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Walisongo Journal of Chemistry
Published by Universitas Islam Negeri Walisongo Semarang
ISSN : 2549385X     EISSN : 26215985     DOI : 10.21580/wjc
Core Subject : Science,
Chemistry
Walisongo journal of chemistry is a peer reviewed and open access journal published by Chemistry Department, faculty of Science and Technology, UIN Walisongo Semarang. This journal covering all areas of chemistry including inorganic, organic, physic, analytic, biochemistry, and environmental chemistry. Walisongo Journal of Chemistry publish two issues annually (July and October). Article which accepted in this journal was written by Bahasa and English.
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Articles 203 Documents
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Biosynthesis of Silver Microparticles Using Spondias Dulcis Fruit Peel Extract and Its Antibacterial Activity Girsang, Thereshia Margaretta; Purba, Elisabeth; Simamora, Adela Rosalia; Sihombing, Chatrina Yohana; Inabuy, Marchella; Tahya, Candra Yulius
Walisongo Journal of Chemistry Vol. 7 No. 2 (2024): Walisongo Journal of Chemistry
Publisher : Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science and Technology UIN Walisongo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21580/wjc.v7i2.22996

Abstract

In recent decades, the overuse and misuse of antibiotics, along with various social and economic factors, have accelerated the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, including Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, both of which are Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria. Silver particles (AgPs) have garnered significant research interest over the years due to their diverse biological activities, particularly their antibacterial properties. The green synthesis method for silver particles involves synthesizing silver metal particles using natural materials derived from organisms such as plants, resulting in particles that are less harmful to human cells but highly toxic to pathogenic bacteria. Kedondong (Spondias dulcis) is a tropical fruit widely grown in South and Southeast Asia. The peels of this fruit often become organic waste with limited utility. To explore the potential of kedondong fruit peels, this study investigated the synthesis of silver particles using their extract. The ethanolic extract of kedondong fruit peels was analyzed using LC-MS/MS-QTOF, identifying 5 alkaloids, 21 flavonoids, and 17 terpenoid compounds. The total flavonoid and phenolic contents of the extract were determined to be 1.8918 and 12.8104 mg/g of extract, respectively. The silver particles synthesized in this study had an average size of 4641.97 micrometers and a zeta potential of 40.2 mV, as determined by PSA, and were confirmed as silver particles through P-XRD phase analysis. These silver particles exhibited strong antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa, with an inhibition zone diameter of 19.43 mm, and moderate activity against K. pneumoniae, with an inhibition zone diameter of 11.50 mm, at a suspension concentration of 10 mg/mL. Notably, the P. aeruginosa strain used in this experiment was resistant to the antibiotic amoxicillin.
Computational Study of The Effect of Structure on Antioxidant Activity and Drug Score of Coumarin Derivatives Bakti, Andi Budi; Martoprawiro, Muhamad Abdulkadir
Walisongo Journal of Chemistry Vol. 7 No. 2 (2024): Walisongo Journal of Chemistry
Publisher : Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science and Technology UIN Walisongo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21580/wjc.v7i2.23327

Abstract

The presence of reactive oxygen species in the body must be maintained at low concentrations, as an excess can lead to oxidative stress. Coumarin, a secondary metabolite found in plants, exhibits potential as an antioxidant agent. However, the development of synthetic antioxidants based on coumarin remains limited. Computational studies enable the manipulation of coumarin structures to predict antioxidant activity. Correspondingly, this research aimed to investigate the effect of the type, number, and position of substituents on the antioxidant activity and drug score of coumarin derivatives utilizing computational methods, specifically ORCA and OSIRIS Property Explorer software. The results revealed that electron-donating substituents (e.g., OCH₃) could enhance antioxidant activity, while electron-withdrawing substituents (e.g., CHO) tended to reduce it. Substitution on the benzene ring of coumarin exerted a more significant effect on antioxidant activity compared to substitution on the pyrone ring. Compounds such as Umbelliferone, Scoparone, and 3-Bromoscoparone exhibited potential as new antioxidants due to their structural similarity to ascorbic acid or TBHQ. However, further studies are necessary to confirm their development as safe and effective antioxidants free from side effects.
Antibacterial Activity from Fraction of Liquid-Liquid Extraction in Temulawak Rhizome (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.) Alighiri, Dante; Firnanda, Indah Putri; Abdullah, Ravely Adhitya; Widodo, Naufaldi Bani; Drastisianti, Apriliana
Walisongo Journal of Chemistry Vol. 7 No. 2 (2024): Walisongo Journal of Chemistry
Publisher : Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science and Technology UIN Walisongo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21580/wjc.v7i2.23333

Abstract

The rhizome of Temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb) has been traditionally used to treat various ailments due to its rich content of curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin. These compounds exhibit notable antioxidant and antibacterial properties. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of Temulawak rhizome extracts in n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol, focusing on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The extraction process involved successive maceration with each solvent. The antibacterial activity was tested using well diffusion and microdilution methods, determining minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, phenolics, steroids, and triterpenoids in the extracts. The results indicated that the n-hexane and ethyl acetate fractions exhibited intense antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, while all fractions showed potent activity against Escherichia coli. The MIC values ranged from 39.0625 to 625 ppm for Staphylococcus aureus and 39.0625 to 78.125 ppm for Escherichia coli, with MBC values generally higher than MIC values. These findings highlight the potential of Temulawak rhizome extracts as effective antibacterial agents.
A Novel Synthesis Pathway for Silver Nanoparticles Using Anthurium Bipinnatifidum Ratri, Monica Cahyaning; Ipung, Kadek Erland Puba; Darmawan, Bobby Aditya
Walisongo Journal of Chemistry Vol. 7 No. 2 (2024): Walisongo Journal of Chemistry
Publisher : Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science and Technology UIN Walisongo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21580/wjc.v7i2.23862

Abstract

The field of nanomaterial synthesis has grown substantially in recent years. However, many existing synthesis methods have significant drawbacks, such as the use of organic solvents that are harmful to the environment and the high cost of inorganic reducing agents. To address these issues, we developed a simple and cost-effective method for synthesizing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Anthurium bipinnatifidum extract as a reducing agent and water as a green solvent. This green chemistry approach offers a quick and straightforward synthesis process, with the optimum incubation time and volume were 1 hour and 0.5 mL, respectively. The results of this new method show promising characteristics, as demonstrated by SEM, UV-Vis spectrophotometry, and FTIR analyses. Additionally, the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of the synthesized AgNPs was observed at 431 nm, which aligns with the typical SPR for AgNPs. The particles formed were spherical, with sizes ranging from approximately 40 to 80 nm. This research establishes an efficient new procedure for AgNPs synthesis with excellent outcomes.
Study of Synthesis of Ethyl-2-(4-Allyl-2-Methoxyphenoxy)Acetate in Polar Aprotic Solvents Fadlan, Arif; Masitoh, Heni; Niadisti, Bella Ratih Apsari; Khusnayaini, Intan Ali; Agustin, Lela; Roshuna, Jean Fitriani
Walisongo Journal of Chemistry Vol. 7 No. 2 (2024): Walisongo Journal of Chemistry
Publisher : Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science and Technology UIN Walisongo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21580/wjc.v7i2.23970

Abstract

Eugenol, a phenol-derived aromatic allylbenzene compound, exhibits a wide spectrum of biological activities (antifungal, antibacterial, antioxidant, analgesic, and antiseptic) and is an active ingredient in various hygiene products. It contains three reactive groups (hydroxy, allyl, and methoxy) and undergoes several reactions, including alkylation. The modification of the hydroxyl group of eugenol through alkylation has been performed using different alkylating agents. Alkylation has been carried out in various solvents (benzene, acetonitrile, methanol, and water) and at diverse temperatures. Hence, the investigation of this alkylation reaction on eugenol remains challenging. Correspondingly, the present study investigated the alkylation of eugenol by ethyl chloroacetate in polar aprotic solvents (N,N-dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, acetonitrile, and tetrahydrofuran) at temperatures ranging from 0°C to room temperature. The product, ethyl 2-(4-allyl-2-methoxyphenoxy)acetate (3), was obtained in yields of 91%, 51%, and 47% using DMF, DMSO, and CH3CN, respectively. The product's structure was confirmed by NMR, IR spectroscopy, and HRESIMS analysis.
Synthesis of Fe₃O₄-Zno-Bentonite Composite and Their Activities in Photodegradation of Methylene Blue Amanah, Siti Nazilatul; Udaibah, Wirda; Kholidah, Kholidah
Walisongo Journal of Chemistry Vol. 7 No. 2 (2024): Walisongo Journal of Chemistry
Publisher : Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science and Technology UIN Walisongo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21580/wjc.v7i2.24018

Abstract

The development of Fe₃O₄-ZnO-Bentonite photocatalyst material is crucial for the treatment of dye effluents, particularly in response to the rapid growth of the textile industry. Methylene blue, widely used as a textile dye, poses environmental challenges. The combination of bentonite, ZnO, and Fe₃O₄ was synthesized using the coprecipitation method to create a material capable of photodegrading methylene blue dye. Fe₃O₄-ZnO-Bentonite was synthesized using 2 g of bentonite, 8.19 g of Zn(NO₃)₂·6H₂O, and FeSO₄:FeCl₃ weight ratios (in grams) of 4.170:4.055 (composite 1), 4.170:8.109 (composite 2), and 4.170:12.164 (composite 3). Characterization of the photocatalyst materials was conducted using X-ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-DRS), and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) mapping. The Fe₃O₄-ZnO-Bentonite composite exhibited a crystalline structure, with band gap values of 2.94 eV (composite 1), 2.07 eV (composite 2), and 2.20 eV (composite 3). The morphology of the material was characterized by small and irregularly shaped chunks. Elemental analysis detected Fe, Zn, and Si peaks, confirming the even distribution of Fe₃O₄ and ZnO within the bentonite matrix. The synthesized Fe₃O₄-ZnO-Bentonite composite demonstrated enhanced photodegradation activity for methylene blue compared to the starting materials. Composite 3 exhibited the highest photocatalytic activity, achieving a degradation efficiency of 96.02% at a methylene blue concentration of 20 ppm (pH 9) within 60 minutes.
Comparison of The Use of Glycerol and Sorbitol as Plasticizers on The Quality of Bioplastics Based on Cellulose-Chitosan Qolbi, Nur Nisa Aeni; Zidni Azizati; Ika Nur Fitriani
Walisongo Journal of Chemistry Vol. 7 No. 2 (2024): Walisongo Journal of Chemistry
Publisher : Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science and Technology UIN Walisongo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21580/wjc.v7i2.24175

Abstract

The accumulation of plastic waste poses significant environmental and health problems. One effort to mitigate this issue is the development of bioplastics. Correspondingly, the primary materials used in this research were cellulose from teak (Tectona grandis) wood powder, chitosan, glycerol, and sorbitol. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of glycerol and sorbitol as plasticizers. Glycerol is considered cost-effective, renewable, biodegradable, and environmentally friendly, while sorbitol, which is also non-toxic and naturally abundant, can enhance product durability by inhibiting water evaporation. Both materials exhibit good potential as plasticizers; therefore, their comparison is necessary. The research stages included extracting cellulose from teak wood powder, synthesizing cellulose-chitosan-glycerol and cellulose-chitosan-sorbitol bioplastics, and characterizing the resulting materials. The results exhibited the presence of functional groups such as –OH, C-H, and C-O, which were typical of cellulose, as well as N-H groups, characteristic of chitosan. The best quality for glycerol-based bioplastics was achieved with the addition of 0.5 mL of glycerol, yielding a tensile strength of 5.79 MPa, elongation of 10.3%, water absorption of 43.43%, and a degradation time of 17 days. For sorbitol-based bioplastics, the best quality was obtained with the addition of 1 mL of sorbitol, resulting in a tensile strength of 6.23 MPa, elongation of 13.7%, water absorption of 67.46%, and a degradation time of 14 days. Based on these results, sorbitol is more recommended than glycerol as a plasticizer in this study.
PROXIMATE ANALYSIS, MINERAL, AND PHYTOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF RESIDUAL SEEDS AND PODS OF PIGMENT EXTRACTED ANNATTO (BIXA ORELLANA L.) Aluko, Ebenezer Olanrewaju; Adetuyi, Abayomi Olagundoye; Omotoso, Ezekiel
Walisongo Journal of Chemistry Vol. 8 No. 1 (2025): Walisongo Journal of Chemistry
Publisher : Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science and Technology UIN Walisongo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21580/wjc.v8i1.22353

Abstract

In natural dye extraction, plant residues are often discarded, raising environmental and sustainable practices concerns. This study therefore aimed to evaluate the nutrient, mineral, and phytochemical profiles of residual seeds and pods from Bixa orellana after pigment extraction for the purpose of waste management. Proximate analysis revealed significant differences between seeds and pods in moisture, ash, protein, crude fibre, and carbohydrate contents, while fat content showed no significant variation. The seeds contained moisture (6.32±0.10%), ash (4.10±0.29%), crude fat (4.10±0.08%), crude protein (16.31±0.04%), crude fibre (11.67±0.10%), and carbohydrates (57.48±0.50%), while the corresponding values for the pods were 9.05±0.03%, 3.40±0.21%, 4.35±0.11%, 10.52±0.04%, 41.63±0.20%, and 31.05±0.15%, respectively. Mineral analysis showed high concentrations of magnesium (12.003 mg/g) in seeds and calcium (52.011 mg/g) in pods, while chromium was absent in seeds but detected in pods (0.002 mg/g). Phytochemical analysis revealed alkaloids as the most abundant compound in both seeds (8.9±1.6 mg/g) and pods (7.2±0.4 mg/g), while flavonoids were the least (1.8±0.1 mg/g and 1.3±0.1 mg/g, respectively). ANOVA revealed significant differences (p < 0.05) in the proximate, mineral and phytochemical compositions, highlighting the nutritional and bioactive potential of both seeds and pods residues. These findings suggest that residual seeds and pods of Bixa orellana are valuable, rich in nutrients and minerals resources with potential applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries, promoting waste valorization and sustainability.
THE KINETICS AND OXIDATION OF NEUTRAL RED BY ClO₃⁻ IN AN AQUEOUS ACIDIC MEDIUM Umoru, Patricia Ese; Nkole, Ikeckuwku Ugbaga; Micheal, Joyce Felicity
Walisongo Journal of Chemistry Vol. 8 No. 1 (2025): Walisongo Journal of Chemistry
Publisher : Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science and Technology UIN Walisongo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21580/wjc.v8i1.22632

Abstract

The kinetics and oxidation of neutral red by chlorate ion were studied in an aqueous hydrochloric acid medium at 300 K, with an ionic strength (µ) of 0.2 M (NaCl), by monitoring the absorbance of neutral red (NR) at 515 nm. The reaction was found to be first order concerning both [NR] and [ClO₃⁻], with a stoichiometric mole ratio of 1:1 between NR and ClO₃⁻. The effect of ionic strength variations was further confirmed by observations that the reaction rate was independent of changes in ionic strength and that the addition of cations had no effect on the rate. No evidence of active radical involvement was observed. The experimental rate law determined was: Rate = (Kk₃[H⁺])[NR][ClO₃⁻]. Based on the experimental results, an outer-sphere mechanistic pathway is proposed.
PHOTOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PHENYLAZOQUINOLIN-8-OL DYES: CORRELATION OF EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL DATA Olaleye, Sefiu Olalekan; Adegboye, Toluwani Samuel; Adegoke, Olajire Aremu
Walisongo Journal of Chemistry Vol. 8 No. 1 (2025): Walisongo Journal of Chemistry
Publisher : Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science and Technology UIN Walisongo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21580/wjc.v8i1.22957

Abstract

Azo compounds are well-known as coloring agents in the textile and leather industries. Hence, continuous efforts are being made to determine the properties of these colored compounds. In this study, the solvatochromic behaviors of three phenylazoquinolin-8-ol dyes (HQ-01 to HQ-03) were investigated in solvents of varying polarities and in buffer solutions, with an emphasis on correlating experimental and theoretical data. The compounds were synthesized via diazotization and diazocoupling reactions and characterized by UV-Vis, FTIR, and 1H NMR spectroscopy. Their electronic absorption spectra were studied using UV-visible spectroscopy in solvents of different polarities and in buffer solutions. Bathochromic shifts were observed with increasing solvent polarity and basicity. The chemistry and electronic character of the solvents, along with the chemical nature and position of the substituents, were found to be responsible for the observed solvatochromic properties. Theoretical data obtained from density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that the dyes possessed low energy gaps, particularly HQ-02, which accounted for the experimental red shifts observed in the UV spectra. Therefore, the synthesized azo compounds may serve as promising solvatochromic probes, colorimetric chemosensors, medicinal agents, or analytical reagents.

Page 18 of 21 | Total Record : 203

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