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Jurnal Energi dan Lingkungan (Enerlink)

Enerlink
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Published by Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi

ISSN : 02169541 EISSN : - DOI : -

Core Subject : Science,

Energy

Enerlink adalah jurnal yang diterbitkan 2 kali setahun oleh Pusat Teknologi Pengembangan Sumberdaya Energi dan Industri Kimia BPPT di bidang energi dan lingkungan. Enerlink is a scientific journal that publishes twice annually by Centre of Energy Technology and Chemical Industry of BPPT.

Arjuna Subject : -

Articles 322 Documents

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PENCEMARAN LINGKUNGAN PADA TUNGKU PEMBUATAN BRIKET KOKAS DAN PENGECORAN LOGAM SERTA PENCEMARAN LOGAM BERAT DI SENTRA INDUSTRI KECIL Hasnedi, Hasnedi
Jurnal Energi dan Lingkungan (Enerlink) Vol 7, No 1 (2011)
Publisher : Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi

The coke production process by baking semi-coke briquette in a coke?s bakingoven will produce flue gas and smoke. The same also happens in its utilizationtest in metal foundry kiln known as ?tungkik? (plunging) smelting kiln. The gasand smoke predictably contain heavy metals and polluted chemical compoundsthat will pollute the environment and disturbing the health of workers if theirconcentrations pass over defined standard quality level. The objective of thisstudy is to examine the amount of heavy metals and chemical compoundpollutants produced in the process of baking semi-coke to produce coke and inthe utilization of coke as fuel in tungkik kilns. Measurement results show thatheavy metals in the kiln?s chimneys and chambers such as As, Cd, Pb, and Hgcould not actually be detected, while Fe, Na, Al, Ca, and K could be easilydetected. The concentrations of such metals are in the range of: Na = 100-315µg/m3, Al = 215-360 µg/m3, Ca = 786-1330 µg/m3, Fe = 478-2300 µg/m3, and K = 0.25-0.5 µg/m3. Meanwhile pollutants from other chemical compounds in the flue gas are NO2 = 80.7785-83.3725 mg/m3 and SO2 = 10.85-10.98 mg/m3. Pollutantsfrom ambient air are NO2 = 179.11-236.49 µg/Nm3, SO2 = 112.56-256.52 µg/Nm3,CO = 43.80-100.98 µg/Nm3, HC = 0.05-0.64 µg/Nm3, and O3 = 2.8098-19.6065µg/Nm3. The total particle?s content is also low, which is about 0.283 mg/m3 in thecoke baking oven?s chimneys, 0.554 mg/m3 in the tungkik kiln?s chimneys and0.259 mg/m3 in the metal melting locations. Comparison of the measurementresults with that of quality standard defined by the government regulation of theRepublic of Indonesia No.41 Year 1999 about air pollution control, show that theresults is far below the tolerated level. Therefore, the existence of coke bakingoven is still feasible and safe to the environment.Kata kunci: briket kokas, pencemaran lingkungan, logam berat

PENGARUH TEKANAN INJEKSI BAHAN BAKAR TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIK KABUTAN CAMPURAN SOLAR DAN DIMETIL ETER Rahardjo, Bambang Suwondo; Yuwono, Taufik
Jurnal Energi dan Lingkungan (Enerlink) Vol 6, No 2 (2010)
Publisher : Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi

Fuel spray injection plays a main role in determining the performance of dieselengines, where the spray pattern illustrates fuel combustion occurs in thecombustion chamber. Characteristics of Sauter Mean Diameter (SMD) spray isdevoted to fuel evaporation, and mixing and combustion quality affected bypressure injection (?P) and the physical chemical properties of the fuel (density,surface tension, viscosity and boiling point). From fuel spray test results showedthat fuel evaporation characteristics of fuel at a certain pressure effect on engineperformance. The higher the injection pressure will reduce the diameter of thefuel sprays after injection (SMD), thus speeding up evaporation and mixingprocesses between fuel and air in the combustion chamber with resulted thecombustion process is more completelyKata kunci: characteristics of fuel spray, diesel fuel, DME.

DAMPAK FEED-IN TARIFF ENERGI TERBARUKAN TERHADAP TARIF LISTRIK NASIONAL Abdul Wahid, La Ode Muhammad
Jurnal Energi dan Lingkungan (Enerlink) Vol 11, No 1 (2015)
Publisher : Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi

Pemanfaatan energi terbarukan sangat terbatas dengan bauran energi terbarukan hanya 4,76%terhadap total bauran energi nasional. Hal ini disebabkan karena harga jual listrik pembangkit energiterbarukan pada umumnya lebih mahal dibanding pembangkit energi fosil. Untuk mendorongpemanfaatan energi terbarukan,Pemerintah telah menetapkan berbagai regulasi tentang harga juallistrik dari pembangkit listrik energi terbarukanyang wajib dibeli oleh PT PLN, seperti regulasi PLTP,PLTA, PLTS, PLTSampah, dan PLTBiomassa. Namun, hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa beberapaharga jual listrik pembangkit energi terbarukan tersebut lebih mahal dari rata-rata biaya operasipembangkit listrik PLN yang pada tahun 2014 mencapai Rp. 1.297/kWh, bahkan ada yang lebih mahaldari biaya operasi PLTD. Hal ini berdampak terhadap kenaikan biaya pembelian listrik PLN, padahalharga jual listrik masih ada yang ditetapkan dengan harga subsidi. Kondisi ini akan menyebabkannaiknya subsidi listrik atau naiknya Tarif Dasar Listrik. Kenaikan Tarif Dasar Listrik akan berdampakterhadap pelanggan listrik rumah tangga. Hasil analisis dari data Susenas BPS menunjukkan bahwarumah tangga dengan pengeluaran maksimum 5 juta rupiah per bulan merupakan rumah tangga yangpaling terkena dampak atas kenaikan Tarif Dasar Listrik karena merupakan 91,33% terhadap totalpelanggan rumah tangga.Kata kunci: fit energi terbarukan dan tarif listrik

RISET REAKTIFITAS LIMONIT SOROAKO SEBAGAI KATALIS PADA PENCAIRAN BATUBARA DENGAN GAS FLOW TYPE REACTOR Hidayat, Herman; Silalahi, Lambok Hlarius
Jurnal Energi dan Lingkungan (Enerlink) Vol 2, No 2 (2006)
Publisher : Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi

B r o w n Coal Liquefaction (BCL) process had been developed through theconstruction and the operation of 50 T/D pilot plant Ill Australia (1985-1990) byKOBE STEEL Group. After the successful completion of the Pilot Plant Project,newly Improved BCL process has been developed1). The feasibility study onthe commercialization of coal liquefaction plant in Indonesia has also beencarried out under the cooperation with BPPT supported by NEDO Limonitore (?-FeOOH) can be used as an industrial catalyst for direct coal liquefactionwith its high activity and low production cost. In this paper, the catalytic activitiesof Indonesian limonit ore, Soroako Limonit were examined using a gas flow typeautoclave comparing with the other iron catalysts for the liquefaction ofIndonesian brows coal. It appeared that the Soroako limonit has a highcatalystic activity while finely pulverizing to sub-micron particle size can bedone economically. It can be concluded that Soroako limonit is one of mostsuitable catalysts for the coal liquefaction plant constricted in Indonesia in thefut-ure.Kata kunci: direct liquefaction, soroako limonit, iron catalyst, phyrrotite, bankocoal

ANALISIS KONSUMSI HIDROGEN PADA PENCAIRAN BATUBARA BANKO TENGAH DAN RESIDU KILANG MINYAK BALIKPAPAN Hartiniati, Hartiniati
Jurnal Energi dan Lingkungan (Enerlink) Vol 3, No 2 (2007)
Publisher : Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi

A series of liquefaction test to understand the effect of initial hydrogen pressureon the yield structure of Banko coal liquefaction under the presence of catalystand short residue solvent was studied. Three sets of initial pressure at 5, 9 and12MPa were tested under liquefaction condition. The test was carried out in CoalLiquefaction Laboratory-BPPT, using 1 liter autoclave at temperature of 450oC forone hour. The results showed that by increasing the initial H2 pressure from5MPa to 9 and 12MPa would improve the distillate yield for about 8-9wt%dafc.This was due to the availability of hydrogen gas provided at 5MPa was smallerthan 9MPa and 12MPa, so that the molecular hydrogen transformed into protonhydrogen and involved in stabilizing decomposed coal structure and shortresidue became larger. It was found that the changes of H2O, CO+CO2 and ofC1~C4 yields were independent to the variable of initial hydrogen pressure. Theseresults possibly confirm that H2O and CO+CO2 yield depend on the raw coalquality input. It was also found that at higher initial pressure ( 9MPa), thehydrogen consumption was become less. This may confirm that hydrogen donoravailability of short residue at higher pressure plays a good role in the reaction sothat less amount of hydrogen from the gas is required for the liquefactionreaction.Kata kunci: hydrogen-donor, catalyst, liquefaction yield

PENERAPAN METODE FAST FIRING PROCESS PADA PEMBUATAN KERAMIK UKIR JENIS STONEWARE Effendi, M. Dachyar
Jurnal Energi dan Lingkungan (Enerlink) Vol 5, No 1 (2009)
Publisher : Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi

To reduce energy consumption in ceramic process, Investigation of fast firingmethode to produce relief product has been carried out. Best Ceramiccomposition applied to produce rellief without defect when burned in normal firingtraject. The composition consists of Kalimantan clay :52,5 %, Penujak clay 10%,Felspar RRC 16%, Talk 2,00 ? 5,00%, limestone 2,5% - 6,50% and Ballclay13,00 ? 13,50% and agree with stoneware qualification. In this research, Desiredtemperature reached at 7 hour, decreased 2 hour compare to normal firingtraject. Crack occured on some rellief products indicated that the product withdiffer thickenness significantly along ceramic body can not be applied into fastfiring process.Kata kunci: keramik ukir, stoneware

ECONOMICS OF BCL PROCESS FOR BERAU AND MULIA COAL IN KALIMANTAN Silalahi, Lambok Hilarius; Tamura, Masaaki; Yanai, Shunichi
Jurnal Energi dan Lingkungan (Enerlink) Vol 4, No 1 (2008)
Publisher : Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi

BPPT dan Kobe Steel telah berhasil melaksanakan studi kelayakan (1999-2001)pencairan batubara untuk memproduksi bahan bakar bersih dari batubara BAnkoSumatera Selatan. Pada tahun fiscal 2002 lokasi pabrik dan bahan umpan sudahdigantikan dengan lokasi tepi pantai. Tujuan utama studi untuk menginvestigasipengaruh lokasi pabrik terhadap keekonomian proyek, dan identifikasi kelayakanproyek pencairan batubara secara langsung sebagai pabrik komersal priponir diIndonesia. Tuisan ini membahas secara ringkas analisa keekonomian pabrik.Ditemukan kualitas batubara Mulia dan Berau mempunyai karakteristik pencairanyang superior, pabrik pencairan pionir seharusnya dibangun di tepi pantai.Terdapat reduksi yang signifikan dalam biaya konstruksi, shipping, dan biayatransportasi produk. Analisis financial berdasarkan metode DCFmerekomendasikan pabrik dengan kapasitas 12,000 ton per hari menghasilkanminyak batubara pada tahun 2011, pada tingkat harga US$ 23.3/bbl FOB BerauLati and US$ 26.1/bbl FOB Mulia Satui. Minyak batubara hasil pencairanbatubara Berau lebih murah dari Mulia karena batubara Berau kadar airnya lebihrendah dan struktur yield produk lebih baik. Pabrik pionir skala 3,000 ton per haridi Berau Lati mungkin layak jika diberikan insentif dapat menghasilkan hargayang lebih rendah, bunga pinjaman lebih rendah dan lainnya.Keywords: batubara berau, batubara mulia, pencairan batubara, kasus dekatpantai, sensitifitas, analisis keekonomian

OPTIMASI CO-PROCESSING DENGAN PENGATURAN RASIO PELARUT DAN BATUBARA: STUDI BATUBARA BANKO SELATAN Silalahi, Lambok Hilarius
Jurnal Energi dan Lingkungan (Enerlink) Vol 5, No 2 (2009)
Publisher : Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi

A liquefaction process of heavy residue and South Banko coal so-called coprocessingin order to optimize the optimum weight ratio vacuum residue (VR) tocoal is studied. Vacuum residue is co-processed with and without coal incatalyzed reaction (?-FeOOH catalyst added with sulfur) at 450oC and 8MPa(initial cold-H2 pressure) for 1 hour. All the co-processing reactions are carriedout in 5 liter stirred-batch autoclave. It is found that the co-processing produceshigher distillates and lower residue compared with using creosote oil. Upgradingof vacuum residue without coal has shown that the reactivity of vacuum residueto stimulate the distillate production. It was confirmed that there is a synergisticeffect between heavy vacuum residue and South Banko coal. It may come fromfree radical of coal fragments that possibly weak or cracking the macro-molecularstructure of heavy vacuum oil. A set of heavy vacuum residue to South Bankocoal weight-ratio is tested at 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 for determining the effect of ratio onyield structure of the process. The distillate yield for ratio of 2.0 is higher thanother ratios. On the contrary the amount of residue produced is decreased. Thereis no significant changed on the hydrocarbon gases (C1-C4) yield when the ratiois increased from 2.0 to 2.5. A slightly decreased of C1-C4 Perolehan is observedwhen the ratio was increased to 3.0. The effect of changing ratio is not found onthe (CO+CO2) gas yield due to very small amount of oxygen content in thevacuum residue.Kata kunci: heavy vacuum residue, co-processing, south banko coal

TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF UBC PILOT PLANT USING COMPUTER PROCESS SIMULATION Hanif, Muhammad; Sugeng, Dhani Avianto; Cruyff, Johan
Jurnal Energi dan Lingkungan (Enerlink) Vol 6, No 2 (2010)
Publisher : Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi

Indonesia memiliki sumber daya batubara peringkat rendah dalam jumlah yangberlimpah (± 38 juta ton).Jenis batubara tersebut belum sepenuhnya dikajimeskipun diketahui memiliki berbagai kelebihan seperti kadar abu dan sulphurrendah. Teknologi UBC didedikasikan untuk memproduksi batubara yangdengan nilai jual yang tinggi dan mampu meningkatkan pemanfaatan batubaraperingkat rendah di Indonesia. Tulisan ini membahas evaluasi proses UpgradedBrown Coal (UBC) dengan menggunakan data pengoperasian pilot plant UBC diPalimanan. Lingkup kegiatan ini juga merupakan lingkup tanggungjawab BPPTdalam kerjasaa Jepang dengan Indonesia di bidang pengembangan teknologiUBC.Keywords: batubara peringkat rendah, upgraded brown coal (UBC), pilot plant

PENGEMBANGAN PROSES UPGRADING MINYAK BATUBARA: PENGARUH TEMPERATUR, TEKANAN DAN SPACE VELOCITY Yusnitati, Yusnitati; Hanif, Muhammad; Faizal, M
Jurnal Energi dan Lingkungan (Enerlink) Vol 7, No 1 (2011)
Publisher : Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi

Minyak batubara cair dengan titik didih 70-360oC, diperoleh dari proses pencairan batubara Tanito Harum menggunakan NEDOL Process skala pilot berkapasitas 150 ton/hari. Minyak batubara cair tersebut diupgrade untuk mengklarifikasi pengaruh temperatur reaksi, tekanan hidrogen, dan liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV) terhadap aktifitas hidrodenitrogenasi. Pengujian dilakukan dalam reactor fixed bed kontinyu berdiameter 8.5 mm menggunakan katalis Ni- W/Alumina pada temperatur 300-375oC, tekanan hidrogen 8-12 MPa, LHSV 0.75-3.0 hr-1 dan rasio hydrogen/oil 1000 NL/L. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa aktifitas hidrodenitrogenasi meningkat dengan peningkatan temperature reaksi dan tekanan hidrogen. Pada tekanan hidrogen 8 MPa, deaktifasi katalis terjadi lebih cepat dibandingkan dengan tekanan hydrogen 12 MPa selama 15 hari waktu operasi. Selain itu, ditunjukkan pula bahwa pada operasi dengan LHSV yang lebih rendah dan tekanan hidrogen yang lebih tinggi akan lebih efektif untuk menurunkan atau menghilangkan senyawa nitrogen dalam proses upgrading minyak batubara cair. Sehingga, operasi pada tekanan hidrogen 12 MPa diharapkan dapat menghasilkan produk minyak batubara cair dengan kandungan nitrogen yang rendah untuk waktu operasi lebih dari satu tahun pada skala komersial. Kata Kunci: hidrodenitrogenasi, katalis Ni-W/Alumina, minyak batubara cair, upgrading

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