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INDONESIA
Jurnal Energi dan Lingkungan (Enerlink)
Published by Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi
ISSN : 02169541     EISSN : -     DOI : -
Core Subject : Science,
Energy
Enerlink adalah jurnal yang diterbitkan 2 kali setahun oleh Pusat Teknologi Pengembangan Sumberdaya Energi dan Industri Kimia BPPT di bidang energi dan lingkungan. Enerlink is a scientific journal that publishes twice annually by Centre of Energy Technology and Chemical Industry of BPPT.
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 322 Documents
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ANALISIS KONSUMSI HIDROGEN PADA PENCAIRAN BATUBARA BANKO TENGAH DAN RESIDU KILANG MINYAK BALIKPAPAN Hartiniati Hartiniati
Jurnal Energi dan Lingkungan (Enerlink) Vol. 3 No. 2 (2007)
Publisher : Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29122/elk.v3i2.1546

Abstract

A series of liquefaction test to understand the effect of initial hydrogen pressureon the yield structure of Banko coal liquefaction under the presence of catalystand short residue solvent was studied. Three sets of initial pressure at 5, 9 and12MPa were tested under liquefaction condition. The test was carried out in CoalLiquefaction Laboratory-BPPT, using 1 liter autoclave at temperature of 450oC forone hour. The results showed that by increasing the initial H2 pressure from5MPa to 9 and 12MPa would improve the distillate yield for about 8-9wt%dafc.This was due to the availability of hydrogen gas provided at 5MPa was smallerthan 9MPa and 12MPa, so that the molecular hydrogen transformed into protonhydrogen and involved in stabilizing decomposed coal structure and shortresidue became larger. It was found that the changes of H2O, CO+CO2 and ofC1~C4 yields were independent to the variable of initial hydrogen pressure. Theseresults possibly confirm that H2O and CO+CO2 yield depend on the raw coalquality input. It was also found that at higher initial pressure (>9MPa), thehydrogen consumption was become less. This may confirm that hydrogen donoravailability of short residue at higher pressure plays a good role in the reaction sothat less amount of hydrogen from the gas is required for the liquefactionreaction.Kata kunci: hydrogen-donor, catalyst, liquefaction yield
KARAKTERISTIK MINYAK PRODUK PENCAIRAN BATUBARA MUDA DARI LATI, KALIMANTAN TIMUR Hartiniati Hartiniati
Jurnal Energi dan Lingkungan (Enerlink) Vol. 3 No. 2 (2007)
Publisher : Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29122/elk.v3i2.1547

Abstract

Liquefied coal contains of higher aromatic compound, nitrogen, oxygen andsmaller amount of sulfur compared to petroleum fuel oil. These componentscauses gum/sludge formation which disturbs product stability duringtransportation and storage. High aromatic content lowers the cetane number ofliquefied coal oil. The study suggests that the catalytic hydrotreating of liquefiedcoal oil produced from Lati coal liquefaction can reduce the amount of S, O, andN heteroatom significantly. Gas oil fraction derived from Lati coal has a cetaneindex = 38.6, while the octane number of naphtha is expected to be higher than95 through catalytic reforming. In general, it can be concluded that synthetic fueloil derived from Lati coal has the qualification as transportation fuel oil throughthe application of Improved BCL Process.Kata Kunci: limonite catalyst, coal liquefaction, catalytic hydrotreating, liquefiedcoal oil, gas oil fraction, cetane index, octaen number
KOMPARASI REAKTIFITAS PELARUT DARI MINYAK BAKAR DAN RESIDU RANTAI PANJANG PADA PENCAIRAN BATUBARA BANKO Herman Hidayat; Nasikin Nataadmadja
Jurnal Energi dan Lingkungan (Enerlink) Vol. 3 No. 2 (2007)
Publisher : Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29122/elk.v3i2.1548

Abstract

The needs of fuel, especially for automotive fuel, in Indonesia keeps onincreasing, while petroleum reserves is getting lessen everyday. One alternativeto achieve the diversified energy strategy for the transportation sector is theutilization of the Indonesian low rank coal reserves through the implementation ofcoal liquefaction technology. Coal liquefaction process that has been done beforewas found economically and technically less effective. Those are the reasons fordoing coal liquefaction research using petroleum residue as the solvent, namelyco-processing, which expected to give a better performance than the standardcoal liquefaction. The feedstocks are lignite coal from Central Banko, petroleumresidue (fuel oil and long residue), limonite catalyst from Soroako and hydrogengas. The reactions were carried out in a stirred batch autoclave reactor at 120Kg/cm2 of initial hydrogen pressure and 450oC for 1 hour, at 2 of S/Fe atomicratio and 2 of solvent/coal weight ratio. The liquid products were fractionated byvacuum distillation and the gaseous products were analyzed by gaschromatography. It showed that co-processing with long residue as the solvent isbetter than fuel oil or standard coal liquefaction, with 39.17 wt% daff of oil yiled.The cetane index of middle oil fraction was 27.8 and the efficiency of hydrogenconsumption was 23.68 (oil yield/hydrogen consumption).Kata kunci: pencairan batubara, co-processing, residu minyak bumi, batubaralignit
REVIEW OF BANKO COAL LIQUEFACTION FEASIBILITY STUDY Soedjoko Tirtosoekotjo
Jurnal Energi dan Lingkungan (Enerlink) Vol. 3 No. 1 (2007)
Publisher : Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29122/elk.v3i1.1549

Abstract

Review terhadap studi kelayakan hasil pencairan batubara Banko dilaksanakanoleh tim due diligence yang diprakarsai oleh Puslitbang TEMIRA bekerjasamadengan peneliti dari ITB, UNSRI, Lemigas dan Pertamina. Pada pelaksanaannyasumber data dan informasi serta konsultasi dilakukan dengan bantuan BPPTdan PTBA, dan pemilik teknologi dalam hal ini NEDO/Kobe Steel Ltd. Evaluasistudi kelayakan mencakup observasi lokasi tambang dan pabrik, adumsi dasardan analisa sensitifitas, dengan focus studi paa aspek teknis dan keekonomianpencairan batubara Banko. Hasil due diligence telah dapat menerima katalisalami dapat menekan biaya produksi, tetapi resiko berupa suplai katalis secarakontinyu masih dipertanyakan. Oleh karena itu penggunaan katalis sintetis untukmenjamin suplai sanngat dianjurkan, namunbaik BPPT maupun NEDO/KobeSteel Ltd tidak dapat menyetujuinya. Tim due diligence menyatakan bahwapembesaran skala pabrik menjadi 6.000 ton per hari dari skala pilot plant 50 tonper hari dinilai terlalu berisiko. Pembesaran skala sebaiknya dilakukan melaluipabrik kapasitas 50 ton pe rhari sebelum masuk skala komersial. MeskipunNEDO/Kobe Steel dapat menerima keberatan tersebut, akan tetapi sangatdiyakini bahwa terbatasnya biaya dan waktu menyebabkanhal ini tidakmemungkinkan. Tim due diligence menekankan bahwa hasil studi kelayakantidak mengkaji secara rinci aspek teknis dan financial proses pemurnian untukmeningkatkan mutu minyak batubara hasil proses pencairan, bahkanmengandalkan Pertamina untuk mengambil peran tersebut. Dimintakan kepadakepada NEDO/Kobe Steel agar studi kelayakan pabrik pencairan batubaraberdasarkan pada perhitungan break even point, daripada menggunakan variasimodul kapasitas 6.000 – 12.000 dan 36.000 ton batubara (daf) per hari. Akantetapi NEDO/Kobe Steel meyakini bahwa pendekatan tersebut sebaliknya dinilaileih mudah, sederhana dan cepat.Keywords: batubara Banko , due diligence, studi kelayakan, katalis Soroako
PENGEMBANGAN DAN KOMERSIALISASI TEKNIK PENCAIRAN BATUBARA LANGSUNG (Direct Liquefaction) DI INDONESIA Lambok Hilarius Silalahi
Jurnal Energi dan Lingkungan (Enerlink) Vol. 3 No. 1 (2007)
Publisher : Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29122/elk.v3i1.1550

Abstract

The latest status of the Coal Liquefaction project in Indonesia which had beenconducted over a decade is discussed. This paper provides some reviews of allactivities that have been made during the past 10 years under the collaborationbetween Japan and Indonesia. Currently, the situation has changed that coalliquefaction has been reconsidered as an important technology which should beimmediately introduced and demonstrated in Indonesia, not only because thecurrent oil price increased, but also in order to reduce the dependency onimported oil. This paper provides some suggestions and consideration on how topromote the Brown Coal Liquefaction (BCL) process toward commercialization inIndonesia. Since coal shares the biggest energy consumption in Indonesia, agreat measure of effective utilization of low grade coal is ultimately important,since almost 70% of the total 104 billion tons of coal resources are classified aslow-rank coal. In view of this situation, the promotion of coal liquefactiontechnology should be more accelerated. The comparison of inland and coastalsite mine-mouth coal lique faction plant is made to confirm the feasibility of bothperspectives for priority implementation.Kata kunci: coal liquefaction, feasibility study, coastal case
PENINGKATAN MUTU MINYAK BATUBARA DENGAN PROSES HIDROKATALITIK Ade Syafrinaldi; Dhani Avianto Sugeng
Jurnal Energi dan Lingkungan (Enerlink) Vol. 3 No. 1 (2007)
Publisher : Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29122/elk.v3i1.1551

Abstract

The result of hydrotreating coal derived oil was investigated. Compared to crudepetroleum oil, oil produced from liquefaction of coal, the coal liquid needs afurther treatment before being used as same grade of petroleum products. Thestorage stability and most important the quality of the coal liquid oil are the mostcritical factors for this matter. The concentrations of nitrogen, sulfur, oxygen andaromatic hydrocarbon are way much too high for the coal oil to be directlyconverted into synthetic fuel like gasoline, kerosene or gas oil. In a brown coalliquefaction plant, this special unit is integrally designed with the whole plant, wellknown as the inline hydro-treatment unit, which has two process stages , the firsthydro-treatment and the second hydro-treatment. This paper will discuss thecharacteristic of the hydro-treated coal liquid oil concerning its storage stabilityand quality.Kata kunci: coal liquefaction, storage stability, quality, coal liquid oil, inlinehydro-treatment, dry sludge
KOMPARASI KARAKTERISTIK PENCAIRAN BATUBARA BANKO SELATAN DAN YALLOURN AKIBAT PERUBAHAN TEMPERATUR Yuli Artanto; Hartiniati Hartiniati
Jurnal Energi dan Lingkungan (Enerlink) Vol. 3 No. 1 (2007)
Publisher : Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29122/elk.v3i1.1552

Abstract

A coal liqueafaction test was carried out to investigate the reactivity of anIndonesian brown coal, called South Banko, and an Australian brown coal, calledYallourn. The liquefaction reaction was conducted to ascertain the effect ofreaction temperature on the reactivity of both brown coals and it represents onthe oil, CLB, CO+CO2 and C1~C4 yields. The result shows that South Banko coalis more reactive than Yallourn coal. South Banko coal gives a higher oil yieldthan that of Yallourn. Oil derived from South Banko coal increases as reactiontemperature rises. In contrast, oil derived from Yallourn decreased as reactiontemperature increased. This result indicated that South Banko has more labilestructure than that of Yallourn and it can easily break down the structure of SouthBanko coal. In term of hydrocarbon gas, Yallourn produces higher yield than thatof South Banko. This suggests that Yallourn coal has alkyl groups in its structure.It was also found that CO+CO2 yields are similar to both brown coals. SouthBanko has less CLB yield than that of Yallourn but the CLB yield of South Bankocoal is higher than that of Yallourn while temperature is increased to 470oC. Inshort, the study shows that South Banko coal is more reactive than that ofYallourn coal and it is very potential for the coal liquefaction feedstock.Kata kunci: batubara muda, Banko Selatan, Yallourn, distillate yield, CLB,CO+CO2,C1-C4, feedstock
ANALISIS KEUNGGULAN LIMONIT SOROAKO SEBAGAI KATALIS PENCAIRAN BATUBARA (DIRECT LIQUEFACTION) Herman Hidayat; Lambok Hlarius Silalahi
Jurnal Energi dan Lingkungan (Enerlink) Vol. 3 No. 1 (2007)
Publisher : Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29122/elk.v3i1.1553

Abstract

An investigation of catalytic activities of Soroako limonite ore using 1liter autoclavewas carried out. The comparison of the results with other iron catalysts forliquefaction of Banko coal was also performed to find out the best catalyst forBanko coal liquefaction. Much efforts to improve brown coal liquefaction processefficiency has been conducted at BPPT since 1994 through the design of highlyactive catalysts along with design of good hydrogen donor solvents. Someprevious studies have shown that limonite ore has several superior characteristicscompared to pyrite (FeS2) when used as catalyst in coal liquefaction process. Onemain reason is that limonite ore contains both iron and nickel compound asFeOOH, FeNi2OOH, FeCr2OOH that found to be responsible of high distillate.The use of natural ore for catalyst will implies that the production of industrialcatalyst for coal liquefaction could be obtained with low production cost. Theresults suggest that catalytic activity of Soroako limonite could be achieved at lowtemperature around 300 oC or less changing its crystallite form to pyrrhotite (Fe1-xS) species. Such phenomenon is similar to that of highly active Yandi Yellowcatalyst. Moreover, Soroako limonite catalyst also gives higher oil yield withsmaller amount of hydrogen consumption compare to pyrite and Yandi yellowcatalysts. So it concludes that Soroako limonite has high catalytic activity, and itssoft physical nature makes it possible to be pulverized into sub-micron particlesize easily and economically. Soroako limonite, therefore, can be recommendedas one of the most suitable catalysts for commercial coal liquefaction plant to beconstructed in the future.Kata kunci: coal liquefaction, soroako limonite, -FeOOH, pyrrhotite, limonitecatalyst
PENGARUH SENYAWA NITROGEN PADA DESULFURISASI MINYAK DIESEL DENGAN KATALIS NIMO/AL2O3 DAN COMO/AL2O3 Sri Djangkung Sumbogo Murti; Muhammad Faizal
Jurnal Energi dan Lingkungan (Enerlink) Vol. 3 No. 1 (2007)
Publisher : Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29122/elk.v3i1.1554

Abstract

Inhibiting effect of nitrogen compounds in petroleum diesel (gas oil) on theperformance of the catalyst NiMo/Al2O3 and CoMo/Al2O3 uponhydrodesulfurization (HDS) has been investigated using an autoclave reactor.Operating conditions used was 340oC temperature and initial pressure 50 kg/cm2H2. Oil sample used was diesel oil and diesel oil-free nitrogen. Stages of thereaction between hydrogen replacement is intended to find out more about otherinhibiting effects derived from byproducts such as H2S and NH3. The entirecompound in diesel oil was analyzed by GC-AED before and afterhydrotreatment. Catalysts NiMo/Al2O3 and CoMo/Al2O3 showed different activityin HDS and the effect of nitrogen compounds. In principle, the HDS to type withhighly reactive sulfur / reactive will be more resistant to inhibiting properties ofnitrogen than sulfur compounds are hard to react (refractory). In contrast, forcatalysts showed como real effect of nitrogen compounds. One of refractorycompounds are 4,6-dibenzothiophene (4,6-DMDBT), can effectivelyhydrogenated by the removal of hydrogen compounds and renewal nitrogen onthe HDS. This result shows the synergistic effect due to dischargesimultaneously both types of block. Furthermore, in brief reactive nitrogencompounds in the HDS also discussed in this paper.Kata kunci: hydrodesulfurisasi, hambatan senyawa nitrogen, katalisNiMo/Al2O3, CoMo/Al2O3, GC-AED
PENGARUH TEKANAN INJEKSI BAHAN BAKAR TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIK KABUTAN CAMPURAN SOLAR DAN DIMETIL ETER Bambang Suwondo Rahardjo; Taufik Yuwono
Jurnal Energi dan Lingkungan (Enerlink) Vol. 6 No. 2 (2010)
Publisher : Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29122/elk.v6i2.1555

Abstract

Fuel spray injection plays a main role in determining the performance of dieselengines, where the spray pattern illustrates fuel combustion occurs in thecombustion chamber. Characteristics of Sauter Mean Diameter (SMD) spray isdevoted to fuel evaporation, and mixing and combustion quality affected bypressure injection (P) and the physical chemical properties of the fuel (density,surface tension, viscosity and boiling point). From fuel spray test results showedthat fuel evaporation characteristics of fuel at a certain pressure effect on engineperformance. The higher the injection pressure will reduce the diameter of thefuel sprays after injection (SMD), thus speeding up evaporation and mixingprocesses between fuel and air in the combustion chamber with resulted thecombustion process is more completelyKata kunci: characteristics of fuel spray, diesel fuel, DME.

Page 28 of 33 | Total Record : 322

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