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Menara Perkebunan
Published by Pusat Penelitian Kelapa Sawit
ISSN : 01259318     EISSN : 18583768     DOI : -
Core Subject : Agriculture,
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry
Menara Perkebunan as a communication medium for research in estate crops published articles covering original research result on the pre- and post-harvest biotechnology of estate crops. The contents of the articles should be directed for solving the problems of production and/or processing of estate crops of smallholder, private plantations and state-owned estates, based on the three dedications of plantation. Analyses of innovative research methods and techniques in biotechnology, which are important for advancing agricultural research. Critical scientific reviews of research result in agricultural and estate biotechnology.
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 541 Documents
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Isolasi dan kloning fragmen cDNA dari tanaman karet dengan sifat resisten dan rentan terhadap Corynespora cassiicola menggunakan metode cDNA-AFLP Isolation and cloning of cDNA fragments from rubber plant with resistant and susceptible characters to Corynespora cassiicola using cDNA-AFLP method . NURHAIMI-HARIS; Antonius SUWANTO; Maggy T SUHARTONO; Hajrial ASWIDINNOOR
Menara Perkebunan Vol. 78 No. 1: 78 (1), 2010
Publisher : INDONESIAN OIL PALM RESEARCH INSTITUTE

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v78i1.78

Abstract

AbstractLeaf fall disease caused by Corynespora cassiicola fungi is one of the most important diseases in rubber plant. Rubber clone AVROS 2037 is considered resistant to this pathogen while clone PPN 2444 is susceptible. These two rubberclones were used to identify genes or transcripts differentially expressed during interaction between rubber plants and the fungi, using cDNA-Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (cDNA-AFLP) method. Induced genes/transcripts expression was examined to compare differencies between plants uninfected and infected with C. cassiicola at 24, 36, 48 and 72 hours after inoculation. cDNA-AFLP analysis was performed using restriction enzyme VspI and TaqI so the adapters and primers also have the recognition site of these enzymes. By using 29 specific primers, 35 out of approximately 1450 fragments were differentially expressed between AVROS and PPN 2444 clones. All of these fragments were cloned and sequenced. The homology-based grouping of these sequences resulted in 19 contigs and nine individual sequences. Among these, 10 contigs and five sequences have significant sequence homology with known genes in gene bank data base, such as Ran binding protein, protein transporter and transcriptional regulators of some organisms; arginase, GTP-binding protein, heat shock protein (HSP) and aconitase. Ran binding protein, GTPbinding protein and protein transporter were known as membrane proteins while arginase and HSP usually expressed as a response to wounding or toxin treatment. The present of arginase is usually related to the availability of nitric oxide (NO) in plant tissue. NO is well known as a signal molecule on plant defense response. AbstrakPenyakit gugur daun yang disebabkan oleh fungi Corynespora cassiicola merupakan salah satu penyakit penting tanaman karet. Klon karet AVROS 2037menunjukkan sifat resisten terhadap patogen tersebut sedangkan klon PPN 2444 merupakan klon yang rentan. Kedua klon karet tersebut digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi gen atau transkrip yang diekspresikan secara diferensial selama terjadi interaksi antara tanaman karet dengan C. cassiicola menggunakan teknik cDNA-Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (cDNA-AFLP). Ekspresi gen/transkrip dipelajari untuk membandingkan perbedaan antara tanaman yang tidak diinfeksi dengan yang diinfeksi patogen pada waktu 24, 36, 48 dan 72 jam setelah inokulasi. Analisis cDNA-AFLP dilaksanakan dengan menggunakan pasangan enzim restriksi VspI dan TaqI sehingga adapter dan primer memiliki sekuen pengenalan kedua enzim restriksi tersebut. Dengan menggunakan 29 pasang primer spesifik, sebanyak 35 dari sekitar 1450 fragmen memiliki ekspresi berbeda antara klon AVROS 2037 dan PPN 2444. Semua fragmen yang berbeda tersebut kemudian diklon pada vektor kloning dan disekuen. Hasil sekuensing dikelompokkan berdasarkan homologi sekuennya dan menghasilkan 19 contigs serta sembilan macam sekuen yang tidak mengelompok. Sebanyak 10 dari 19 contigs dan lima dari sembilan sekuen tersebut memiliki homologi dengan produk gen yang telah dikenal yang terdapat di pangkalan data GenBank, seperti putative Ran binding protein, protein transporter, regulator transkripsi, arginase, GTP-binding protein, heat shock protein (HSP) dan aconitase. Beberapa di antaranya seperti putative Ran binding protein, protein transporter dan GTP-binding protein dikenal sebagai protein membran, sedangkan arginase dan HSP merupakan protein atau enzim yang ekspresinya pada tanaman antara lain dipengaruhi oleh adanya pelukaan dan perlakuan toksin. Keberadaan arginase sering berhubungan dengan ketersediaan nitric oxide (NO) pada jaringan tanaman. NO dikenal sebagai salah satu sinyal molekul dalam mekanisme pertahanan tanaman.
Deteksi metilasi DNA genom Elaeis guineensis Jacq hasil kultur jaringan dengan teknik Randomly Amplified Fingerprint (RAF) DNA dan Reverse Phase HPLC (RP-HPLC) Analysis DNA genom methylation of Elaeis guineensis Jacq from tissue culture by Randomly Amplified Fingerprint DNA (RAF) and Reverse Phase HPLC (RP-HPLC) Nurita TORUAN-MATHIUS; Nesti F SIANIPAR; G A WATTIMENA; Hajrial ASWIDINNOOR; Maggy THENAWIDJAYA-SUHARTONO; Gale GINTING
Menara Perkebunan Vol. 76 No. 2: 76 (2), 2008
Publisher : INDONESIAN OIL PALM RESEARCH INSTITUTE

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v76i2.81

Abstract

Abstract Embryo somatic (ES) abnormalities of  oil palm were probably caused by numbers and location of  DNA genom cytosin methylation. Quantity of methylation could be determined  by Reverse phase HPLC (RP-HPLC) techniques, while location of DNA cytosin methylation was detected by Random Amplified Fingerprint DNA (RAF-DNA) technique. The objective of  this research was to determine numbers  and pattern of DNA cytosin methylation  of normal or abnormal ES and normal ortet as a standard.  DNA genomic of samples were cut by  HpaII and MspI enzymes at  CCGG site, and amplified by RAF. HpaII  cut at  mCCGG  sequences, but if  second C  were methylated  the sequences can not be cut by HpaII.While Msp1 will cut if internal of cytosine was methylated  (CmCGG). The results showed that AB16, AE11, AO12 and  AP12 primers could detect the changes of methylation site on normal ortet and abnormal ES cotyledone.  RP-HPLC analyses showed that DNA cytosin methylation content between ES globular and ES cotyledone, both normal and abnormal  and also normal plantlet and ortet were unsignificantly different. DNA methyl content was around   0.25 – 2.72 %. Internal and fully methylation was found on 124 – 457 bp. Abnormal ES  of MK638 clone showed the hipomethylation pattern. It was concluded that methylation cytosine content was very low and it seems that DNA methylation undirectly  affects on process of morphology abnormalities.  Abnormalities of ES globular and cotyledone might be caused by the change of  DNA genom sequences. Abstrak Abnormalitas pada embrio somatik (ES) tanaman kelapa sawit diduga disebabkan oleh kandungan serta lokasi terjadinya metilasi sitosin DNA genom. Kandungan metilasi dapat ditetapkan dengan teknik Reverse Phase HPLC (RP-HPLC), sedang lokasi terjadinya  metilasi sitosin DNA genom ES dapat dideteksi dengan teknik Random Amplified Fingerprint DNA (RAF-DNA). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menetapkan pola metilasi sitosin DNA genom ES kotiledon normal dan abnormal, sebagai pembanding adalah ortet yang normal.  DNA genom contoh dipotong dengan enzim HpaII dan MspI yang mengenali situs CCGG, selanjutnya diamplifikasi dengan RAF. Enzim HpaII memotong sekuen mCCGG tetapi jika C kedua mengalami metilasi sekuen tersebut tidak terpotong. Msp1 akan memotong apabila sitosin internal termetilasi (CmCGG). Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa terjadi perubahan  situs metilasi antara ortet  normal dan ES kotiledon abnormal. Perubahan situs metilasi sitosin dapat dibedakan dengan primer RAF, yaitu AB16, AE11, AO12 dan AP12.  Hasil analisis RP-HPLC menunjukkan bahwa perbedaan kandungan metilasi sitosin DNA ES globular maupun kotiledon masing-masing antara yang normal dan abnormal, serta antara planlet dan ortet normal sangat kecil. Kandungan metil sitosin berkisar antara 0,25 – 2,72 %. Tampak bahwa pada 124 - 457 pb terjadi metilasi internal, eksternal maupun metilasi penuh. Pada ES abnormal klon MK638 menunjukkan terjadi hipometilasi sitosin.  Perbedaan kandungan  metilasi sitosin yang sangat kecil diduga tidak berpengaruh langsung terhadap proses abnormalitas. Abnormalitas yang terjadi pada ES globular dan kotiledon kemungkinan akibat terjadinya perubahan sekuens DNA genom. 
Penggunaan enzim protease pada pengolahan lateks pekat DPNR sebagai bahan pembuatan sphygmomanometer Use of protease on the processing of concentrated latex DPNR as material for sphygmomanometer manufacturing . SISWANTO; . SUHARYANTO; Yoharmus SYAMSU
Menara Perkebunan Vol. 77 No. 2: 77 (2), 2009
Publisher : INDONESIAN OIL PALM RESEARCH INSTITUTE

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v77i2.82

Abstract

AbstractIn order to increase competitiveness in the international market especially in USA, the domestic industrial manufactures of latex dipping products have to meet the FDA requirement for protein standard that is 150 g protein/g. Use of cheap protease from an effective local sources will support the production of concentrated latex with low protein so that the end product will meet FDA prerequisite of standard protein. Local source of proteases from Bacillus sp. isolated from latex coagula serum (LCS), papain and bromeline were examinated their proteolytic activity using casein and casein mixed with LCS (1:1) as substrate. The best protease source will be applied to produce deproteinized natural rubber (DPNR) of concentrated latex, and furthermore used as raw material in producing sphygmomanometer at commercial scale. The objective of this research is to determine the best protease source and condition of optimum activity and its effectiveness for producing DPNR of concentrated latex as raw material for sphygmomanometer production. The result showed that Bacillus sp. K3 is the best isolate for protease producer with protease activity of 0.438 U/mL under room temperature (28-30oC) for three days. Of three sources of protease tested, papain was the most active one when casein was used as substrate. The used of LCS as substrate was not efficient because of the presence of protease inhibitor which could not be removed by heating at 100C for five minutes. The proteolytic activity of papain was optimum at room temperature 37C and pH 7.7-11 i.e achieved 0.6-0.7 U/mL. Sphygmomanometers component produced by concentrated latex non DPNR containing 0,27-0.31% total N and 445-710 g extractable protein/g, whereas sphygmo-manometers component produced by latex DPNR containing 0.18-0.28% total N and 79-103 extractable protein thus pass its protein content prerequisite of FDA (<150 g /g). Sphygmo-manometers component produced by con-centrated latex DPNR have physical properties such as tensile strength, modulus 300% and elongation at break better than conventional concentrated latex.AbstrakUntuk meningkatkan daya saing di pasar internasional khususnya Amerika Serikat, barang celup lateks alam produksi dalam negeri harus memenuhi standar protein yang ditetapkan oleh FDA yaitu 150 g protein/g. Penggunaan enzim protease dari sumber lokal yang murah dan efektif akan membantu dalam pembuatan lateks pekat rendah protein sehingga produk yang dihasilkan memenuhi standar protein yang disyaratkan FDA. Sumber enzim protease lokaldari isolat Bacillus sp. yang diisolasi dari serum bekuan lateks (SBL), papain dan bromelin diuji aktivitas proteo-litiknya dengan substrat kasein dan campuran kasein dan SBL (1:1). Sumber enzim protease terbaik digunakan untuk produksi lateks pekat deproteinized natural rubber (DPNR) dan selanjutnya lateks tersebut digunakan untuk percobaan produksi komponen sphygmomanometer skala komersial. Penelitian bertujuan menetapkan sumber protease terbaik dan kondisi optimum aktivitasnya untuk pembuatan lateks pekat DPNR dan komponen sphygmomanometer. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Bacillus sp. K3 adalah isolat terbaik dalam menghasilkan enzim protease yaitu mencapai 0,438 U/mL pada inkubasi suhu ruang (28-30oC) selama tiga hari. Dari ketiga sumber protease yang diuji, enzim papain menujukkan aktivitas terbaik ketika diuji dengan substrat kasein. Penggunaan subtrat SBL kurang sesuai untuk produksi protease karena adanya inhibit orprotease yang tidak bisa dihilangkan dengan cara pemanasan pada suhu 100C selama lima menit. Aktivitas enzim papain optimum pada suhu 37C dan antara pH 7,7-11, yaitu mencapai 0,6- 0,7 U/mL. Komponen sphygmomanometer konvensional yang dibuat dengan bahan baku lateks pekat non DPNR memiliki kadar N total 0,27-0,31% dan kadar protein terekstrak 445- 710 g/g, sedangkan komponen sphygmomanometer yang diproduksi dengan lateks pekat DPNR memiliki kadar N total 0,18-0,28% dan protein terekstrak 79-103 g/g sehingga memenuhi ambang batas yang ditetapkan oleh FDA yaitu <150 μg/g. Sifat fisika seperti tegangan putus, modulus 300%, dan perpanjangan putus komponen sphygmomanometer yang dibuat dari lateks pekat DPNR lebih baik dari pada lateks pekat non DPNR.
Optimisasi dan pemurnian IAA yang dihasilkan Rhizobium sp. dalam medium serum lateks dengan suplementasi triptofan dari pupuk kandang Optimization and purification of IAA produced by Rhizobium sp. in latex serum media supplemented with tryptophan from chicken manure Irma KRESNAWATY; Syeda ANDANAWARIH; . SUHARYANTO; . TRI-PANJI
Menara Perkebunan Vol. 76 No. 2: 76 (2), 2008
Publisher : INDONESIAN OIL PALM RESEARCH INSTITUTE

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v76i2.83

Abstract

Summary Concentrated latex effluent had not been economically utilized, consequently it had become source of environmental pollution and conflicts with surrounding community. Whereas, the concentrated latex effluent could be used as substrate for microbes growth media due to its high concentration of carbon and nitrogen. One of the economical benefits of growing Rhizobium sp. in this waste is the production of  indole acetic acid (IAA) that  can be used for plant promotion growth. The aims of this research were to get the optimal IAA production of Rhizobium sp. by optimizing its tryptophan supplementation through hydrolysis of chicken manure and to purify IAA produced using chromatographic method. The use of chicken manure directly caused the browning effect, therefore these experiments were carried out the variation of NaOH 2 N hydrolysis treatments to reduce the effect. Direct hydrolysis as the first media  was obtained by mixing latex serum and manure, and then this mixture was hydrolyzed. Meanwhile, separated hydrolysis was done by adding water to manure, being hydrolyzed, and divided to become second and third media. The second media  was made by mixing manure hydrolysate and latex serum directly, whereas in third media, hydrolisate was added with alum as coagulating agent. Rhizobium sp. was then inoculated to all media and incubated for 24, 48, and 72 hours in 27-30oC. IAA was analyzed by spectrophotometric method with Salkowsky reagent and Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). IAA was then extracted with ethyl acetate and purified with silica gel column chromatography. The separated hydrolysis without coagulation (second media) produced the highest IAA concentration, that is 14.40 mg/mL, whereas IAA produced by direct hydrolysis (first media) was 14.13 mg/mL and 0.90 mg/mL for third media  during 48 hours. The fractionation result  for each mediums showed that the highest IAA distribution in first media  was the 12th fraction (38.70%), meanwhile in second media  was the 15th fraction (50.25%) and in the third  media was the 13th fraction (26.16%). Ringkasan Limbah lateks pekat saat ini belum di-manfaatkan secara ekonomis, bahkan menjadi sumber pencemaran lingkungan dan konflik dengan masyarakat sekitarnya. Padahal limbah lateks pekat dapat digunakan sebagai substrat pertumbuhan mikroba karena memiliki kandungan karbon dan nitrogen yang cukup tinggi.  Salah  satu  nilai  ekonomis yang dapat diperoleh dengan ditumbuhkannya Rhizobium sp. pada limbah tersebut, yaitu dihasilkannya asam indol asetat (indol acetic acid/IAA) yang dapat digunakan untuk memacu pertumbuhan tanaman. Penelitian ini bertujuan memperoleh produksi IAA optimal yang dihasilkan Rhizobium sp. dengan asupan triptofan dari hidrolisis pupuk kandang dan memurnikan IAA yang dihasilkan tersebut dengan metode kromatografi. Penggunaan pupuk kandang secara langsung menyebabkan efek pen-cokelatan, maka dilakukan variasi perlakuan hidrolisis dengan NaOH 2 N untuk mengurangi efek tersebut. Hidrolisis langsung sebagai medium pertama diperoleh dengan mencampur serum lateks dan pupuk kandang, sedangkan hidrolisis terpisah dilakukan dengan menambah pupuk kandang dengan air,  dan dibagi menjadi medium kedua dan ketiga. Medium kedua dibuat dengan cara  langsung mencampur hidrolisat dan serum lateks, sedangkan pada medium ketiga, hidrolisat diendapkan dengan alum sebagai bahan pengendap.  Kemudian ke dalam masing-masing medium diinokulasi  Rhizobium sp. dan diinkubasi selama 24 ,48, dan 72 jam pada suhu 27-30oC. Analisis IAA dilakukan secara spektrofotometri dengan metode Salkowski dan Kromatografi Lapis Tipis (KLT). IAA diekstraksi menggunakan etil asetat dan dimurnikan dengan kromatografi kolom silika gel. Hidrolisis terpisah tanpa pengendapan (medium kedua) menghasilkan IAA tertinggi, yaitu 14,40 mg/mL, sedangkan hidrolis langsung (medium pertama) menghasilkan IAA sebesar 14,13 mg/mL dan medium ketiga sebesar 0,90 mg/mL selama 48 jam. Hasil fraksinasi untuk masing-masing medium menunjukkan sebaran IAA tertinggi pada medium pertama berada pada fraksi ke-12 (38,70%), sedangkan pada medium kedua pada fraksi ke-15 (50,25%), dan pada medium ketiga ialah fraksi ke-13 (26,16%). 
Kloning dan karakterisasi gen penyandi inhibitor proteinase dari kulit buah kakao Cloning and characterization of gene encoding proteinase inhibitor of cacao pod wall Mayta Novaliza ISDA; Musliar KASIM; . MANSYURDIN; Tetty CHAIDAMSARI; Djoko SANTOSO
Menara Perkebunan Vol. 76 No. 2: 76 (2), 2008
Publisher : INDONESIAN OIL PALM RESEARCH INSTITUTE

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v76i2.84

Abstract

Summary Attempts to increase cocoa production in Indonesia have been hinderred by attack of CPB (Conopomorpha cramerella). There has been no effective measures to control this pest leading to development of cacao planting materials which resistant to the pod borer. One of genes functioning in plant defense system against insect pests such as catepilar is Proteinase Inhibitor (PIN). This research aimed to isolate and characterize TcPIN gene of cacao pod wall. A clone of TcPIN was isolated with RT-PCR technique using total RNA of cacao pod wall and DNA primer designed based on the sequence Trypsin Inhibitor of cocoa bean accessible online. BlastX analysis of the sequence of the cDNA clone demonstrated that the ± 600 bp gene cloned with pGEM-T was PIN gene as indicated by highly homologous to Trypsin Inhibitor of Theobroma microcarpum resulted in 248 Score bits and E value 1 e-64. Two sequence alligment with the putative 21 kDa PIN  of cacao seed indicated a moderately high homology. Contrasting these two sequences however found some non identical amino acids implying some variations. Ringkasan Usaha peningkatan produksi kakao di Indonesia terkendala antara lain oleh adanya serangan hama PBK (Conopomorpha cramerella). Untuk menanggulangi serangan PBK tersebut perlu adanya satu cara pengendalian yang efektif dan efisien, sehingga dapat mendorong usaha pengembangan bahan tanam yang tahan PBK. Salah satu gen  membawa sifat ketahanan tanaman terhadap hama ulat adalah Proteinase Inhibitor (PIN). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengisolasi dan mengkarakterisasi gen TcPIN dari kulit buah kakao. Klon cDNA TcPIN diisolasi dari kulit buah kakao dengan teknik RT-PCR meng-gunakan RNA total kulit buah kakao dan primer DNA yang dirancang atas dasar sekuen Inhibitor Tripsin biji kakao yang diakses lewat internet.  Hasil analisis BlastX dari sekuen klon cDNA menunjukkan  bahwa gen berukuran  ± 600 pb yang telah diklon dengan pGEM-T tersebut adalah PIN karena memiliki homologi yang tinggi terhadap 21 kDa trypsin inhibitor dari Theobroma microcarpum yang meng-hasilkan Skor 248 bits dengan Nilai E 1e-64. Penjajaran dua sekuen dengan PIN putatif 21 kDa yang berasal dari biji kakao menunjuk-kan tingkat homologi yang tinggi, dengan perbedaan nyata sehingga dapat terlihat bahwa keduanya tidak identik.
Peningkatan kemantapan agregat tanah mineral oleh bakteri penghasil eksopolisakarida Aggregate stability improvement of mineral soil by exopolysaccharide-producing bacteria Laksmita Prima SANTI; Ai DARIAH; Didiek Hadjar GOENADI
Menara Perkebunan Vol. 76 No. 2: 76 (2), 2008
Publisher : INDONESIAN OIL PALM RESEARCH INSTITUTE

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v76i2.85

Abstract

Summary Pseudomonas fluorescens PG7II.1, Flavobacterium sp. PG7II.2, and  Pseudomonas diminuta PG7II.9 have a potential to produce exopolysaccharide which help the  formation and stabilization of soil aggregate. These bacteria have been isolated from the rhizosphere of Saccharum officinarum.  Exopolysaccharide production in ATCC 14 liquid medium with sucrose was higher than that obtained from glucose, lactose, and 4-hydroxyphenil acetic acid       (4-HAA) as a carbon sources. Producing of exopolysaccharide from these bacteria were 8.04 (P. fluorescens PG7II.1), 2.0 (Flavo-bacterium sp. PG7II.2) and 1.82 mg/mL (P. diminuta PG7II.9). Aggregate Stability Index (ASI) of mineral soil material was 114 when inoculated by these isolates after 60 days incubation period at ambient temperature. The ASI value of inoculated mineral soil material significantly different with uninoculated. The optimum of bacterial suspension to increase aggregate stability of mineral soil material was 12.5% (v/w) consisted of 109 CFU per mL.  Ringkasan          Pseudomonas fluorescens PG7II.1, Flavobacterium sp. PG7II.2, dan Pseudomonas diminuta PG7II.9, memiliki potensi dalam menghasilkan eksopolisakarida untuk pem-bentukan dan kemantapan agregat tanah. Ketiga bakteri tersebut diisolasi dari rhizosfer Saccharum officinarum. Sukrosa merupakan sumber karbon terbaik untuk produksi eksopolisakarida di dalam medium cair ATCC 14 apabila dibandingkan dengan glukosa, laktosa, dan 4-hydroxyphenil acetic acid  (4-HAA). Eksopolisakarida yang dihasilkan dari ketiga bakteri tersebut masing-masing 8,04 (P. fluorescens PG7II.1); 2,0 (Flavobacterium sp. PG7II.2) dan 1,82 mg/mL (P. diminuta PG7II.9). Inokulasi ketiga isolat tersebut ke dalam bahan tanah mineral memberikan indeks stabilitas agregat (ASI) sebesar 114 setelah 60 hari inkubasi pada suhu ruang. Nilai indeks ini berbeda secara nyata apabila dibandingkan dengan bahan tanah mineral tanpa inokulan. Jumlah suspensi bakteri yang diperlukan untuk meningkatkan nilai indeks stabilitas agregat di dalam bahan tanah mineral secara optimum ialah 12,5% (v/b), dengan jumlah populasi bakteri 109 CFU   per mL. 
Produksi dan kualitas jamur tiram (Pleurotus ostreatus) pada beberapa konsentrasi limbah sludge pabrik kertas Production and quality of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) on selected concentration of sludge of paper industry Happy WIDIASTUTI; . TRI-PANJI
Menara Perkebunan Vol. 76 No. 2: 76 (2), 2008
Publisher : INDONESIAN OIL PALM RESEARCH INSTITUTE

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v76i2.86

Abstract

Summary An experiment has been conducted to study the effect of sludge concentration,  waste of paper industry using raw material of recycled paper, as media on oyster mushroom production and quality. Twelve treatment tested are combination of two oyster mushroom strains are oyster mushroom of Bogor (JTB) and oyster mushroom of Taiwan (JTT), three media composition (sawdust, sludge, and sawdust+ sludge (50/50, v/v), and two levels of supplement addition (with rice bran+gypsum+ lime and without) with 10 replications. The production of the  mushroom was conducted  in bag log capacity of 1 kg fresh weight (water content 50%). The result showed that sludge can be used as mixture of oyster mushroom production with the composition 50:50 v/v of sawdust and sludge. Since the higher number of contamination, addition of supplement reduce oyster mushroom production as well as biological efficiency, but increased protein content of fruiting body. The content of Cd, and Pb were below the permissible limits, Cu was higher than the limits but still in the range. The Fe content of mushroom fruit body was higher both in sawdust (147.92 – 149.56 ppm) and sawdust+sludge (295.82 – 335.12 ppm) as media. However, the uptake of Fe of JTT was less (49.08-59.64 ppm) compared to that of JTB (147.92-335.12 ppm).Ringkasan Penelitian dilakukan untuk mempelajari pengaruh konsentrasi sludge limbah pabrik kertas berbahan baku karton bekas sebagai medium terhadap produksi dan kualitas jamur tiram. Dua belas perlakuan yang diuji merupakan kombinasi dua galur jamur tiram, yaitu Jamur Tiram Bogor (JTB) dan Jamur Tiram Taiwan (JTT), tiga jenis komposisi medium (serbuk gergaji, sludge, dan sludge+ serbuk gergaji), dan dua tingkat suplemen (dengan dan tanpa) yang diulang 10 kali untuk masing-masing perlakuan. Produksi jamur tiram dilakukan menggunakan bag log  berkapasitas 1 kg basah (kadar air 50%). Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa sludge dapat digunakan sebagai campuran serbuk gergaji dalam produksi jamur tiram dengan per-bandingan 50:50 (v/v). Pemberian suplemen menurunkan produksi jamur tiram demikian pula efisiensi biologi namun meningkatkan kadar protein tubuh buah. Di dalam tubuh buah JTB, kandungan logam Cd, dan Pb berada di bawah batas yang diijinkan, sedangkan kandungan Cu di atas ambang walaupun masih dalam kisaran. Kandungan  Fe dalam tubuh buah jamur relatif tinggi baik yang ditumbuhkan pada serbuk gergaji sebagai medium standar (147,92 - 149,56 ppm) maupun yang ditumbuhkan pada medium campuran sludge+serbuk gergaji (295,82 - 335,12 ppm). Serapan Fe tubuh buah JTT jauh lebih rendah (49,08- 59,64 ppm) dibandingkan dengan serapan Fe JTB (147,92-335,12 ppm).  
Perkembangan kalus embriogenik sagu (Metroxylon sagu Rottb.) pada tiga sistem kultur in vitro Development of embryogenic callus of sago (Metroxylon sagu Rottb.) on three systems of in vitro culture Pauline D KASI; . SUMARYONO
Menara Perkebunan Vol. 76 No. 1: 76 (1), 2008
Publisher : INDONESIAN OIL PALM RESEARCH INSTITUTE

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v76i1.88

Abstract

Summary Embryogenic callus of sago (Metroxylon sagu Rottb.) has been grown on three systems of in vitro culture i.e. agar-solidified medium, liquid medium, and temporary immersion system (TIS) medium to observe and compare the development of embryogenic callus over one passage of six weeks.  A-half gram of embryogenic callus was cultured on a modified MS medium containing 10 mg/L   2,4-D and 0.1 mg/L kinetin. For histological studies, embryogenic callus was fixed in FAA and embedded in paraplast wax. Serial sections were stained with safranin 1% and observed microscopically. By the end of culture period, the development of embryogenic callus in TIS medium was relatively better than those of the other two media.  Fresh weight of callus in liquid medium and TIS increased by 6.5-fold, while on agar-solidified medium increased by 5.4-fold in six weeks.  About 40% of callus in liquid medium and TIS and 20% of callus on agar solidified medium have changed into somatic embryos at globular stage. Histology structure of embryogenic callus of the three systems of in vitro culture shows different pattern. On agar-solidified medium, secondary callus and friable embryogenic callus that consist of meristematic cells were formed. In contrast, more embryogenic cells were formed in liquid medium and TIS to support maturation process to somatic embryos. Therefore, temporary immersion system and liquid medium are recommended for maturation of embryogenic callus, whereas agar-solidified medium is for proliferation of embryogenic callus of sago.  Ringkasan Kalus embriogenik sagu (Metroxylon sagu Rottb.) telah ditumbuhkan pada tiga sistem kultur in vitro yaitu medium padat, medium cair, dan medium dengan sistem perendaman sesaat (SPS) untuk mempelajari dan mem-bandingkan perkembangan dari kalus embrio-genik selama periode enam minggu. Setengah gram kalus embriogenik dikulturkan pada medium MS modifikasi yang mengandung  2,4-D 10 mg/L dan kinetin 0,1 mg/L.  Untuk studi histologi, kalus embriogenik difiksasi dengan FAA dan embedding menggunakan lilin paraplast. Irisan diwarnai dengan safranin 1% dan diamati menggunakan mikroskop. Pada akhir periode kultur, pertumbuhan kalus pada medium dengan SPS lebih baik dibandingkan dengan medium cair dan padat. Bobot basah kalus pada  medium cair dan SPS meningkat 6,5 kali sedangkan pada medium padat meningkat 5,4 kali dalam waktu enam minggu. Sebanyak 40% kalus pada medium cair dan SPS serta 20% kalus pada medium padat berubah menjadi embrio somatik fase globuler. Struktur histologi kalus embriogenik pada ketiga jenis sistem kultur in vitro menunjukkan pola yang berbeda. Pada medium padat terjadi pembentukan kalus sekunder dan kalus embriogenik remah yang terdiri atas sel-sel meristematik. Sebaliknya pada medium cair dan SPS pembentukan sel embriogenik lebih banyak yang menunjang proses pendewasaan menjadi embrio somatik. Oleh karena itu, medium cair dan SPS direkomendasikan untuk pendewasaan kalus embriogenik, sedangkan medium padat untuk proliferasi kalus embriogenik sagu. 
Lipase spesifik 1,3-gliserida dari fungi lokal untuk biokonversi CPO menjadi diasilgliserol Specific lipase of 1,3-glyceride from indigenous fungi for bioconversion of CPO to produce diacylglycerol . TRI-PANJI; . SUHARYANTO; Nining ARINI
Menara Perkebunan Vol. 76 No. 1: 76 (1), 2008
Publisher : INDONESIAN OIL PALM RESEARCH INSTITUTE

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v76i1.90

Abstract

SummaryDownstream industry of palm oil producing specialty oil with higher economic value compared to that of CPO in Indonesia is less developed due to technical obstacle and the availability of supporting materials. Specific lipase 1,3-glyceride for example which is used for oleochemical processing of healthy oil production is still imported with relatively high price.  Healthy oil can be made from CPO bioconversion using the enzyme that produces oil rich in diacylglycerol (DAG). Although research on the production and the use of lipase has been well studied, production of specific lipase from microbes of local source is still very limited.  This article reports one part of the series of the research activities on bioprocess and genetic engineering approaches to produce specific lipase for bioconversion of CPO i.e optimization of 1,3-glyceride-spesific lipase production from fungi selected from local sources. Based on the fluorescence zone on the screening media, of the twenty isolates collection, it was found that P6 isolate, thereafter indentified as Neurospora sitophila, has the highest activity of 1,3-glyceride-specific lipase. The lipase of N.  sitophila was able to catalyze glycerolysis of triacylglycerol (TAG) in CPO to produce DAG. The bioconversion products of lipase yielding ratio of DAG/TAG was higher than ratio of free fatty acids (FFA)/TAG (0.12 > 0.08). The optimum condition of the enzymatic bioconversion was at 40 oC, pH 6, and 10-day incubation. The primary fatty acids on the DAG were oleic (56.2%), palmitic (40.0%), and myristic (2.7%) acids. The decrease of palmitic acid on DAG compared to on TAG, indicated that the lipase of N. sitophila worked relatively specific at C1 or C3 of the TAG.Kurang berkembangnya industri hilir yang menghasilkan minyak khusus yang nilainya berlipat dibandingkan CPO antara lain karena hambatan teknis dan ketersediaan bahan pendukungnya. Lipase spesifik 1,3-gliserida misalnya, yang digunakan untuk produksi minyak kesehatan, masih diimpor dengan harga relatif tinggi. Minyak kesehatan dapat diproduksi dari biokonversi CPO dengan lipase spesifik 1,3-gliserida hingga diperoleh minyak yang kaya kandungan diasilgliserol (DAG). Tulisan ini melaporkan optimasi aktivitas lipase spesifik 1,3-gliserida dari fungi isolat lokal terpilih. Berdasarkan zona fluoresens pada medium penapis lipase, dari 20 isolat fungi yang diuji isolat P6 yang kemudian diidentifikasi sebagai Neurospora sitophila memiliki aktivitas tertinggi dan bersifat spesifik 1,3-gliserida. Lipase N. sitophilamampu mengkatalisis gliserolisis triasilgliserol (TAG) dalam CPO untuk menghasilkan DAG. Lipase tersebut menghasilkan nilai perban-dingan DAG/TAG  lebih  besar  dari nilai perbandingan asam lemak bebas (ALB)/TAG (0,12 > 0,08). Kondisi optimum biokonversi enzimatis ini terjadi pada suhu 40 oC, pH 6, dan waktu inkubasi selama 10 hari. Asam lemak utama penyusun DAG adalah asam oleat (56,2%), palmitat (40,0%), dan miristat (2,7%). Berkurangnya asam palmitat pada DAG dibanding pada TAG menunjukkan bahwa lipase N. sitophila bekerja secara relatif spesifik pada C1 atau C3 dari gliserida.
Optimisasi produksi biogas dari limbah lateks cair pekat dengan penambahan logam Optimization of biogas production from concentrated-latex effluent with addition of metals Irma KRESNAWATY; I SUSANTI; . SISWANTO; . TRI-PANJI
Menara Perkebunan Vol. 76 No. 1: 76 (1), 2008
Publisher : INDONESIAN OIL PALM RESEARCH INSTITUTE

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v76i1.92

Abstract

Summary The treatment of concentrated-latex effluent process applied in the field presently, has not obtain optimum additional benefits. Besides that, the technology using ponding system  needs  wide area and causes air pollution that  such a way caused conflicts with society. The application  concept of clean industry: reuse, reduction, recovery and recycling, makes the possibilities to convert the effluent to be usefull products. One of the alternative effluent process is by utilizing it as the source of renewable energy, that is in the form of biogas as an  alternative energy. The preliminary research showed that the use of spontaneous latex skim coagulation, the  addition of 1% manure as source of seed, and leaf biomass as the source of carbon could increase the biogas production. This research was carried out to optimize biogas production by adding metal ion and to observe the parameters which influenced every stage of biogas production. At the beginning of the process, pH showed increasing due to the hydrolysis process that generally occured in acid condition, but it remained stable (6.6-7.7) in the next steps, whereas, the VFA value as well as BOD value tended to increase. COD value had fluctuative inclination caused by the conversion of organic compounds to produce biogas and the hydrolysis process of leaf biomass to organic compounds that decom-posed to further biogas. The best result of biogas production was showed by addition of Fe3+ with optimum concentration 0.50 mg/L effluent.

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