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THE EFFECTIVENESS OF COAGULANTS AND FLOCCULANTS IN IMPROVING CLARIFIER WATER QUALITY: A CASE STUDY AT PT PERTA ARUN GAS, LHOKSEUMAWE Rahmah, Maulidia; Mahrizal, Mahrizal; Asmara, Anjar Purba
Walisongo Journal of Chemistry Vol. 8 No. 1 (2025): Walisongo Journal of Chemistry
Publisher : Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science and Technology UIN Walisongo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21580/wjc.v8i1.23656

This study evaluated the effectiveness of coagulants and flocculants in improving clarifier water quality, with a focus on pH, iron (Fe) concentration, and turbidity levels. In accordance with Indonesia’s Ministry of Health Regulation No. 32/2017 on environmental health standards for water, clarifier water samples were analyzed before and after treatment. The results show that the treated water complied with the specified standards, with pH levels ranging from 6.5 to 8.5, Fe concentrations below 1 mg/L, and turbidity under 25 NTU. The application of aluminum sulfate as a coagulant and polymer as a flocculant effectively reduced Fe concentrations and turbidity while adjusting the pH to acceptable levels. These findings confirm the critical role of coagulation and flocculation in industrial water treatment processes and demonstrate their potential for enhancing water quality in clarifier systems.

MODELING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NET ATOMIC CHARGE AND THE ACTIVITY OF 4-HYDRAZINYL-6-PHENYLPYRIMIDINE-5 CARBONITRILE DERIVATIVES AS ANTI-BREAST CANCER AGENTS Putri, Fitria Eka; Azra, Fajriah
Walisongo Journal of Chemistry Vol. 8 No. 1 (2025): Walisongo Journal of Chemistry
Publisher : Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science and Technology UIN Walisongo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21580/wjc.v8i1.23867

A quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) analysis was conducted on 15 derivatives of 4-hydrazinyl-6-phenylpyrimidine-5-carbonitrile to investigate the relationship between atomic charge and anti-breast cancer activity (MCF-7 cell line) based on experimental log IC₅₀ values. Descriptor data were obtained through AM1 semi-empirical quantum mechanical calculations using HyperChem. A multiple linear regression model with the backward elimination method was employed to establish the quantitative relationship between net atomic charge and log IC₅₀, yielding the following QSAR model: log IC₅₀ = -415.573 − 224.759(qC2) + 175.860(qC5) + 1307.672(qC6) + 1251.123(qC8) + 1142.590(qC9) − 3606.800(qC10) + 3.840(qC13); with n = 15, R = 0.899, R² = 0.808, Fₒ/Fₜ = 1.002, and PRESS = 0.043. The results indicate a statistically significant correlation between atomic charge and biological activity.

EVALUATION OF PHOSPHOMOLYBDENUM AND FERRIC REDUCING ANTIOXIDANT POWER ASSAYS IN EXTRACT COMBINATIONS OF MANGIFERA INDICA AND EUPHORBIA HIRTA Putra, I Made Wisnu Adhi; Suarjana, Nyoman
Walisongo Journal of Chemistry Vol. 8 No. 1 (2025): Walisongo Journal of Chemistry
Publisher : Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science and Technology UIN Walisongo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21580/wjc.v8i1.25580

Combining plant extracts at lower doses may enhance antioxidant effects through synergy. This study investigated the antioxidant capacity of combined Mangifera indica and Euphorbia hirta leaf extracts using metal ion-reducing power assays. The extracts were prepared via maceration with 70% ethanol. Phytochemical profiling was conducted through preliminary screening tests. Antioxidant capacity was assessed spectrophotometrically using the phosphomolybdenum and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. The phosphomolybdenum assay involved incubation of the extracts with reagent at 95°C for 90 minutes, while the FRAP assay was conducted at 37°C for 15 minutes. Extract combinations were prepared in the ratios of 1:3, 1:1, and 3:1. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids, steroids, and terpenoids in both extracts. In the phosphomolybdenum assay, the Mo(VI) reducing power of M. indica extract (29.154±0.664 mg AAE/g extract) was higher than that of E. hirta (27.948±0.667 mg AAE/g extract). Similarly, in the FRAP assay, the ferric reducing power of M. indica extract (55.304±1.284 mg AAE/g extract) exceeded that of E. hirta (48.009±1.873 mg AAE/g extract). The highest reducing powers were observed in Comb. 3, yielding 30.745±0.715 mg AAE/g extract (phosphomolybdenum) and 57.190±1.431 mg AAE/g extract (FRAP). Among the three combinations tested, only the 3:1 ratio demonstrated a synergistic antioxidant effect in both assays.

CONDUCTIVITY OF SODIUM HALIDES IN BINARY MIXTURES OF ETHYLENE AND PROPYLENE GLYCOL WITH WATER Cookey, Grace Agbizu; Osi, Valentine; Umah, Favour Chidera
Walisongo Journal of Chemistry Vol. 8 No. 1 (2025): Walisongo Journal of Chemistry
Publisher : Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science and Technology UIN Walisongo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21580/wjc.v8i1.25608

The conductivity behavior of sodium halides (NaBr and NaCl) in binary solvent mixtures of water with ethylene glycol (EG) and propylene glycol (PG) is crucial for optimizing electrolyte formulations in industrial applications. This study investigated the effects of varying glycol mole fractions (0 to 0.9) and salt concentrations (0.01 g to 0.13 g) on specific conductivity. The measurements were performed using a calibrated conductivity meter at room temperature (30 ± 2°C). The results revealed distinct patterns affected by solvent composition and salt type. In PG-water mixtures, specific conductivity increased with higher PG content; NaBr values rose from 1.02 μS/cm at a 0 mole fraction to 5.78 μS/cm at a 0.9 mole fraction for 0.01 g of NaBr. NaCl showed a similar but less pronounced trend, ranging from 0.4 μS/cm to 2.02 μS/cm under comparable conditions. Conversely, EG-water mixtures exhibited decreasing conductivity with increasing EG content, as NaBr values declined from 7.45 μS/cm at 0 mole fraction to 0.67 μS/cm at 0.9 mole fraction. These higher conductivity values of NaBr were attributed to its larger ionic radius and greater ionic mobility. These findings shed lights on ion–solvent interactions in mixed-solvent systems and have potential applications in electrolytic processes, energy storage, and industrial formulations requiring precise conductivity control.

REDOX AND THERMODYNAMIC INVESTIGATION OF 2-HYDROXYETHYLETHYLENEDIAMINETRIACETATOIRON(III) REACTION WITH 2-MERCAPTOETHANOLIC ACID IN A BICARBONATE-BUFFERED ENVIRONMENT Nkole, Ikechukwu Ugbaga; Idris, Sulaiman Ola; Onu, Ameh David
Walisongo Journal of Chemistry Vol. 8 No. 1 (2025): Walisongo Journal of Chemistry
Publisher : Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science and Technology UIN Walisongo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21580/wjc.v8i1.25794

The coordination chemistry of hexadentate ligands is compelling, as it provides both kinetic and thermodynamic stability to the coordinated complex, facilitating electron distribution while preserving structural integrity. In this study, the redox behavior of the reaction between 2-hydroxyethylethylenediaminetriacetatoiron(III) (HEI) and 2-mercaptoethanolic acid (MEA) was investigated spectrophotometrically in a bicarbonate-buffered environment. The reaction followed first-order kinetics with respect to [HEI] and [MEA], with a 2:2 molar ratio observed. The reaction rate was significantly affected by increases in the ionic strength and the dielectric constant of the medium. Ion catalysis was evident, and variations in pH had a significant effect on the redox pathway. Activation enthalpy and Gibbs free energy, as determined via the Eyring–Polanyi equation, indicate that the reaction required additional thermal energy to proceed. The formation of thiyl radicals facilitated the conversion of the mercapto compound to a disulfide. A Michaelis-Menten-type plot (MMTP) supported the absence of intermediate species participation, as indicated by a negative result, further corroborated by matching spectroscopic spectra of reacted and unreacted mixtures. The proposed mechanism offers insight into the potential anticancer activity of mercaptoethanolic acid.

MALACHITE GREEN TRANSPORT USING POLYMER INCLUSION MEMBRANE METHOD WITH co-EDVB AS CARRIER Aprilia, Kharisma Citra; Safitri , Nurul Ulfa; Rakhman, Khusna Arif; Kiswandono , Agung Abadi
Walisongo Journal of Chemistry Vol. 8 No. 1 (2025): Walisongo Journal of Chemistry
Publisher : Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science and Technology UIN Walisongo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21580/wjc.v8i1.25826

Malachite green (MG) is a synthetic dye known for its toxic and carcinogenic properties, necessitating effective removal from aquatic environments. This study investigated the use of a polymer inclusion membrane (PIM) containing co-poly(eugenol-divinylbenzene) (co-EDVB) 2% as a carrier for the selective transport of MG. The membrane was prepared by dissolving co-EDVB, polyvinyl chloride, and dibenzyl ether in tetrahydrofuran (THF). Several parameters were evaluated, including the pH of the source phase, the concentration of nitric acid in the receiving phase, membrane thickness, carrier concentration, transport time, and competitive transport in synthetic wastewater. UV-Visible spectrophotometric analysis at a wavelength of 613 nm revealed that the transport efficiency reached 90.95% under optimal conditions: source phase pH 7, 0.50 M HNO₃ in the receiving phase, membrane thickness T54, and 18 hours of transport. In the presence of competing metal ions such as Pb²⁺ and Cu²⁺, the efficiency decreased to 80.79%, confirming the important role of co-EDVB in enhancing transport selectivity and efficiency.

COLLECTIVE INSIGHTS ON THE POLYMORPHS, BIOAVAILABILITY, AND BINDING PROPERTIES OF ATOVAQUONE (ANTIMALARIAL DRUG): AN OVERVIEW Saralaya, Sanjay Sukumar; Kanakamajalu , Shridhara
Walisongo Journal of Chemistry Vol. 8 No. 1 (2025): Walisongo Journal of Chemistry
Publisher : Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science and Technology UIN Walisongo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21580/wjc.v8i1.25875

This review initiative had interrelated key aspects like crystal structure, bioavailability, and stereospecific binding capabilities of Atovaquone. Surprisingly, very little literature was available regarding the exploration of different polymorphs of Atovaquone. Interestingly, extensive literature was found towards the bioavailability features and factors specifically related with Atovaquone. Several researchers had attempted to correlate crystal morphology and orientation with the binding properties of Atovaquone and its structurally related compounds. The polymorphic stability of the molecule will play a crucial role in drug formulation and contributes towards the bioavailability of the drug through variations in solubility. Hence for Atovaquone, two factors must be considered: its polymorphic nature and the presence of stereospecific isomers to explain its bioavailability and binding properties. The trans-isomer of Atovaquone, having a specific polymorphic form had provided higher bioavailability, more efficient binding, and an expectedly higher inhibitory activity.

AMMONIUM-MODIFIED NATURAL ZEOLITE: A PROMISING CATALYST FOR RENEWABLE DIESEL PRODUCTION – A REVIEW Putra, Riandy; Rosmainar, Lilis; Rasidah
Walisongo Journal of Chemistry Vol. 8 No. 1 (2025): Walisongo Journal of Chemistry
Publisher : Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science and Technology UIN Walisongo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21580/wjc.v8i1.26031

The global shift toward sustainable energy has intensified research into renewable diesel production, owing to its superior fuel properties and environmental benefits. Catalysts play a crucial role in the hydrodeoxygenation of vegetable oils and biomass-derived feedstocks to produce green diesel. Natural zeolites, valued for their high thermal stability and tunable acidity, have emerged as cost-effective catalytic alternatives. This review explored recent advancements in the application of ammonium-modified natural zeolites as catalysts in green diesel production. Characterization techniques, including FT-IR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy), XRD (X-ray Diffraction), SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy), TG-DTG (Thermogravimetric Analysis), nitrogen adsorption isotherms, and NH₃-TPD (Temperature-Programmed Desorption of Ammonia), were employed to analyze NH₄⁺-zeolites. Results demonstrate that ammonium modification enhanced the acidity, porosity, and catalytic efficiency of natural zeolites, leading to improved deoxygenation selectivity and increased green diesel yields. The NH₄⁺-modified zeolite achieved a C₁₅ hydrocarbon selectivity of 70%, compared to 54% for the unmodified variant. Furthermore, introducing ammonium ions helped regulate acidity by mitigating excessive Brønsted acidity, ultimately reducing coke formation and improving catalyst stability. This review discusses the physicochemical properties and catalytic performance of ammonium-modified natural zeolites in green diesel production. It also addresses the challenges and future directions for scaling up their application in renewable fuel technologies

AMMONIUM-MODIFIED NATURAL ZEOLITE: A PROMISING CATALYST FOR RENEWABLE DIESEL PRODUCTION – A REVIEW Putra, Riandy; Rosmainar, Lilis; Rasidah
Walisongo Journal of Chemistry Vol. 8 No. 1 (2025): Walisongo Journal of Chemistry
Publisher : Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science and Technology UIN Walisongo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21580/wjc.v8i1.26031

The global shift toward sustainable energy has intensified research into renewable diesel production, owing to its superior fuel properties and environmental benefits. Catalysts play a crucial role in the hydrodeoxygenation of vegetable oils and biomass-derived feedstocks to produce green diesel. Natural zeolites, valued for their high thermal stability and tunable acidity, have emerged as cost-effective catalytic alternatives. This review explored recent advancements in the application of ammonium-modified natural zeolites as catalysts in green diesel production. Characterization techniques, including FT-IR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy), XRD (X-ray Diffraction), SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy), TG-DTG (Thermogravimetric Analysis), nitrogen adsorption isotherms, and NH₃-TPD (Temperature-Programmed Desorption of Ammonia), were employed to analyze NH₄⁺-zeolites. Results demonstrate that ammonium modification enhanced the acidity, porosity, and catalytic efficiency of natural zeolites, leading to improved deoxygenation selectivity and increased green diesel yields. The NH₄⁺-modified zeolite achieved a C₁₅ hydrocarbon selectivity of 70%, compared to 54% for the unmodified variant. Furthermore, introducing ammonium ions helped regulate acidity by mitigating excessive Brønsted acidity, ultimately reducing coke formation and improving catalyst stability. This review discusses the physicochemical properties and catalytic performance of ammonium-modified natural zeolites in green diesel production. It also addresses the challenges and future directions for scaling up their application in renewable fuel technologies

ADSORPTION KINETICS OF METHYL ORANGE ON SILICA DERIVED FROM GAMALAMA VOLCANIC SOIL Cipta, Indra; Baturante, Nur Jannah; Hernawan, Hernawan; Rombe, Yunita Pare; Mahmudha, Siti
Walisongo Journal of Chemistry Vol. 8 No. 1 (2025): Walisongo Journal of Chemistry
Publisher : Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science and Technology UIN Walisongo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21580/wjc.v8i1.26066

Silica gel was successfully synthesized from Gamalama volcanic soil using the sol-gel method and applied as an adsorbent to remove methyl orange (MO) dye. The synthesis process involved treating 20 grams of volcanic soil with 2 M HCl under stirring for 3 hours, followed by a 12-hour soaking period. The solid residue was subsequently filtered, dried, and reacted with 7 M NaOH for 2 hours. The resulting filtrate was neutralized through repeated washing with distilled water, and silica gel formation was achieved by titration with 2 M HCl until a final pH of approximately 3–4 was reached. The synthesized silica was evaluated for its adsorption performance against methyl orange, with optimal conditions identified at pH 4, a contact time of 5 hours, and an adsorbent dosage of 30 mg. UV-Vis analysis showed that the synthesized silica exhibited a higher adsorption capacity (6.7%) compared to raw Gamalama volcanic soil. Kinetic studies indicated that the adsorption process followed a pseudo-second-order model, suggesting chemisorption as the dominant mechanism. The rate constant (k₂) for the synthesized silica was 0.09 M⁻¹·h⁻¹, compared to 0.077 M⁻¹·h⁻¹ for the raw volcanic soil. This indicates that the synthesized silica adsorbed MO more rapidly, likely due to its higher purity and greater availability of active sites. The slightly lower k₂ observed in raw volcanic soil might be attributed to the presence of clay minerals such as halloysite and allophane, which possess negative surface charges at neutral to alkaline pH levels, leading to electrostatic repulsion with the negatively charged MO anions. Silica gel synthesized from Gamalama volcanic soil demonstrates promising potential as an eco-friendly adsorbent for dye removal from aqueous solutions.

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Home Page

OAI Link

Editorial Team

Contact

Reviewer

Google Scholar

Contact Name Walisongo Journal of Chemistry

Contact Email wjc@walisongo.ac.id

Phone -

Journal Mail Official teguhwibowo@walisongo.ac.id

Editorial Address Jalan Prof. Dr. Hamka (Campus 2), Ngaliyan, Semarang, Central Java-Indonesia

Location Kota semarang, Jawa tengah INDONESIA

Abstract

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Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Contact Name
Walisongo Journal of Chemistry

Contact Email
wjc@walisongo.ac.id

Phone
-

Journal Mail Official
teguhwibowo@walisongo.ac.id

Editorial Address
Jalan Prof. Dr. Hamka (Campus 2), Ngaliyan, Semarang, Central Java-Indonesia

Location
Kota semarang,

Jawa tengah

INDONESIA