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Walisongo Journal of Chemistry
Published by Universitas Islam Negeri Walisongo Semarang
ISSN : 2549385X     EISSN : 26215985     DOI : 10.21580/wjc
Core Subject : Science,
Chemistry
Walisongo journal of chemistry is a peer reviewed and open access journal published by Chemistry Department, faculty of Science and Technology, UIN Walisongo Semarang. This journal covering all areas of chemistry including inorganic, organic, physic, analytic, biochemistry, and environmental chemistry. Walisongo Journal of Chemistry publish two issues annually (July and October). Article which accepted in this journal was written by Bahasa and English.
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Articles 215 Documents
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Utilization Of Chlorella Pyrenoidosa As A Phytoremediator For Tannery Waste Adetya, Nais Pinta; Arifin, Uma Fadzilia; Anggriyani, Emiliana; Rachmawati, Laili
Walisongo Journal of Chemistry Vol. 7 No. 1 (2024): Walisongo Journal of Chemistry
Publisher : Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science and Technology UIN Walisongo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21580/wjc.v7i1.20749

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the effect of phytoremediation on the bioremoval of COD, ammonia, and Cr (VI) from tannery wastewater and examine its effect on the growth of Chlorella populations. The research method consisted of two stages: first, preparation of liquid waste media. The second is culturing pure cultures followed by microalgae cultivation using leather tanning liquid waste media with a concentration variation of 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% v/v. Filtrate samples after harvest were analyzed for COD, ammonia, and Cr (VI). The results obtained in this study show that Chlorella can grow in tanning waste media. The highest exponential phase occurs at a concentration of 20% with a growth rate of 0.557. Tannery liquid waste contains inorganic minerals utilized by Chlorella pyrenoidosa cells for growth. Cultivation of Chlorella pyrenoidosa can reduce leather tanning liquid waste parameters, namely COD, ammonia, and Cr (VI).
Synthesis And Study of Antimicrobial Properties of Βeta-Tricalcium Phosphate/Silver Nanoparticles Saprianti, Siti; Gusrizal, Gusrizal; Syahbanu, Intan
Walisongo Journal of Chemistry Vol. 7 No. 1 (2024): Walisongo Journal of Chemistry
Publisher : Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science and Technology UIN Walisongo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21580/wjc.v7i1.21101

Abstract

Beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) is a compound used as a basic material for making bio-scaffolds and applied for controlled drug delivery and bone regeneration. This material has the advantages of osteoconductivity and biodegradability. However, this material has weaknesses in its antimicrobial properties, so it requires adding other ingredients to increase its ability, such as NpAg. This research aims to obtain β-TCP/NpAg, which has antimicrobial properties. This research started with NpAg, made β-TCP from a combination of Ca(OH)2 and H3PO4 synthesized β-TCP/NpAg, and tested antimicrobial activity using the disc method. The results of this study show that β-TCP has XRD characteristics in the diffraction pattern, such as 21,541, 25,339, 27,619, 30,881, 32,179, and 34,231. In addition, β-TCP/NpAg has XRD characteristics in the diffraction pattern, such as 25.90, 26.67, 27.95, 29.65, 31.17, 32.61, and 34.47, with the highest peak at 31.17, which is the diffraction pattern of NpAg. The antimicrobial β-TCP/NpAg results showed the ability to inhibit the test microbes by 84.37% on S. aureus, 95.17% on E. coli, and 38.83% on C. albicans.
Modelling of QSAR Equations for Styryl Quinolone Compound Derivatives as HIV-1 Inhibitors Firdaus, Irvan Maulana; Hafshah, Mutista; Amin, Ahmad Faqih; Satriya, Daffa Faiq Aji
Walisongo Journal of Chemistry Vol. 7 No. 1 (2024): Walisongo Journal of Chemistry
Publisher : Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science and Technology UIN Walisongo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21580/wjc.v7i1.22315

Abstract

HIV-1 (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) inhibitor compounds have been designed using a QSAR analysis approach for 33 styryl quinolone derivative compounds, with descriptors calculated using semi-empirical methods. This research aims to determine the best semi-empirical method and to obtain the best QSAR equation by comparing the Principal Component Regression method with Multiple Linear Regression, as well as modifying the structure of new styryl quinolone derivative compounds to achieve higher predicted theoretical HIV-1 integrase protein inhibitor activity. The analysis results showed that the semi-empirical MINDO3 method was the best. The QSAR MINDO3 equation with Principal Component Regression is as follows: :  pIC50 = 5.046 + 0.515 VL1 with n = 33, r = 0.611, r2 = 0.374, SD = 0.677, Fcount/Ftable = 4.45, PRESS = 20.554, Sig = <0.01.  Meanwhile, with Multiple Linear Regression, the equation is as follows: pIC50 = -11.252 + 88.481 (qC3) + 26.667 (qC4) + 9.156 (qC5) – 1.443 (qC7) + 4.284 (qC8)-0.03 (Surface Area Approx) + 0.033 (Grid) - 0.195 (logP) – 0.007 (Mr) – 2.166 (HOMO) with n = 33; r = 0.870; r2 = 0.758; SD =0.500; Fcount/Ftable =2.995; PRESS =5.505; Sig. <0.01. The design of the new compound was carried out based on the best QSAR equation, namely Multiple Linear Regression. We obtained 10 structural modifications from the equation above with the best theoretical pIC50 values from the reference ligand.
CASSAVA-BASED BIOPLASTIC AS A CARRIER MEDIUM FOR SLOW-RELEASE FERTILIZER Yudi, Yulius; Syahbanu, Intan; Wahyuni, Nelly
Walisongo Journal of Chemistry Vol. 8 No. 2 (2025): Walisongo Journal of Chemistry
Publisher : Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science and Technology UIN Walisongo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21580/wjc.v8i2.23718

Abstract

The rapid nutrient release of conventional fertilizers often leads to resource inefficiency, environmental pollution, and a continuous increase in subsidized fertilizer demand in Indonesia. This study aimed to develop cassava starch (Manihot esculenta Crantz)-based bioplastic as a carrier medium for urea slow-release fertilizer (SRF). The bioplastic was further analyzed for its mechanical properties, biodegradability, and nutrient release efficiency. The research method involved cassava starch preparation, bioplastic fabrication using cassava starch, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and glycerol mixtures, followed by testing of water resistance, tensile strength, elongation, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis, and SRF release performance. The results showed that bioplastic containing fertilizer (BP) exhibited higher water absorption, with water resistance of 73.45%, compared to bioplastic without fertilizer (BP0), which showed 67.44% water resistance. Mechanical testing revealed that bioplastic without fertilizer had a higher tensile strength (0.99 MPa) than bioplastic containing fertilizer (0.50 MPa). Although the tensile strength did not meet the Indonesian National Standard (SNI ISO 527-1:2016), which requires values between 24.7–302 MPa, the elongation properties of both samples met the standard range of 21–220%. Functional group analysis using FTIR indicated changes in the chemical structure of the bioplastic due to fertilizer addition, evidenced by a shift in the FTIR absorption peak at 2164.13 cm⁻¹, corresponding to the isocyanate group. The urea slow-release test conducted over six days showed a nutrient release efficiency of 66% for the bioplastic-embedded urea fertilizer (BP) compared to the direct use of urea fertilizer. Overall, this study demonstrates that cassava starch-based bioplastic has strong potential as an efficient carrier material for SRF applications.
AN OVERVIEW OF ADVANCED 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES Ratnawaty, Gervacia Jenny; Indrawati, Ratih; Wahdaniah, Wahdaniah; Rakhman, Khusna Arif
Walisongo Journal of Chemistry Vol. 8 No. 2 (2025): Walisongo Journal of Chemistry
Publisher : Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science and Technology UIN Walisongo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21580/wjc.v8i2.26028

Abstract

Antioxidants play a crucial role in preventing oxidative damage, necessitating reliable analytical techniques for their evaluation. Oxidative stress, resulting from an imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants in the body, has been associated with various chronic diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disorders, and neurodegenerative conditions. Therefore, accurately assessing antioxidant activity is essential for developing health-related products and validating their efficacy. This study reviewed and compared various analytical methods used to determine antioxidant activity, emphasizing their advantages, limitations, and applicability across different sample types. Traditional spectrophotometric assays, such as the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method, remain widely used because of their simplicity and cost-effectiveness, although they often suffer from matrix interferences. Advanced techniques, including gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with DPPH (HPLCDPPH), electrochemical methods, microfluidic systems, and miniaturized paper-based assays, provide improved sensitivity, accuracy, and efficiency. These methods enable a more comprehensive assessment of antioxidant activity by offering deeper insights into reaction mechanisms and compound interactions. The integration of multiple analytical approaches can further enhance antioxidant characterization, supporting applications in the food, pharmaceutical, and biomedical industries. This review highlights the importance of selecting appropriate analytical techniques based on research objectives and sample characteristics, while also outlining future directions for advancing antioxidant detection methodologies.
THE POTENTIAL OF CALANONE DERIVATIVES AS ANTILEUKEMIA AGENTS VIA AN IN SILICO APPROACH: MOLECULAR DOCKING AND MOLECULAR DYNAMICS ANALYSIS Firdaus, Irvan Maulana; Hafshah, Mutista; Akbar, Achmad; Faiz, Rijal Akhmad; Iswanto, Ponco; Chasani, Mochammad; Hanafi, Muhammad; Delsy, Eva Vaulina Yulistia
Walisongo Journal of Chemistry Vol. 8 No. 2 (2025): Walisongo Journal of Chemistry
Publisher : Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science and Technology UIN Walisongo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21580/wjc.v8i2.26105

Abstract

Cancer, particularly leukemia, remains a major global health concern with a high mortality rate, necessitating the development of more effective and selective therapeutic agents. This study evaluated the potential of calanone derivatives as antileukemia agents using an in silico approach. The objectives were to (1) analyze the molecular docking interactions between predicted calanone derivatives and commercial leukemia drugs targeting the Bruton’s Tyrosine Kinase (BTK) receptor (PDB ID: 5P9J); (2) predict the ADMET properties (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, and Toxicity) of the calanone derivatives; and (3) compare the molecular dynamics analysis results of the predicted compounds with those of commercial drugs. The findings revealed that the predicted molecules, including Vaulina2 ((5-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-8-oxo-10-phenyl-2H,8H-pyrano[2,3-f]chromen-6-yl)(phenyl)methyl 2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-oxopropanoate)), Prediction1 ((8-amino-5-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-10-phenyl-2H,8H-pyrano[2,3-f]chromen-6-yl)(phenyl)methanediol)), Prediction2 (6-(dihydroxy(phenyl)methyl)-2,2-dimethyl-10-phenyl-2H,8H-pyrano[2,3-f]chromene-5,8-diol)), Prediction3 (2-amino-9,9-dimethyl-3,7-diphenyl-2,3-dihydro-5H,9H-furo[2,3-f]pyrano[2,3-h]chromen-5-ol)), and Prediction4 (4-(dihydroxy(8-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-5-oxo-10-phenyl-6,8-dihydro-2H,5H-pyrano[2,3-f]chromen-6-yl)methyl)benzoic acid)), demonstrated greater stability compared to the reference drug ibrutinib, with Gibbs free energy (ΔG) values of −11.25, −12.50, −10.83, −10.74, and −10.63 kcal/mol, respectively. All compounds also conformed to the predicted ADMET profiles. Molecular dynamics simulations indicated that Vaulina2, Prediction1, and Prediction2 exhibited superior performance based on Root-Mean-Square Deviation (RMSD), Root-Mean-Square Fluctuation (RMSF), Solvent-Accessible Surface Area (SASA), hydrogen bond occupancy, and Molecular Mechanics–Generalized Born Surface Area (MM-GBSA) parameters.
MOLECULAR DOCKING OF ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF HEXAHYDRO-1,2,3-TRIAZINE DERIVATIVES Tahya, Candra Yulius; Irawati, Wahyu; Karnelasatri, Karnelasatri
Walisongo Journal of Chemistry Vol. 8 No. 2 (2025): Walisongo Journal of Chemistry
Publisher : Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science and Technology UIN Walisongo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21580/wjc.v8i2.26159

Abstract

Hexahydro-1,3,5-triazine and its derivatives have piqued the interest of numerous researchers due to its strong biological characteristics, which include antibacterial, antimalarial, fungicidal, antiviral, anticancer, antimicrobial, antiamoebic, anti-inflammatory, and antitubercular effects. The antibacterial activity test in this work was performed using molecular docking on 16 hexahydro-1,3,5-triazine derivative compounds and three drug molecule controls that were selected from the PDB database and targeted Penicillin binding protein 2A (PDB ID: 1VQQ). For docking, Pyrx v.1.1's AutodockVina integration was utilized. Docking utilizing the targeted docking strategy was performed using a specific gridbox that was chosen based on the location of significant amino acids and pharmacological controls. The drug potential of a chemical under test is described by the Pa (Probability to be Active) value. The results of the Pa value analysis showed that several hexahydro-1,3,5-triazine derivative compounds had a higher/better average Pa value compared to the control drugs Ceftaroline and Ceftobiprole. Based on the Lipinski rule of five, the analysis's findings indicated that six out of the sixteen test compounds had good drug-likeness features; however, according to Pfizer, every compound possessed these qualities. Nearly all of the drugs exhibited good pharmacokinetics, according to the ADMET study. According to molecular docking results, 13 out of 16 synthesized compounds generally exhibit a high affinity for the PBP2a target protein. Furthermore, four compounds had a higher affinity than the ceftobiprole drug control when compared to the three drug controls. Synthetic compounds, particularly compounds 7, 16, 15, and 1, have the potential to be used as antibacterial therapies, according to the results of QSAR, ADMET, and docking research.
DEVELOPMENT OF A NITROCELLULOSE MEMBRANE-BASED TEST STRIP FOR DETECTING MERCURY (II) Dyah Wulandari, Devyana; Muhammad Fadillah, Farchan; Ulan Sari, Della Citra; Mufida, Nisaul; Wilujeng, Putri Shinta
Walisongo Journal of Chemistry Vol. 8 No. 2 (2025): Walisongo Journal of Chemistry
Publisher : Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science and Technology UIN Walisongo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21580/wjc.v8i2.26705

Abstract

Mercury (Hg), a hazardous heavy metal, has become a significant environmental and public health concern. Practical tools for detecting mercury in water and cosmetic samples remain limited. This study aimed to develop a nitrocellulose membrane–based test strip capable of detecting mercury through its reaction with diphenylcarbazide. The development process involved the formation of a purple-colored complex resulting from the interaction between mercury ions and diphenylcarbazide, which served as the visual indicator of mercury presence. The selectivity of the test strip was evaluated against non-mercury ions, and its accuracy (%) was compared to the atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) method. The results revealed that the nitrocellulose membrane–based test strip was selective toward mercury ions, exhibited a clear color response with increasing mercury concentrations, and demonstrated a relatively high accuracy of 83.33%. These findings suggest that the developed test strip has strong potential as a semi-quantitative and portable tool for mercury detection.
NICKEL-BASED CATALYSTS FOR UREA ELECTROLYSIS: A REVIEW OF ELECTROLYSIS PERFORMANCE AND CATALYST DESIGN Situmorang, Raja Doli Tota Parulian; Sujono, Hernandi; Jasmansyah, Jasmansyah; Murniati, Anceu; Hardian, Arie; Irwansyah, Ferli Septi
Walisongo Journal of Chemistry Vol. 8 No. 2 (2025): Walisongo Journal of Chemistry
Publisher : Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science and Technology UIN Walisongo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21580/wjc.v8i2.26973

Abstract

The increasing concentration of urea in wastewater poses both an environmental challenge and an opportunity for sustainable hydrogen production through urea electrolysis, which depends on efficient electrocatalysts. This review focused on nickel-based catalysts due to their high catalytic activity and stability in alkaline media. Using the PRISMA method, twenty studies published between 2020 and 2025 were analyzed based on current density, cell potential, Tafel slope, and stability. Through thematic analysis, catalysts were categorized according to their structure, composition, design strategy, and performance at 10, 50, 100, and 500 mA cm⁻². The review also highlights the importance of testing catalysts in real wastewater rather than in idealized electrolytes. An effective catalyst should exhibit a porous or layered nanostructure, multimetallic composition, and surface doping, while avoiding noble metals and overly complex architectures that hinder charge transfer and scalability.
UTILIZATION OF BAGASSE ASH FOR THE PREPARATION OF SILICA AEROGEL/MgO COMPOSITES THROUGH AMBIENT-PRESSURE DRYING Azhar, Istighfarin Meilidya; Nazriati, Nazriati; Kusumaningrum, Irma Kartika
Walisongo Journal of Chemistry Vol. 8 No. 2 (2025): Walisongo Journal of Chemistry
Publisher : Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science and Technology UIN Walisongo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21580/wjc.v8i2.27564

Abstract

This study presents the preparation of silica aerogel/MgO composites using bagasse ash as a silica source and MgCl₂·6H₂O as the MgO precursor. Sodium silicate was extracted from bagasse ash and converted into silicic acid through ion-exchange treatment. Silica aerogel formation was achieved through gelation, followed by surface modification using TMCS and HMDS. Magnesium oxide was incorporated via co-precipitation with MgCl₂·6H₂O and subsequently stabilized through calcination. The composites were characterized using FTIR, XRD, and BET–BJH analyses. XRD results revealed a hybrid amorphous–crystalline structure, with silica predominantly in the amorphous phase and MgO in the crystalline phase. BET analysis showed a pore volume of 0.50 cm³/g and a specific surface area of 121.99 m²/g, while the pore-size distribution confirmed its mesoporous nature. FTIR spectra indicated the presence of functional groups corresponding to Si–O–Si, Si–C, C–H, and Mg–O, confirming the successful integration of MgO into the silica aerogel framework. These findings demonstrate the successful preparation of silica aerogel/MgO composites from bagasse ash under ambient-pressure drying conditions.

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