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Menara Perkebunan
Published by Pusat Penelitian Kelapa Sawit
ISSN : 01259318     EISSN : 18583768     DOI : -
Core Subject : Agriculture,
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry
Menara Perkebunan as a communication medium for research in estate crops published articles covering original research result on the pre- and post-harvest biotechnology of estate crops. The contents of the articles should be directed for solving the problems of production and/or processing of estate crops of smallholder, private plantations and state-owned estates, based on the three dedications of plantation. Analyses of innovative research methods and techniques in biotechnology, which are important for advancing agricultural research. Critical scientific reviews of research result in agricultural and estate biotechnology.
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Articles 554 Documents
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Identification of metabolites for biomarker of nitrogen and potassium use efficiency in oil palm Setiowati, Retno Diah; Sri Wening; Nuringtyas, Tri Rini; Rahayu, Megayani Sri; Sudarsono, Sudarsono
Menara Perkebunan Vol. 93 No. 1 (2025): 93(1), 2025
Publisher : INDONESIAN OIL PALM RESEARCH INSTITUTE

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v93i1.631

Abstract

Nutrient-use efficiency in oil palm is important for economic and environmental reasons. This research aimed to identify biomarkers to discriminate between tolerant and susceptible oil palms to potassium (K) and nitrogen (N) deficiency. A screening of oil palm materials for N or K use efficiency was conducted using an omission trial experiment, where only targeted nutrient was applied as treatment, while all other nutrients were applied as recommended. The treatment was performed in the main nursery for ten months to identify progenies with contrasting traits. Metabolite analysis was performed to identify specific metabolites as biomarkers for N-efficient and K-efficient palms. Samples taken from the roots of the contrasting progenies were treated with liquid nitrogen prior to grinding into a powder for liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) analysis. The LC-HRMS analysis showed 277 metabolites from K and N treatments after data trimming, which were then analysed in MetaboAnalyst 6.0 for biomarker identification. The results showed that some metabolites were statistically significant. Metabolites identified in more than one analysis have a higher likelihood of being considered as biomarkers. In this experiment, we compared PLS-DA, sPLS-DA, and Random Forest. However, some identified metabolites were not to occur naturally in the treatment palms. Some amino acids and antioxidants were promising biomarkers to differentiate the N-deficiency-tolerant and K-deficiency-tolerant palms. Thus, the biomarkers facilitate the breeding scheme to create a nutrient-efficient palm planting material.
Characterisation of novel acidic lipase of Corynebacterium nuruki PM2 from palm oil mill effluent for palm oil derivatisation Ludwinardo Putra; Irma Kresnawaty; Imron Riyadi
E-Journal Menara Perkebunan Vol. 93 No. 2 (2025): 93(2), 2025
Publisher : INDONESIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOINDUSTRY

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v93i2.633

Abstract

The palm oil industry generates significant amounts of palm oil mill effluent (POME), which harbors diverse microbial communities with potential biotechnological applications. Yet, only a limited number of lipolytic bacteria have been isolated and studied. A limited nutrient medium selection has been previously demonstrated for isolating unique indigenous bacteria. This study aimed to isolate novel lipolytic bacteria from POME and characterize the lipase for potential palm oil derivatization. Corynebacterium nuruki PM2 was successfully isolated and identified. Distinct colony morphologies were observed on different agar media. Lipase from C. nuruki PM2 (LipCN) exhibited optimum activity at 40-60°C, pH 5.0-8.0, and with vegetable oil as substrate. The enzyme also showed the highest stability at a temperature between 30 °C and 40°C and at a pH of 7.0-8.0 after 30 minutes of incubation. The enzyme remained stable in methanol, isopropanol, and n-hexane. Metal ions such as Mn2+ and surfactants (e.g., Triton X-100, Tween-80, and Tween-20 significantly inhibit LipCN activity. Thin-layer chromatography identified 2-palmitoylglycerol in the hydrolyzed product of LipCN, suggesting sn-1,3 specific activity of the enzyme.
Effectiveness of a combination of organosulfur and polyphenols in controlling basal stem rot disease at selected levels of disease severity Deden Dewantara Eris; Ciptadi Achmad Yusup; Abdul Aris; Fransiska Natalia Purba; Faizal Shofwan Kusnendi
E-Journal Menara Perkebunan Vol. 93 No. 2 (2025): 93(2), 2025
Publisher : INDONESIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOINDUSTRY

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v93i2.639

Abstract

Basal stem rot (BSR) is a major disease of oil palm. One approach to control the pathogen is by using organic fungicides. This study aims to assess the efficacy of two kinds of fungicides, organosulfur and polyphenol, in suppressing Ganoderma boninense and their impact on seedlings. Poisoned agar media were used in the in vitro assay with organosulfur at concentrations of 0.8% and 0.125%, polyphenol at 1.6% and 0.125%, and two combinations: 0.8% organosulfur + 0.125% polyphenol and 1.6% organosulfur + 0.125% polyphenol (v/v), with a 3-replication test. In vivo trials were conducted on 4-month-old oil palm seedlings inoculated with G. boninense. Two treatments were tested: Combination 1 (0.8% organosulfur + 0.125% polyphenol, v/v) and Combination 2 (1.6% organosulfur + 0.125% polyphenol, v/v). The solution was applied by soil drenching, 200 mL per plant, at the stem base every 14 days, totalling four applications within a 3-month period.  The treatments were evaluated under three levels of disease severity: Group 1 (asymptomatic plants with fungal fruiting bodies), Group 2 (leaf necrosis ≤ 50%), and Group 3 (leaf necrosis ≥ 50%). The first result demonstrated a full inhibition of fungal growth in treatments with 1.6% polyphenol and the combination of 1.6% organosulfur + 0.125% polyphenol (v/v). In vivo assay results showed that an increase in resistance (measured by prolonged survival) was observed in Groups 1 and 2. These findings indicate that combining organosulfur and polyphenol fungicides can improve seedling resistance to BSR, particularly at early and moderate disease stages.
Factors affecting crude palm oil quality across the supply chain and implications for downstream industries in North Sumatra and Riau Donald Siahaan; Ilmi Fadhilah Rizki; Frisda Rimbun Panjaitan; Manda Edy Mulyono; Brahmani Dewa Bajra; Mulki Salendra Kusumah
E-Journal Menara Perkebunan Vol. 93 No. 2 (2025): 93(2), 2025
Publisher : INDONESIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOINDUSTRY

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v93i2.646

Abstract

Crude Palm Oil (CPO) quality, which is vital for downstream industries, is affected by multiple supply chain factors. This study investigated these factors and industrial needs in North Sumatra and Riau, Indonesia's key provinces for CPO production. Methods included supply chain investigations Fresh Fruit Bunch (FFB) production, Palm Oil Mill (PMO) processing, and CPO transport/storage, a refinery case study, and a Focus Group Discussion (FGD) with downstream industries. FFB handling practices, including loose fruit diversions, impacted mill intake quality. PMO processing significantly altered Free Fatty Acid (FFA), Moisture and Impurities (M&I), and Deterioration of Bleachability Index (DOBI). Substantial DOBI degradation and FFA increases occurred during CPO transportation and storage at the refinery due to oxidation and hydrolysis. Downstream, the refining and oleochemical sectors require high CPO quality (e.g., high DOBI and low FFA), whereas the biodiesel sector is more flexible. PMO operational alignment with advanced quality metrics like DOBI was limited. This study concludes that CPO quality is vulnerable throughout its supply chain, particularly post-milling. The findings necessitate an integrated approach that includes improved FFB handling, optimized PMO processing, and enhanced logistics to minimize degradation and align production quality with the specific demands of each downstream sector. Such an approach is crucial for improving the overall efficiency and competitiveness of the Indonesian palm oil industry.
In silico study: identification and characterization of heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) in Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica L.) Mukhamad Su'udi; Qori’atul Mustafidah
E-Journal Menara Perkebunan Vol. 93 No. 2 (2025): 93(2), 2025
Publisher : INDONESIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOINDUSTRY

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v93i2.663

Abstract

The use of low-quality planting material and extreme weather conditions caused by global warming are major factors contributing to low Arabica coffee productivity in Indonesia. The development of new cultivars and the improvement of Arabica coffee adaptability play crucial roles in preventing productivity decline. This study aims to identify and characterize HSP90 proteins in Arabica coffee through in silico analysis, focusing on their adaptability to biotic and abiotic stress conditions. This study was conducted using DNA and HSP90 protein sequences from Arabica coffee retrieved from various databases. The analysis included assessments of physicochemical properties, gene structure analysis, protein subcellular localization prediction, cis-acting element analysis, protein interaction analysis, and phylogenetic analysis. The results identified a total of twenty CaHSP90 genes distributed across 11 Arabica coffee chromosomes. Characterization revealed that the HSP90 protein family has diverse physicochemical properties, with varying sequence lengths and molecular weights. Most members are acidic, hydrophilic proteins localized in the cytoplasm. Analysis of the CaHSP90 gene expression based on cis-acting elements and phylogenetics showed that HSP90 in Arabica coffee is expressed in response to biotic and abiotic stresses as well as defense against pathogens. The results of this study provide a foundation for the development of new Arabica coffee cultivars with improved resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, and support the selection of candidate CaHSP90 genes for breeding programs.
Extraction and characterization of fulvic acid from oil palm empty fruit bunches Firda Dimawarnita; Khairy Yunda Maharani; Sutanto Sutanto; Yora Faramitha; Donny Nugraha Kalbuadi; Didiek Hadjar Goenadi
E-Journal Menara Perkebunan Vol. 93 No. 2 (2025): 93(2), 2025
Publisher : INDONESIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOINDUSTRY

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v93i2.669

Abstract

Oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) contain 27.78% lignin, which can serve as an alternative source of renewable fulvic acid, alongside soil and coal. This study aims to conduct the fulvic acid extraction process using a microwave extractor. The extraction process was carried out using H2O2 solvents with concentrations of 18, 21, and 24% and various sample types (OPEFB, shilajit, and commercial fulvic acid fertilizer), with three repetitions. The resulting liquid fulvic acid extract was then made into powder using freeze-drying. Quantitative testing was conducted using the spectrophotometric method, while qualitative testing employed Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (¹H NMR), spectrofluorometry, a CHN analyzer, and Thermogravimetric Analysis - Differential Scanning Calorimetry (TGA-DSC). The results showed that the best solvent concentration for the fulvic acid extraction process was H2O2, 21% of the total in the OPEFB sample. The highest fulvic acid content was found in the OPEFB sample at 23.59%; in the shilajit sample, it was 9.62%, and in the commercial fulvic acid fertilizer sample, it was 6.97%. The characterization results from spectrophotometric analysis, elemental analysis, and TGA-DSC analysis showed the potential of fulvic acid in the OPEFB sample, as it exhibited similarities with the analysis results of commercial fulvic acid (shilajit & commercial fulvic acid fertilizer).
Characterization of sn-1,3 extracellular lipases of Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus oryzae for the crude palm oil hydrolysis Ludwinardo Putra; Eneng Nurhasanah; Eti Rohaeti; Irma Kresnawaty
E-Journal Menara Perkebunan Vol. 93 No. 2 (2025): 93(2), 2025
Publisher : INDONESIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOINDUSTRY

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v93i2.673

Abstract

Crude palm oil (CPO) processing for sn-2 palmitate synthesis requires a specific sn-1,3 lipase to catalyze the hydrolysis step. These lipases are known to be derived from filamentous fungal isolates including Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus oryzae. The purpose of this study was to describe extracellular lipases from A. niger and R. oryzae that hydrolyze CPO. Extracellular lipases were successfully recovered from both fungal isolates using CPO-enriched fermentation media. The crude fraction was partially refined using (NH4)2SO4 and dialyzed, yielding two fractions. Lipase fraction I from both fungal species had the highest specific activity, had a molecular mass of ~30 kDa, and was sn-1,3 specific. The best conditions for enzyme activity of both fungal species in CPO hydrolysis were pH 6-7 and 35 ℃. The pH and heat stability of lipase fraction I in both fungi were relatively low. However, this enzyme worked effectively in benzene, ethanol, and methanol solvents.
Biochemical and gene expression analysis for the selection of elite oil palm ortets Irma Kresnawaty; Ludwinardo Putra; Heni Rahmawati; Zulhan Arif; Masna Maya Sinta; Rizka Tamania Saptari; Fauziatul Fitriyah; Heri Adriwan Siregar; Imron Riyadi
E-Journal Menara Perkebunan Vol. 94 No. 1 (2026): 94(1), 2026
Publisher : INDONESIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOINDUSTRY

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v94i1.676

Abstract

The rising global demand for palm oil necessitates innovative strategies to accelerate yield improvement and ensure sustainable production. Conventional propagation methods are limited by long regeneration cycles, making tissue culture a more practical alternative that relies on elite ortet identification. This preliminary study aimed to evaluate crude palm oil quality, leaf metabolite profiles, and gene expression as early indicators for selecting elite ortets. Mature fruits were used to assess oil yield, free fatty acid, and β-carotene contents, while leaves were analyzed for chlorophyll and total phenolic content. Based on biochemical screening, three candidate ortets were further evaluated for the expression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) and phytoene synthase (PSY) genes. Oil yield ranged from 77-83%, FFA 5-9%, and β-carotene 200-450 mg kg-1 CPO across candidates. Candidate 3.7 exhibited the highest oil yield and elevated ACCase expression, while candidate 6.12 showed the highest β-carotene content and PSY expression. Candidate 5.7 demonstrated relatively low FFA and favorable chlorophyll levels. These results suggest an association between ACCase expression and oil yield, as well as between PSY expression and β-carotene accumulation. Collectively, these findings support a proof-of-concept for an integrated profiling strategy to select elite ortets for advanced tissue culture propagation.
Techno-economic analysis and scale-up process simulation of compost production from OPEFB using rapid decomposition system (RDS) technology with SuperPro Designer® Silva Latisya; Firda Dimawarnita; Yora Faramitha; Mujahidah Kamilah; Serarifi Elagin Harahap; Didiek Hadjar Goenadi
E-Journal Menara Perkebunan Vol. 93 No. 2 (2025): 93(2), 2025
Publisher : INDONESIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOINDUSTRY

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v93i2.677

Abstract

Oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) are biomass waste from oil palm mills (POM) that are abundant and potential as feedstock for compost. However, the conventional composting process for OPEFB is time-consuming and inefficient. A Rapid Decomposition System (RDS) technology has been developed to accelerate the decomposition of OPEFB into compost, utilising microorganisms that produce ligninolytic and cellulase enzymes. RDS combines chemical delignification (using H₂O₂) and biological processes simultaneously, which significantly reduces the composting period (generally 2–3 months to only about 45 h per batch), while also producing valuable by-products such as fulvic acid and growth stimulating hormone (GSH). The system can reduce OPEFB volume, thereby improving efficiency and sustainability. This study aims to simulate the scale-up of the RDS compost production process from OPEFB and financial feasibility. A simulation production of 5 kg of RDS compost at a larger scale (scale-up) using SuperPro Designer® software has been conducted. The results showed that 100 kg of OPEFB could produce 32.67 kg of RDS compost with a process time of 45.01 hours per batch. The financial scenario, which covers the main product (compost) and by-products (GSH and fulvic acid), yields a gross margin of 55%, a return on investment (ROI) of 68.67%, and a payback period of 1.46 years. The techno-economic feasibility analysis yielded an internal rate of return (IRR) of 41.08% and a nett present value (NPV) of $24,743,000, indicating that this technology is feasible and profitable for scaling up to industrial scale.
Reference gene validation and differential expression of Psy and ACCase in oil palm with contrasting oil and carotene profiles at different ripening stages Fauziatul Fitriyah; Ikram Maulana; Masna Maya Sinta; Rizka Tamania Saptari; Irma Kresnawaty; Heri Andriwan Siregar; Imron Riyadi
E-Journal Menara Perkebunan Vol. 94 No. 1 (2026): 94(1), 2026
Publisher : INDONESIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOINDUSTRY

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v94i1.679

Abstract

Reliable normalization and accurate quantification are essential for gene expression studies in oil palm mesocarp. This study assessed three candidate reference genes (Actin, GAPDH, and EF1α) for stability using four algorithms (ΔCt, BestKeeper, NormFinder, and GeNorm). Actin was consistently identified as the most stable single housekeeping gene (HKG) (stability value 0.021), while the combination of GAPDH and EF1α provided the most stable normalization pair (stability value 0.017), supporting their use as internal controls for normalization. Normalized expression analysis of two key biosynthetic genes, acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) and phytoene synthase (Psy), was conducted in contrasting phenotypes differing in oil yield and carotene content. The high-yielding, high-carotene genotype displayed lower ΔCt values for both ACCase (4.67 vs. 6.19) and Psy (4.75 vs. 5.26), corresponding to 2.86-fold and 1.42-fold higher expression, respectively. These expression differences aligned closely with phenotypic outcomes, as the superior traits achieved a 40.8% increase in oil yield and a 155.3% increase in carotene content. Expression patterns showed stage-specific specialization: ACCase was upregulated during the unripe stage, enhancing fatty acid biosynthesis, while Psy was most differentially expressed during ripening, coinciding with carotenoid accumulation. Together, these findings suggest that transcript abundance of oil and carotenoid pathways may be coordinated in elite oil palm and provide a framework for linking gene expression with metabolic output, which may inform future efforts to improve oil yield and quality.

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