four times yearly. It seeks to understand factors at various layers associated with health behavior and health-impacting policy and find evidence-based social and behavioral strategies to improve population health status.
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 509 Documents
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The Effect of Peer Support Group on Depression and Quality of Life among People Living with HIV/AIDS in Kediri East Java Rasyiid, Astika; Dharmawan, Ruben; Respati, Supriyadi Hari
Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior Vol 1, No 1 (2016)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background: People living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome or HIV/AIDs encounter such problems as society stigma and depression that can affect their quality of life in the term of physical, mental, and social health. Social support should be improved from individual, family, Peer Support Group (PSG), and government. PSG serves to help PLWHA feel not lonely, to give opportunity of seeing others, of sharing information about newest treatment and local support service, to reduce isolation, to improve social support, and to reduce stigma in order to achieve better quality of life and to reduce depression. The objective of research was to analyze the effect of KDS on depression and quality of life among PLWHA in Friendship Plus Peer Support Group in Kediri City.Subjects and Method: This study was an analytical observational study with cross sectional design. This was conducted at Friendship Plus Peer Support Group in Kediri, Indonesia in May to July 2016. The sample consisted of 60 subjects taken using simple random sampling. Technique of collecting data used was questionnaire, while analysis was carried out using Pearson’s Product Moment correlational and multiple linear regression tests.Results: The result of research showed that there was a statistically significant effect of Peer Support Group on the reduced depression in PLWHA (b= -0.60; 95% CI= -0.82 to 0.38; p<0.001). Depression was affected by family income of 88.8% (b= -8.68; 95% CI= 0.01; p=0.021) and education (b= -7.86; 95% CI= -14.05 to 1.67; p=0.014). There was a statistically significant effect of Peer Support Group on the improved quality of life among PLWHA (b=0.32; 95% CI= 0.09 to 0.53; p=0.005). Quality of life was affected by family income of 92.3% (b= 1.36; 95% CI= 0.01; p<0.001) and education (b=20.84; 95% CI=  14.75 to 26.93; p<0.001). Conclusion: This research concluded that there was an effect of peer support group on the reduced depression among PLWHA and there was an effect of peer support group the improved quality of life among PLWHA.Keywords: peer support group, depression, quality of life, PLWHACorrespondence: Astika Rasyiid. Diploma III Midwifery of Tulungagung University, East Java.Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior (2016), 1(1): 32-40https://doi.org/10.26911/thejhpb.2016.01.01.05
Path analysis on the Determinants of Pap Smear Utilization for Cervical Cancer Early Detection in Women of Reproductive Age Wardhani, Gesit Kusuma; Mudigdo, Ambar; Qadrijati, Isna
Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior Vol 2, No 4 (2017)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background: Cervical cancer is the fourth most common malignant cancer among women after breast, colorectal, and lung cancers. Pap smear has been recognized as an effective strategy for reducing the incidence and mortality rate of cervical cancer. This study aimed to investigate the determinants of Pap smear utilization for cervical cancer early detection in women of reproductive age using path analysis model.Subjects and Method: This was an analytic observational study with a case-control design. The study was conducted in Cilongok and Ajibarang Sub-districts, Banyumas, Central Java, from January 3 to February 3, 2018. A total sample of 200 women reproductive age was selected for this study by fixed disease sampling. The dependent variable was Pap smear utilization. The independent variables were education level, attitude, perception on the quality health care, access to the health center, family support, peer support, and health personnel support.  The data were collected by questionnaire and analyzed by path analysis.Results: Pap smear utilization was positively and directly associated with education (b = 2.63; 95% CI= 1.77 to 3.48 p<0.001), perception on quality of health care (b= 1.04; 95% CI= 0.22 to 1.86; p= 0.012), attitude (b= 1.48; 95% CI= 0.51 to 2.44 p= 0.003), access to health center (b=1.02; 95% CI= 0.20 to 1.84 p= 0.015), family support (b= 1.29; 95% CI= -0.22 to 2.61; p= 0.029), and health personnel support (b= 2.02; 95% CI= 0.60 to 3.45 p= 0.005). Pap smear utilization was indirectly associated with peer support through perception on quality health care (b = 0.66; 95%= -0.01 to 1.33 p = 0.031).Conclusion: Education, perception on the quality of health care, attitude, access to the health center, family support, and health personnel support are directly associated with Pap smear utilization.Keywords: Pap smear, cervical cancer, path analysis, education, attitude, perception, family support, peer support, health personnel supportCorrespondence: Gesit Kusuma Wardhani. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami No. 36 A, 57126, Surakarta, Central Java. Email: gesitkusuma92@gmail.com.Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior (2017), 2(4): 359-370https://doi.org/10.26911/thejhpb.2017.02.04.08 
Biopshychosocial and Economic Determinants of Personal Hygiene in the Prevention of Diarrheal Diseases in Sragen District, Central Java Siswandwika, Hervindita Dinda; Murti, Bhisma; Dharmawan, Ruben
Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior Vol 2, No 1 (2017)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background: Poor environmental sanitation and personal hygiene have been shown to be associated with increased risk of diarrheal disease. Poor personal hygiene that is associated with an increased risk of diarrheal disease may be explained by the constructs  of Health Belief Model, such as perceived susceptibility and perceived seriousness. This study aimed to examine biopshychosocial and economic determinants of personal hygiene in the prevention of diarrheal diseases.Subjects and Method: This was an analytic observational study with case control design. This study was conducted at Mondokan, Gesi, and Sambungmacan Health Centers, Sragen District, Central java, from January to March, 2017. A sample of 150 subjects, consisting of  50 cases of diarrheal disease during the past month and 100 subjects without diarrheal disease, was selected in this study by purposive sampling. The dependent variable was prevention behavior of diarrheal disease. The independent variable included perceived susceptibility, seriousness, threat, benefit, barrier, cues to action, and self-efficacy. The data was collected using a pre-tested questionnaire, and analyzed by path analysis model.  Results: There were positive, and statistically significant effects of perceived seriousness (b= 0.26; SE=0.06; p= <0.001), threat (b= 0.29; SE=0.06; p= <0.001), benefit (b= 0.21; SE= 0.06; p= <0.001), barrier (b= -0.12; SE= 0.08; p= 0.032), cues to action (b= 0.17; SE= 0.07; p= 0.003), and self-efficacy (b= 0.28; SE= 0.14; p= <0.001) on prevention behavior of diarrheal disease. There were positive, indirect, and statistically significant effect of perceived susceptibility (b= 0.55; SE= 0.06; p= <0.001), seriousness (b= 0.34; SE= 0.06; p= <0.001), and benefit (b= 0.12; SE= 0.07; p= 0.025) on prevention behavior of diarrheal disease, via perceived threat.Conclusion: Perceived seriousness, threat, benefit, barrier, cues to action, and self-efficacy, are direct determinants of prevention behavior of diarrheal disease. Perceived susceptibility, seriousness, and benefit, are indirect determinants of prevention behavior of diarrheal disease.Keyword: Biopshychosocial and economy, personal hygiene, Health Belief ModelCorrespondence: Hervindita Dinda Siswandwika. Masters Program in Public Health, Sebelas Maret University. Email: vindy_7@yahoo.com. Mobile: +6282136242777.Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior (2017), 2(1): 1-14https://doi.org/10.26911/thejhpb.2017.02.01.01
Health Belief Model: Determinants of Hypertension Prevention Behavior in Adults at Community Health Center, Sukoharjo, Central Java Setiyaningsih, Ratna; Tamtomo, Didik; Suryani, Nunuk
Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior Vol. 1 No. 3 (2016)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background: According the WHO the estimated of age standarized prevalence of High blood presure in adults age 25+ years in Indonesia in 2008 was 42.7% in men and 39.2% in women. Hypertension deaths in Indonesia reached 42.226 or 3.02% of total deaths in 2014. Age-adjusted death rate was 25.26 per 100.000 of population (ranked 29 in the world). The prevalence of hypertension in Sukoharjo, Central Java, was 36.827 cases in 2015. This study aimed to examine the determinants hypertension prevention behavior using Health Belief Model.Subjects and Method: This was an analytic and observational study with cross sectional design. This study was conducted in Sukoharjo, Central Java, Indonesia, from September to October 2016. A total of 160 patients visiting Sukoharjo Community Health Center, Sukoharjo, Central Java, was selected for this study by simple random sampling. The sample consisted of 83 (51.9%) patients aged <35 years and 77 (48.1%) patients aged ≥35 years. The exogenous variables were perceived vulnerability, perceived seriousness, cues to action, perceived benefits, perceived barrier, and self efficacy. The endogenous variables were perceived threat and hypertension prevention behavior. The data were collected by questionnaire and analyzed by path analysis.Results: The path model showed goodness of fit with indices as follows: CMIN= 9.03, p=0.172, GFI= 0.99, NFI= 0.99, CFI= 1.00, and RMSEA= 0.06. Self-efficacy (b= 0.11; p<0.001; β=0.31), perceived benefit (b=0.12; p=0.005), and perceived threat (b=-0.10; p<0.001), had positive and statistically significant effect on hypertension prevention behavior. Perceived barrier (b=-0.10; p<0.001) had negative and statistically significant effect on hypertension prevention behavior. Perceived vulnerability (b=0.35; p<0.001), perceived of seriousness (b=0.48; p<0.001), and cues to action (b=0.33; p<0.001) had indirect positive effects on hypertension prevention behavior.Conclusion: Self-efficacy, perceived benefit, and perceived threat, have positive effect on hypertension prevention behavior. Perceived barrier have negative effect on hypertension prevention behavior. Perceived vulnerability, perceived of seriousness, and cues to action have indirect positive effects on hypertension prevention behavior.Keyword: hypertension, prevention behavior, health belief model.Correspondence: Ratna Setyaningsih. School of Nursing Bhakti Mulia, Sukoharjo, Central Java. Email: ratnaa_ zeitiyanie@yahoo.co.id.Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior (2016),1(3): 161-171https://doi.org/10.26911/thejhpb.2016.01.03.03
Factors Associated with Cadre Activities In Jember, East Java Wahyuni, Dewi Nofa; Joebagyo, Hermanu; Murti, Bhisma
Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior Vol 2, No 3 (2017)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background: Since reformation era in 1998, the activities of the integrated health service post (posyandu) have been declining. In order to revitalize posyandu activities, revitalization strategy was introduced. The purpose of this study was to examine factors associated with posyandu cadre activities in Jember, East Java, including the effectiveness revitalization strategy.Subjects and Method: This was an analytic a cross-sectional study, conducted in Jember, East Java. A sample of 80 integrated health service post (posyandu) cadres was selected for this study. The dependent variable was cadre activity. The independent variables were age, knowledge, education, employment, duration, training, and revitalization strategy. Questionnaire was used to measure variables. Logistic regression was used to analyze data.Results: Duration ≥10 years (OR= 1.53; 95% CI= 0.42 to 5.61; p= 0.524), education ≥high school (OR= 2.35; 95% CI= 0.47 to 11.76; p= 0.299), housewife (OR= 9.58; 95% CI= 1.60 to 57.21; p= 0.013), ever had training (OR= 4.38; 95% CI= 1.21 to 15.77 p= 0.024), good revitalization strategy (OR= 3.71; 95% CI= 1.03 to 13.36; p= 0.045) were associated with increased cadre activity. Age 26-45 years old (OR= 0.35 ; 95% CI= 0.01 to 17.81 p= 0.604), age ≥46 years old (OR= 0.18; 95% CI= 0.01 to 3.66; p= 0.262), low knowledge (OR= 0.80; 95% CI= 0.16 to 4.02; p= 0.786), poor knowledge (OR= 0.40; 95% CI= 0.06 to 2.89; p= 0.367) were associated with decreased cadre activity.Conclusion: Housewife, ever had training, and good revitalization strategy are factors that increase cadre activity, and they are statistically significant. Age 26-45 years old, age ≥46 years old, low knowledge, poor knowledge are associated with decreased cadre activity, but they are not statistically significant.Keywords: cadre activity, cadre characteristic, integrated health service post, revitalization strategyCorrespondence: Dewi Nofa Wahyuni.Masters Program in Family Medicine, Sebelas Maret University, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36 A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: dewi.nofa86@gmail.com. Mobile: 081330772655.Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior (2017), 2(3): 282-290https://doi.org/10.26911/thejhpb.2017.02.03.08
Effectiveness of Practical Integrative Module in Empowering Family Empowering Family of Children with Cerebral Palsy Harumi, Linda; Pamungkasari, Eti Poncorini; Murti, Bhisma
Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior Vol 2, No 2 (2017)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Abstract

Bacground: There is a lack of health care services for children with cerebal palsy (CP) in Indonesia. In addition, family of the children with CP are lacking in skills of CP services. A simple,  practical, easily readable modul of CP services for families of children with CP has been developed. This study aimed to analyze effectiveness of practical integrative module in empowering family empowering family of  children with CP.Subject and Method: This was a quasi experimental study, consisting of intervention and control groups without randomization. The study was conducted at Child Growth Clinic Dr. Soedjarwadi hospital, Klaten, and YPAC, Surakarta, Central Java. A sample of 100 families of children with CP was selected for this study by purposive sampling. The sample was divided into two groups: 50 families in the intervention group and 50 families in the control group. The independent variable was practical integrative module of CP handling, i.e. the intervention under study. The dependent variables were knowledge, attitude, and level of family empowerment in CP services. The data were collected by a set of questionnaire and analyzed by linear regression.Results: After controlling for knowledge before intervention, average knowledge in the intervention group was 0.84 points higher than the control group (b=0.84; 95% CI= 0.33 to 1.86; p = 0.002). The average attitude in the intervention group was 2.48 points higher than the control group (b=2.48; 95% CI= 0.85 to 4.10; p= 0.003). The average level of family empowerment in the intervention group was 3.41 points higher than the control group (b=3.41; 95% CI= 1.34 to 5.48; p = 0.001).Conclusion: The integrative module of CP handling under study is effective in improving knowledge, attitude, and level of family empowerment in families with CP children.Keywords: knowledge, attitude, empowerment, family, cerebral palsy, children, integrative module, cerebral palsy handlingCorrespondence: Linda Harumi. Department of Occupational Therapy, Health Polytechnics, Ministry of Health, Surakarta. Email: lindaharumi@ymail.com. Mobile : +68170628006Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior (2017), 2(2): 173-182https://doi.org/10.26911/thejhpb.2017.02.02.07
Health Belief Model: Health Preventive Behavior of Sexually Transmitted Infection in Female Sex Workers in Surakarta Wulandari, Yenni Apriana; Suryani, Nunuk; Poncorini, Eti
Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior Vol 1, No 2 (2016)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background:  Sexually  Transmitted Infection (STI), such as HIV/ AIDS, is a public health problem. The prevalence of HIV in Indonesia in 2014 was 32,711 cases, and the prevalence of AIDS was 5,494 cases. In 2015 the Municipality Health Office of Surakarta  found 71 cases of STI, consisting of 18 cases of HIV, 47 cases of AIDS, and 6 cases of Siphilis. A female sex worker may have several sexual partners per day. As studies have shown, female sex workers have 12 times higher risk of HIV infection than loyal housewife. Condom use can reduce up to 85% risk of HIV transmission. This study aimed to investigate the factors affecting STI preventive behavior among female sex workers in Surakarta, using  Health Belief Model (HBM).Subjects and Method: This was an observational analytic study with cross-sectional design. This study was conducted in Banjarsari, Surakarta, Indonesia, from August to October 2016. A total of 130 female sex workers were selected at random. The independent variables were perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefit, perceived barrier, cues to action, and self-efficacy. The dependent variable was STI preventive behavior. The data was collected by questionnaire and analyzed by logistic regression model.Results: Perceived susceptibility (OR=7.45; CI=95%; 1.61 to 49.89; p=0.012), severity (OR=4.02; CI=95%; 1.14 to 14.17; p=0.310), benefit (OR=5.63; 95% CI; 1.10 to 28.91; p=0.390), barrier (OR = 0.18; 95% CI; 0.02 to 0.70; p=0,018), cues to action (OR=7.32; CI=95%; 1,18 to 29.29; p=0.050), self-efficacy (OR=5.10; CI=95%; 1.10 to 23.58; p=0.370), had positive effects on STI preventive behavior.Conclusion: Perceived susceptibility, severity, benefit, barrier, cues to action, self-efficacy, had positive effects on STI preventive behavior. This study supports the applicability of the HBM constructs when they are used to explain factors affecting STI prevention behavior.Keywords: Health Belief Model, sexually transmitted infection, female sex workerCorrespondence: Yenni Apriana Wulandari. Masters Program in Public Health, Sebelas Maret University, SurakartaJournal of Health Promotion and Behavior (2016), 1 (2): 70-78https://doi.org/10.26911/thejhpb.2016.01.02.02
Socioeconomic Factors and Sexual Behavior Associated with HIV Infection in Population, in Kebumen District, Central Java Subaeti, Tri; Demartoto, Argyo; Murti, Bhisma
Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior Vol 3, No 1 (2018)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Background: Globally, the number of people infected with Human Immuno-deficiency Virus (HIV) was estimated at 36.7 million. This study aimed to examine the social economic determinants of HIV status in Kebumen district community.Subjects and Method: This was an analytic observational with a case-control design. This study was conducted in Kebumen District, Central Java, from January to February 2018. A sample of 81 HIV positive cases and 162 negative controls were selected for this study by fixed disease sampling. The dependent variable was HIV status. The independent variables were age, sex, marital status, income, education, ignorance of the HIV status, health worker support, number of sexual partners, and sexual transmitted infection (STI). Data on HIV status were taken from medical record. The data of other variables were collected by questionnaire. The data were analyzed by logistic regression.Results: HIV positive status increased with higher income (OR= 2.94; 95% CI= 1.04 to 8.26; p= 0.041), age ?24 years (OR=4.33; 95% CI= 1.19 to 15.8; p= 0.026), ignorance of HIV status (OR=0.21; 95% CI= 0.09 to 0.51; p= 0.001), lack of health worker support (OR= 5.62; 95% CI= 0.88 to 35.58; p= 0.067), multiple sexual partner (OR= 6.59; 95% CI= 2.69 to 16.18; p<0.001), and presence of STI (OR= 14.19; 95% CI= 5.06 to 39.85; p<0.001).Conclusion: HIV positive status increases with higher income, age ?24 years, ignorance of HIV status, lack of health personnel support, multiple sexual partner, and presence of STI.Keywords: socioeconomic, determinant, HIVCorrespondence:Tri Subaeti. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami No. 36 A, 57126, Surakarta, Central Java. Email: etisoegito@gmail.com. Mobile: +6281226785111.Journal of Health Promotion and Public Health (2018), 3(1): 56-65https://doi.org/10.26911/thejhpb.2018.03.01.06
The Influence of Personal Factor, Parental Support and Perceived Value of Children on Early Marriage in Trowulan Subdistrict Mojokerto Regency Widiyawati, Rina; Soemanto, RB.; Pamungkasari, Eti Poncorini
Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior Vol 2, No 1 (2017)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background: According to United Nations Development Economic and Social Affairs, Indonesia is 37th country in the world and 2nd in Southeast Asia after Cambodia with high percentage of early marriage. World Health Organization expects Indonesian government to be more committed to decrease maternal and infant mortality rates as the impacts of early marriage. This study aimed to discover the influence of personal factor, parental support and perceived value of children on early marriage in Trowulan Subdistrict Mojokerto Regency.Subjects and Methods: This was an analytic observational study with case control design. Subjects were women of reproductive age as case (married at the age of ≤20) and control (married at the age of 21-25), each consisted of 60 women. The dependent variable was early marriage and the independent variables were levels of education, premarital sexual behavior, perceived behavioral control, perceived benefits, parental support and perceived value of children. The data were analyzed by path analysis.Results: Perceived behavioral control (b= -1.27; CI 95%= -2.20 to -0.33; p= 0.008), perceived benefits (b= -1.06; CI 95%= -1.97 to -0.16); p= 0.020), parental support (b= -1.28; CI 95%= -2.16 to -0.39); p= 0.005) and perceived value of children (b=- 2.94; CI 95%= -5.20 to -0.68; p= 0.011) had direct influence on early marriage and were statistically significant. The levels of education had indirect influence on early marriage based on the figures of perceived behavioral control (b= 0.92; CI 95%= 0.17 to 1.68; p= 0.016) and perceived benefits (b= 1.31; CI 95%= -0.53 to 2.17; p= 0.001). Sexual behavior was influenced by perceived behavioral control (b= 1.35; CI 95%= 0.52 to 2.17; p= 0.001).Conclusions: Early marriage is influenced by perceived behavioral control, perceived benefits, parental support and perceived value of children. Levels of education influence early marriage based on perceived behavioral control and perceived benefits. Premarital sexual behavior is influenced by perceived behavioral control.Keywords: Personal factor, parental support, perceived value of children, early marriage.Correspondence: Rina Widiyawati. Masters Program in Public Health, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta. Email: gugik.rina@gmail.com. Mobile: +6282330233064.Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior (2017), 2(1): 65-76https://doi.org/10.26911/thejhpb.2017.02.01.06
Path Analysis and Theory of Planned Behavior on Using PAP SMEAR as Early Detection of Cervical Cancer in Sewon I Community Health Center, Bantul, Yogyakarta, Indonesia Anggraeni, Fatimah Dewi; Murti, Bhisma; Dharmawan, Ruben
Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior Vol 1, No 1 (2016)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background: Cervical cancer patients per hour has increased by 2.5 people. Women died because of cervical cancer are 1.1 per hours.  Indonesia is the second country after Tiongkok with the largest number incidence of cancer. Pap smear is one of the screening programs to reduce the numbers of cervical cancer genesis. Moreover in Indonesia, the rates of screening Pap smear less than 5%. This study aimed to investigate path analyze of using pap smear with as early detection of cervical cancer by planned theory of behavior in women in Sewon 1 Public Health Center, Bantul.Subjects and Method: This was an observational analytic study with the direction cross sectional design. A total sample of 96 women with comprised 32 cases and 64 control with fixed-disease sampling method. Data analysis used path analysis.Results: The results show there is influence between intentions and screening Pap smear (p=<0.000), perceived behavioral control with Pap smear test (p=0.010). An indirectly interaction with the screening Pap smear through intention on attitudes (p=<0.001), subjective norms (p=0.036), and control behavior perceptions (p=0.034).Conclusion: from this study there are interactions directly and indirectly the uses of screening Pap smear based on planned of behavior theory.Keywords: Planned of behavior theory, screening pap smearCorrespondence:Fatimah Dewi Anggraeni. School of Public Health, Graduate Program, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta.Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior (2016), 1(1): 1-8https://doi.org/10.26911/thejhpb.2016.01.01.01 

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