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Walisongo Journal of Chemistry
Published by Universitas Islam Negeri Walisongo Semarang
ISSN : 2549385X     EISSN : 26215985     DOI : 10.21580/wjc
Core Subject : Science,
Chemistry
Walisongo journal of chemistry is a peer reviewed and open access journal published by Chemistry Department, faculty of Science and Technology, UIN Walisongo Semarang. This journal covering all areas of chemistry including inorganic, organic, physic, analytic, biochemistry, and environmental chemistry. Walisongo Journal of Chemistry publish two issues annually (July and October). Article which accepted in this journal was written by Bahasa and English.
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Articles 203 Documents
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ADSORPTION KINETICS OF METHYL ORANGE ON SILICA DERIVED FROM GAMALAMA VOLCANIC SOIL Cipta, Indra; Baturante, Nur Jannah; Hernawan, Hernawan; Rombe, Yunita Pare; Mahmudha, Siti
Walisongo Journal of Chemistry Vol. 8 No. 1 (2025): Walisongo Journal of Chemistry
Publisher : Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science and Technology UIN Walisongo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21580/wjc.v8i1.26066

Abstract

Silica gel was successfully synthesized from Gamalama volcanic soil using the sol-gel method and applied as an adsorbent to remove methyl orange (MO) dye. The synthesis process involved treating 20 grams of volcanic soil with 2 M HCl under stirring for 3 hours, followed by a 12-hour soaking period. The solid residue was subsequently filtered, dried, and reacted with 7 M NaOH for 2 hours. The resulting filtrate was neutralized through repeated washing with distilled water, and silica gel formation was achieved by titration with 2 M HCl until a final pH of approximately 3–4 was reached. The synthesized silica was evaluated for its adsorption performance against methyl orange, with optimal conditions identified at pH 4, a contact time of 5 hours, and an adsorbent dosage of 30 mg. UV-Vis analysis showed that the synthesized silica exhibited a higher adsorption capacity (6.7%) compared to raw Gamalama volcanic soil. Kinetic studies indicated that the adsorption process followed a pseudo-second-order model, suggesting chemisorption as the dominant mechanism. The rate constant (k₂) for the synthesized silica was 0.09 M⁻¹·h⁻¹, compared to 0.077 M⁻¹·h⁻¹ for the raw volcanic soil. This indicates that the synthesized silica adsorbed MO more rapidly, likely due to its higher purity and greater availability of active sites. The slightly lower k₂ observed in raw volcanic soil might be attributed to the presence of clay minerals such as halloysite and allophane, which possess negative surface charges at neutral to alkaline pH levels, leading to electrostatic repulsion with the negatively charged MO anions. Silica gel synthesized from Gamalama volcanic soil demonstrates promising potential as an eco-friendly adsorbent for dye removal from aqueous solutions.
Activity Test of Methanol Extract of Young Stem Bark of Semambu rattan Plant (Calamus Scipionum Lour) with DPPH Method Hasana, Nazria; Yani, Dwi Fitri; Wijayanti, Fitria
Walisongo Journal of Chemistry Vol. 7 No. 1 (2024): Walisongo Journal of Chemistry
Publisher : Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science and Technology UIN Walisongo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21580/wjc.v7i1.17350

Abstract

The Semambu rattan (Calamus scipionum Lour) plant contains phenolic compounds, such as flavonoids and polyphenols that have the ability as antioxidants. Therefore, the community often consumes C scipionum Lour, and the stiff stems are made of crafts. However, the skin, the content of which is not scientifically known, is currently considered a waste in the community. This study was conducted to determine the results of phytochemical tests and the activity of methanol extract of young bark of the Semambu rattan plant (C. scipionum Lour). The bark of young Semambu rattan stems is extracted by maceration, and then the extract obtained is carried out by phytochemical screening. Antioxidant acrypability was measured using the DPPH method at a wavelength of 517nm. The results of phytochemical testing of young bark extract of C. scipionum Lour contain flavonoids, saponins, tannins, alkaloids and terpenoids. The research results on antioxidant young stem bark C. scipionum Lour with positive control in the form of ascorbic acid obtained results IC50 = 65.10 ppm, which is classified as a potent antioxidant. The conclusion of this study is that the extract of the young bark of Semambu rattan (C. scipionum Lour) can be used as an alternative antioxidant.
Antioxidant Activity Of Leaf Ethanol Extract And Balm Plant Sticks (Polygala paniculata L.) Zidratil, Zidratil; Lestari, Wahyuni Dwi; Bibba, Yustina Massola; Darnayanti, Darnayanti; Islam, Fitri Nurul; Sukarti, Sukarti
Walisongo Journal of Chemistry Vol. 7 No. 1 (2024): Walisongo Journal of Chemistry
Publisher : Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science and Technology UIN Walisongo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21580/wjc.v7i1.17964

Abstract

This research aims to determine the antioxidant activity of the leaves and stems of the balsam plant (Polygala paniculata Linn). The balsam plant (Polygala paniculata Linn) is a small shrub that grows wild and is utilized by the community in Bonelemo Village, Bajo Barat Sub District, Luwu Regency, South Sulawesi, as a traditional medicine for removing black spots on the face. One of the compounds contained in the balsam plant is flavonoids, which have the potential as antioxidants. The procedures carried out in this research include sample preparation, sample extraction using 96% ethanol solvent, macerate concentration, and subsequently conducting antioxidant activity tests using the DPPH method. The results of antioxidant activity testing of the leaves and stems of the balsam plant (Polygala paniculata Linn) obtained an IC50 value of 44,987 µg/mL. Based on this research, the leaves and stems of the balsam plant (Polygala paniculata Linn) are categorized as containing very strong antioxidant components.
Determination Of Sodium Nitrite in Dumplings Available in Online Shops Using Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometry Mulyaningsih, Listiana Neli; Putri, Saskia Anugrah; Muhaimin, Muhaimin; Kuntari, Kuntari
Walisongo Journal of Chemistry Vol. 7 No. 1 (2024): Walisongo Journal of Chemistry
Publisher : Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science and Technology UIN Walisongo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21580/wjc.v7i1.18411

Abstract

This research aims to determine the sodium nitrite content in dumplings in online stores based on differences in storage. The method used in this research is UV-Vis spectrophotometry with a maximum wavelength of 540 nm. The samples obtained from the online shop were two with different brands and were given the codes MT and CD. Samples in closed packaging that are still sealed are categorised as fresh samples and then tested for sodium nitrite content in the sample. Then, the remaining fresh samples were tested after being stored for 24 hours. The research results showed that the sodium nitrite content in fresh samples of different brands had different levels. Respectively, sodium nitrite levels with codes MT and CD were obtained at 9,890 mg/Kg and 15,545 mg/Kg. Samples that had undergone a 24-hour storage process with the MT and CD brands obtained 6,862 mg/Kg sodium nitrite contents and 13,209 mg/Kg. The sodium nitrite content in samples from different brands is still below the requirements set by the National Agency of Drug and Food Control of the Republic of Indonesia Regulation No. 11 of 2019 concerning food additives, namely 30 mg/Kg. This means that the sample is still categorised as suitable for consumption by the public. Fresh sample precision as %RPD for MT and CD brands is 7.030% and 6.954%. Meanwhile, sample precision after storage for the MT and CD brands was 8.382% and 1.921%, respectively. Thus, the precision in this test is declared to meet the acceptance requirements of <10%. The estimated uncertainty of the test for determining sodium nitrite levels in dumpling samples meets the acceptance requirements of <30% levels.
Rice Husk Ash: A Promising Heavy Metal Adsorbent For Wastewater Treatment Kumalasari, Meiyanti Ratna; Beladona, Siti Unvaresi Misonia; Gracia, Amanda Natania; Sugiyani, Tina; Wulandari, Oktavia Rahmi; Imelya, Marsya; Syaima, Husna; Hanif, Qonita Awliya
Walisongo Journal of Chemistry Vol. 7 No. 1 (2024): Walisongo Journal of Chemistry
Publisher : Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science and Technology UIN Walisongo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21580/wjc.v7i1.18852

Abstract

The primary polluter of the environment is liquid waste. Silica is one substance that can be utilized to minimize water pollution. Silica can be produced from agricultural biomass waste, such as rice husk ash. This study investigated the preparation of rice husk ash and the optimal synthesis method for producing bio-silica. A literature review of studies on rice husk ash, heavy metals, and adsorbents was conducted. The findings indicated that boiling rice husk at 800°C and washing with HCl produced high-purity silica. XRD (X-ray diffraction), FT-IR (Fourier transform infrared) spectrophotometers, and ED-XRF (Energy Dispersive X-ray fluorescence) were employed to characterize the rice husk ash. The precipitation, sol-gel, acidification, and hydrothermal methods were compared for bio-silica synthesis. The synthesized bio-silica can be used as a heavy metal absorbent for various metal ions, including Pb2+, Zn2+, Mn2+, Cu2+, As3+, As5+, and Cd2+.
Characteristics of Liquid Sugar from Cassava Flour Using Gelatinization, Liquefaction and Enzymatic Saccharification (amyloglucosidase and α-amylase) Processes Agustina, Tika; Elsyana, Vida; Alvita, Livia Rhea; Ramandani, Adityas Agung; Purnani, Mawar Siti
Walisongo Journal of Chemistry Vol. 7 No. 1 (2024): Walisongo Journal of Chemistry
Publisher : Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science and Technology UIN Walisongo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21580/wjc.v7i1.20458

Abstract

Domestic sugar production is still insufficient to satisfy the national demand for sugar, and production costs are expensive. One of the ingredients that can be used to make liquid sugar is starch. This study aims to determine the response of the resulting reduced sugar by optimizing the substrate concentration, liquefaction, and saccharification time. The method used of Box Behnken Design (BBD) with combinations of 20, 30, and 40% substrate concentrations, liquefaction times of 20, 40, and 60 min, and saccharification times of 20, 40, and 60 min. The characteristics of cassava flour, such as moisture (9.208 ± 0.068%), ash (0.987 ± 0.001%), fiber (2.187 ± 0.033%), and starch (79.876 ± 0.000%), were satisfied on SNI 01-2905-1992. Liquid sugar made from cassava flour reduced the sugar content by 28.299 ± 0.101%. The optimal conditions were 40% substrate concentration, 60 min liquefaction time, and 60 min saccharification time. The characteristics of the validation liquid sugar are in accordance with the specifications for the quality requirements of SNI 01-2978-1992 in the form of moisture content, ash content, and reducing sugar of 5.194 ± 0.003%, 0.996 ± 0.000%, and 29.668 ± 0.761%, respectively. These results highlight the effectiveness of optimizing substrate concentration, liquefaction time, and saccharification time in producing high-quality liquid sugar from cassava flour. This optimization addresses the domestic demand for sugar. It provides a cost-effective solution by utilizing cassava flour, thereby supporting the local agricultural economy and potentially reducing reliance on imported sugar.
Separation and Determination of Free Fatty Acids in Corn Oil and Palm Oil by Liquid-Liquid Extraction and Acidi-Alkalimetric Titration Rusdi, Hanumi Oktiyani; Kusumaningrum, Irma Kartika; Nareswari, Tsalis Jauza; Fauziah, Putri Nanda; Maharani, Richa Nan; Natasya, Shella
Walisongo Journal of Chemistry Vol. 7 No. 1 (2024): Walisongo Journal of Chemistry
Publisher : Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science and Technology UIN Walisongo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21580/wjc.v7i1.20461

Abstract

Free Fatty Acids (FFA), which include unsaturated fatty acids like oleic and linoleic acid and saturated fatty acids like palmitic and stearic, are present in most oil compositions. The various negative impacts of FFA require these compounds to be eliminated.  This research aims to separate FFA using Liquid-Liquid Extraction (LLE) and determine the levels of FFA using acid-alkalimetric titration in corn oil and palm oil. FFA extraction was carried out for 4 minutes with a solvent ratio of 9,5 ml diethyl ether + 40 ml ethanol + 0,5 ml water. By adding 1M Na2SO4, re-extraction was carried out for 3 minutes. The results obtained were 0.95% FFA levels in corn oil and 1.26% FFA levels in palm oil. FFA levels of both oils are still below the SNI FFA percentage of 3%; besides that, it is found that the FFA levels in palm oil are higher than in corn oil
Effect of Surfactants on Total Phenol Content from Sonication Extraction of Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lamk) Leaves in Vegetable Oil Azhar, Istighfarin Meilidya; Mahmudah, Rif'atul; Fasya, Ahmad Ghanaim
Walisongo Journal of Chemistry Vol. 7 No. 1 (2024): Walisongo Journal of Chemistry
Publisher : Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science and Technology UIN Walisongo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21580/wjc.v7i1.20545

Abstract

This research aimed to determine the effect of variations in surfactant addition and sonication extraction time on the total phenolic content of Moringa leaves in vegetable oils, namely Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) and Extra Virgin Olive Oil (EVOO). Moringa leaf extract in VCO and EVOO at varying volume additions of tween 80 of 0 mL; 0.1 mL; 0.2 mL; 0.3 mL; and 0.4 mL, as well as variations in extraction time, namely 0, 10, 20, and 30 minutes. The solution mixture was sonicated at room temperature with a frequency of 42 kHz. The extraction results were tested for total phenol content using the total phenol measurement method (Folin-Ciocalteu), whose absorption was measured using a UV-Vis Spectrophotometer. The best variation was the addition of tween 80 volume of 0.4 mL and extraction time of 30 minutes; sonicated Moringa leaf extract in VCO was 39.28 ± 1.75 mg GAE/g and EVOO was 57.80 ± 2.89 mg GAE/g. Furthermore, the typical functional groups of phenolic compounds in the best Moringa leaf herbal oil extract in VCO and EVOO were identified using an FTIR spectrophotometer.
Green Synthesis And Characterization of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Jatropha Curcas for Enhanced Antibacterial Potential Ovonramwen, Oluwaseyi Bukky; Nwaogu, Ngozi; Okunzuwa, Iyobosa Gift; Omoruyi, Uwaila
Walisongo Journal of Chemistry Vol. 7 No. 1 (2024): Walisongo Journal of Chemistry
Publisher : Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science and Technology UIN Walisongo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21580/wjc.v7i1.20629

Abstract

Green-synthesized nanoparticles offer various advantages over conventionally physico-chemically synthesized nanoparticles. These synthesized nanoparticles have various biological and medicinal applications. In this study, zinc oxide nanoparticles were synthesized using the leaf extract of Jatropha curcas and zinc acetate dihydrate (as a precursor) for nanoparticle synthesis. The optical, functional group, morphological, and structural properties of the synthesized nanoparticles were investigated using ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometers (UV-Vis), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the antibacterial analysis was done using the agar dilution method against some Gram-positive, Staphylococcus aureus, and Gram-negative E. coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The formation of ZnO NPs was confirmed by a change in the color of the reaction mixture. UV peaks at 290 nm confirm the presence of ZnO NPs. In contrast, the presence of various bioactive functional groups responsible for reducing the bulk zinc acetate dihydrate to ZnO NPs was confirmed using FTIR. SEM analysis showed that the nanoparticles are spherical. Green-synthesized JC-ZnO NPs demonstrated important antibacterial activities when tested against certain bacteria strains; this implies that plant-synthesized nanoparticles can be used to develop many critical biomedical products.
Comparative Studies of the Phytochemical Analysis, Mineral Content, Antibacterial Activity and Antioxidant Potential of Ethyl Acetate Extract of Alstonia Boonei Leaves and Stem Bark Uadia, Jeremiah Ogboma; Ogbeide, Osahon Kennedy
Walisongo Journal of Chemistry Vol. 7 No. 1 (2024): Walisongo Journal of Chemistry
Publisher : Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science and Technology UIN Walisongo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21580/wjc.v7i1.20667

Abstract

Folkloric medicine has reported the effectiveness of Alstonia boonei stem bark and leaf extracts in treating and managing different ailments.  Hence, this research is a comparative evaluation of the phytochemicals; antioxidant potential, mineral content, and antibacterial capacity of ethyl acetate extract of Alstonia boonei leaves and stem bark. Phytochemical analysis was determined using standard methods; mineral composition was determined using a flame photometer and an atomic absorption spectrophotometer; antibacterial capacity was analysed by agar-well diffusion method; and antioxidant potential was examined by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging method. The phytochemicals detected were phenolics, eugenols, steroids, flavonoids, alkaloids, and reducing sugars in both extracts. Mineral content for sodium, iron, potassium, zinc, copper, magnesium and calcium was found to be 5.61 ± 1.33, 7.25 ± 1.00, 120.63 ± 1.39, 1.62 ± 0.30, 1.01 ± 0.01, 2.36 ± 0.10 and 15.61 ± 1.20 mg/kg respectively for the leaf extract, and 9.36 ± 0.35, 6.36 ± 0.55, 113.64 ± 0.45, 2.40 ± 0.32, 0.02 ± 0.00, 2.10 ± 0.50 and 28.30 ± 0.22 mg/kg respectively for the stem bark extract. The antioxidant potential at 250, 200, 150, 100, and 50 g/mL gave an IC50 of 2.89 ± 0.51, 3.90 ± 0.50, and 2.52 ± 0.22 μg/mL for leaf extract, stem bark extract and standard, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) outcome was identical for both extracts except for P. aeruginosa. Both extracts' minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values were 12.5 to 50 mg/mL, except B. subtilis. Hence, this result provides valuable insight into the comparative usefulness of the plant in phytomedicine.

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