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Jurnal Energi dan Lingkungan (Enerlink)

Enerlink
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Published by Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi

ISSN : 02169541 EISSN : - DOI : -

Core Subject : Science,

Energy

Enerlink adalah jurnal yang diterbitkan 2 kali setahun oleh Pusat Teknologi Pengembangan Sumberdaya Energi dan Industri Kimia BPPT di bidang energi dan lingkungan. Enerlink is a scientific journal that publishes twice annually by Centre of Energy Technology and Chemical Industry of BPPT.

Arjuna Subject : -

Articles 322 Documents

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GASIFIKASI SEKAM PADI (BIONER-1) Sjaffriadi, Sjaffriadi; Nurachman, Budi
Jurnal Energi dan Lingkungan (Enerlink) Vol 7, No 1 (2011)
Publisher : Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi

Indonesia has potential abudant biomass wastes. Annual paddy production in Indonesia is approximately 50 million tons, from which 14 tons of rice husks is produced, assuming that each ton paddy could produce 0.28 tons of rice husks. At its calorific value of 12.5 MJ/kg, the annual potential energy provided by these husks is around 175 GJ. A gasification system using rice husk would normally require 1.5 to 2 kg of rice husks to generate 1 kWh of electricity. Therefore, each ton of rice milled could produce wastes that equals to electricity generation of 150 kWh. Rice husk is about 14 to 28.5% of a rice grain, but mostly has an average value of 25%. A gasification Bioner-1 system is operated 14 hours per day in 366 days per year. This system will drive a rice milling unit for 8 hours per day and produce electricity for villagers for another 6 hours in the evening. At a fuel consumption of 25 kg per hour, the system will require 130 tons of husks that will be provided from rice fields of around 175 ha. Gas (syngas) produced from the gasification will be used for a dual fuel diesel engine system, supplementing diesel fuel. The diesel fuel substituted by the gas could reach about 75-80%. At a consumption rate of 25 kg/hour rice husks in the system, the husks consumption per kWh electricity is 1.5 kg (1.5 kg/kWh) and the efficiency of rice husks conversion is 15%. A small portion of tar could still escape from a gas cleaning system. The tar could be observed during overhoul of the diesel engine. The tar entering into the diesel engine is overcome through switching on the diesel engine for about 10 minutes and flushing using diesel oil right before it is shutted down. Through this method, the tar entering the diesel engine is completely burned. Kata kunci gasification, biomas, rice husk, diesel engine

IDENTIFIKASI POTENSI PENGHEMATAN ENERGI DI INDUSTRI KERTAS Hasan, Achmad
Jurnal Energi dan Lingkungan (Enerlink) Vol 6, No 2 (2010)
Publisher : Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi

Identify potential energy savings is one way to optimize the supply and use ofenergy in industrial sector. Electrical energy supplied by PT. PLN (Persero) withinstalled power capacity of 30,000 kVA. Electrical energy to the productionprocess with a voltage of 20 kV through 11 (eleven) units transformer. Based onthe results of power quality measurements with HIOKI 3197 and HIOKI 3286-20show as seen in the previous section, it can be seen that: (a) load unbalancesseen from the voltage and current in the transformer MCC-01 and thetransformer E-34. (b) magnitude fluctuating voltage on the main transformerphase S and T. Even the relatively high voltage (up to 233 V) on the transformerlighting. (c) the power factor is around 0.92 is good enough, but the power factorat the transformer low enough E-34 which reached 0.56. The power factor ontransformer lighting value -1 (leading). (d) total harmonic distortion (THD) voltageand current transformer at some fairly high beyond the limit of tolerance. Thereare several potential energy savings that can be identified, among others:decrease the voltage and current THD, reduction of reactive power consumptionin lighting, improved load balancing.Kata kunci: energi, listrik, faktor daya, penghematan, filter harmonic

PEMANFAATAN CPO ASAM LEMAK BEBAS TINGGI SEBAGAI BAHAN BAKAR Dwi Hastuti, Zulaicha; Prasetyo, Dwi Husodo; Rosyadi, Erlan
Jurnal Energi dan Lingkungan (Enerlink) Vol 11, No 1 (2015)
Publisher : Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi

Asam lemak bebas (alb) dalam Crude Palm Oil (CPO) merupakan salah satu parameter kualitas CPO.Munculnya asamlemak bebas ini dapat berasal dari faktor pemanenan dan penyimpanan. Asamlemak bebas yang tinggi dalam CPO dapat menurunkan harga CPO. Minyak mentah sawit inimerupakan salah satu sumber energi terbarukan yang diolah, antara lain, menjadi pure plant oil (PPO)dan biodiesel. Namun,masalah utama CPO sebagai bahan baku PPO dan biodiesel adalah asamlemak bebas. Asam lemak bebas dalam CPO yang dapat digunakan untuk PPO dan biodiesel tidakboleh lebih dari 1%. Oleh karena itu, dalam penelitian ini dilakukan usaha untuk menurunkan asamlemak bebas dalam CPO sehingga dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan bakar. Metoda yang digunakanadalah esterifikasi. Asam lemak bebas dikonversi menjadi metil ester. Campuran metil ester dengantrigliserida ini merupakan bahan bakar yang dapat digunakan untuk pengganti BBM. Kondisi yangoptimal untuk proses esterifikasi CPO alb tinggi adalah sebagai berikut : suhu 65oC, waktu 360 menit,katalis 0,25%, dan perbandingan mol metanol 8:1. Dengan proses ini, asam lemak bebas dapatditurunkan menjadi 2,76% (konversi 89,39%). Pada kondisi yang sama dengan katalis yangditingkatkan menjadi 0,5%, asam lemak bebas dapat diturunkan menjadi 1,86% (konversi 92,85%).Pada kondisi yang sama, dengan katalis yang ditingkatkan menjadi 1%, asam lemak bebas dapatditurunkan menjadi 1,75% (konversi 93,28%).Kata kunci: asam lemak bebas, CPO, esterifikasi, PPO, biodiesel

EVALUASI KINERJA KATALIS LIMONIT SOROAKO PROSES PENCAIRAN BATUBARA BANKO SELATAN Silalahi, Lambok Hilarius
Jurnal Energi dan Lingkungan (Enerlink) Vol 2, No 1 (2006)
Publisher : Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi

Investigation of Limonite for catalyst on South Banko coal liquefaction werecarried out under standard condition which has developed by BPPT. LimoniteSoroako is a natural mineral that found at Nickel Mining on Soroako, SouthSulawesi.Four samples of limonite was examined using 5L autoclave at our coalliquefaction laboratory in order to investigate their activities to produce highdistillate yield at standard condition (450oC, 9MPa cold H2).The results showedthat limonite S99-E-MY gave a higher distillate yield than those of other limonite(difference about 10-30%daf coal or %bkta). Further investigations wereconducted to compare with other catalysts: synthetic g?FeOOH and pyrite (FeS2).Again, the activity of limonite S99-E-MY was still superior compared to those ofsynthetic and pyrite catalysts. The yield difference was about 10-16%daf coal or%bkta).Experiment revealed that the factor of FeOOH critically affected the coalliquefaction reaction to improve the distillate yield and to reduce CLB yield.Besides, the representative of Co metal in the limonite (?5-10 %bk) could givesynergism effect with FeOOH to improve the activity of limonite.Kata Kunci: g?FeOOH, pyrite (FeS2), limonite, soroako, coal liquefaction

PENGEMBANGAN DAN KOMERSIALISASI TEKNIK PENCAIRAN BATUBARA LANGSUNG (DIRECT LIQUEFACTION) DI INDONESIA Silalahi, Lambok Hilarius
Jurnal Energi dan Lingkungan (Enerlink) Vol 3, No 1 (2007)
Publisher : Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi

The latest status of the Coal Liquefaction project in Indonesia which had beenconducted over a decade is discussed. This paper provides some reviews of allactivities that have been made during the past 10 years under the collaborationbetween Japan and Indonesia. Currently, the situation has changed that coalliquefaction has been reconsidered as an important technology which should beimmediately introduced and demonstrated in Indonesia, not only because thecurrent oil price increased, but also in order to reduce the dependency onimported oil. This paper provides some suggestions and consideration on how topromote the Brown Coal Liquefaction (BCL) process toward commercialization inIndonesia. Since coal shares the biggest energy consumption in Indonesia, agreat measure of effective utilization of low grade coal is ultimately important,since almost 70% of the total 104 billion tons of coal resources are classified aslow-rank coal. In view of this situation, the promotion of coal liquefactiontechnology should be more accelerated. The comparison of inland and coastalsite mine-mouth coal lique faction plant is made to confirm the feasibility of bothperspectives for priority implementation.Kata kunci: coal liquefaction, feasibility study, coastal case

OPTIMASI PROSES PRODUKSI BIODIESEL DARI MINYAK KELAPA SAWIT DAN JARAK PAGAR DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN KATALIS HETEROGEN KALSIUM OKSIDA Murti, Galuh Wirama; Rahmawati, Nurdiah; Heriyanti, Septina Is; Hastuti, Zulaicha Dwi
Jurnal Energi dan Lingkungan (Enerlink) Vol 11, No 2 (2015)
Publisher : Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi

Production of biodiesel has been conducted through several processes such as esterification andtransesterification by homogeneous catalyst in which use either acidic or alkaline substances.Homogeneous catalysts have some negative impacts to the environment, because technically itrequires further treatment process such as washing. Therefore, the use of heterogeneouscatalysts is proposed to be best way to overcome this problem. The advantages of heterogeneouscatalysts are not only for its ease in recovery but also for its reusability. Moreover, it isenvironmentally friendly and cheap which only undergo a single process of transesterification.Calcium oxide is well-known as one of heterogeneous catalysts. It were activated by pretreatmentwith methanol and then it was continued by transesterification reaction. The optimal reactiono conditions were obtained at temperature 60 C, atmospheric pressure, and 4 h reaction time.Calcium oxides shows good activity in transesterification reaction using either palm or jatropha oil.The highest conversion of palm oil is approximately 62,51% within catalyst 3% by weight oil,whereas jatropha oil is approximately 53.10 % within catalyst 10% by weight oil. The regeneratedcatalyst shows low catalytic activity which is indicated by small presence of methyl ester in theproduct.Key words : biodiesel, heterogen catalyst, calcium oxide, palm oil, jatropha oil

EVALUASI REAKTIFITAS KATALIS NIMO DALAM PROSES PENCAIRAN BATUBARA BANKO SELATAN DAN AUSTRALIAN LOY YANG Hartiniati, Hartiniati
Jurnal Energi dan Lingkungan (Enerlink) Vol 4, No 1 (2008)
Publisher : Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi

Indonesia South Banko (BS) and Australian Loy Yang (LY) were liquefied usingtwo hydrogenation catalysts, Ni/Mo and Co/Mo at mild condition (400oC, 6MPa(H2 cold)). The study shows that the use of Ni/Mo in hydrogenation for both BSand LY coals gives a higher total conversion, asphaltene and OGW (oil-gaswater)yields than that of Co/Mo. The use of Ni/Mo for LY coal hydrogenationgives higher total coanversion and asphaltene yield than SB coal. This suggeststhat SB has more condensed structure than LY coal. However, the amount of oilyield is similar for both coals. Furthermore, the use of Co/Mo for both coals alsogives almost equal result in total conversion, asphaltene and OGW yields.Addition of sulphur (as CS2) enhances the total conversion and OGW yield forboth catalysts Ni/Mo and Co/Mo. Sulphur addition on Ni/Mo treated coal did notimprove the asphaltene yield, but converted it into lower molecular weight.Adding sulphur could also improve total conversion for Co/Mo treated coal similarto Ni/Mo/CS2 treated coal. Increasing reaction time also improves the totalconversion, asphaltene and OGW yield. The reactivitiy of BS and LY in this studyis also dependent on their behaviour or characteristic, such the environment ofoxygen content in the macro structure of the coal.Kata kunci: south banko coal, australian loy yang coal, ni/mo catalyst, co/mocatalyst, asphaltene, coal liquefaction

ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECT ON THE IMPLEMENTION OF COAL LIQUEFACTION PROJECT IN INDONESIA Silalahi, Lambok Hilarius; Saleh, Muksin; Tamura, Masaaki
Jurnal Energi dan Lingkungan (Enerlink) Vol 5, No 1 (2009)
Publisher : Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi

Proyek pencairan batubara dinilai mempunyai kontribusi yang besar bagi suplai energydi masa mendatang khususnya untuk suplai bahan bakar otomotif domestic. Sebelumdilakukan implementasi pabrik skala DEMO perlu diinvestigasi dampak pabrikpencairan batubara khususnya kualitas limbah cair dan sifat racun dari limbahpadat.Tulisan ini menguraikan regulasi atau peraturan lingkungan dan standardambang batas cemaran terkait dengan prediksi limbaha yang dibebaskan dari pabrikdan teknik manajemen limbah.SIstem perlakuan atau penanganan limbah cair yangdipakai di pabrik pencairan batubara secara ringkar dibahas. Lebih jauh polusi lainnyaseperti odor/bau, partikel, ludge, kebisingan dan emsi gas juga didiskusikan.Keywords: pencairan batubara, pabrik pencairan batubara, kualitas limbah cair,standard lingkungan, polusi, odor, regulasi, sludge, kebisingan, emisi gas

UPGRADING KATALITIK DISTILAT MINYAK BATUBARA BANKO SELATAN DENGAN KATALIS NIMO SULFIDA Murti, Sri Djangkung Sumbogo; Hartiniati, Hartiniati
Jurnal Energi dan Lingkungan (Enerlink) Vol 4, No 2 (2008)
Publisher : Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi

Catalytic hydrotreatment of South Banko coal liquid (SBCL) middle distillate (b.p.300 ? 420 oC) was performed over NiMo sulfides catalysts. The hydrotreatmentwas conducted in an autoclave of 50 ml capacity under the conditions of 340 ?420 oC, 60 and 120 min and initial hydrogen pressure of 5 ? 10 MPa. Thehydrotreatment reduced the contents of all heteroatom species (S, N and O).Sulfur species were easiest to be removed, while nitrogen species were mostrefractory. Reactivities of some representative heteroatom species weremeasured to find the refractory species in coal liquid by GC-AED. Carbonsupported catalyst was compared to alumina supported one confirming its higheractivity for hydrodesulfurization, hydrodenitrogenation and hydrodeoxygenation.Kata kunci: coal liquid, middle distillate, Katalis NiMo, hydrotreatment,heteroatom, GC-AED, hidrodesulfurisasi, hidrodeoksigenasi,hidrodenitrogenasi

KINERJA MESIN DIESEL MENGGUNAKAN BAHAN BAKAR SOLAR, DME DAN CAMPURANNYA DENGAN SIMULASI DINAMIKA FLUIDA Yuwono, Taufik; Rahardjo, Bambang Suwondo
Jurnal Energi dan Lingkungan (Enerlink) Vol 6, No 1 (2010)
Publisher : Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi

Fuel atomization plays a main role in determining the performance of dieselengines, where the spray pattern illustrates fuel combustion occurs in thecombustion chamber. From fuel spray test results showed that fuel evaporationcharacteristics of fuel at a certain pressure will effect on engine performance.The higher the injection pressure will reduce the diameter of the fuel sprays(sauter mean diameter), thus speeding up evaporation and mixing processesbetween fuel and air in the combustion chamber with resulted the combustionprocess is more completely. Analysis of fuel atomization simulations performedat injection pressure 150, 180 and 235 bar on the distribution of size,temperature and concentration of air+fuel mixture. Physical chemical parametersresulting are the size and temperature distribution patterns fuel+air mixturesprays. DME is feasible to be used as alternative fuel in diesel engines by adding2?5% lubricant additives. The use of diesel+DME 50/50 mixed fuel provides thelowest fuel consumption by generating power of 3x2,975 watts.Kata kunci: kinerja mesin, solar, DME, simulasi atomisasi, dinamika fluida

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