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INDONESIA
Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology
Published by Official Organ of Indian Association of Medico-Legal Expert
ISSN : -     EISSN : -     DOI : -
Core Subject : Health,
Public Health
Arjuna Subject : Kedokteran - Epidemilogi
Articles 5,497 Documents
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Contamination of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons- (PNAH) in Sediments: Identification and Distribution in the River of Shatt Al-Arab-(ROSA) Wisam Abdul-Ameer Farid1 , Wasen Abdul-Ameer Ali1 , Aseel Nadum Al-Salman2
Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology Vol. 14 No. 4 (2020): Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology
Publisher : Institute of Medico-legal Publications Pvt Ltd

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37506/ijfmt.v14i4.11566

Abstract

The sediments were analyzed for total organic carbon content-(TOCC), grain size-(GS), and PNAH levelsand origins. The sediments were taken from 9 stations-(ST) on ROSA. Gas chromatography-(GC) analysisshowed that the PNAH level in ROSA sediments was comparatively low to medium compared to otherworld locations. The PNAH total levels varied from 31.86 ng/g dry weight-(DW)-(ST 9) to 88.99 ng/g DW-(ST 6). The highest PNAH levels were close to oil pollution sources at ST 2, 4, 6, and 8. The TOCC rangedfrom 0.32 % to 1.64 %. The data suggested that the PNAH levels in the ROSA were linked to TOCC and GS.The PNAH compounds and ratios and analysis of principal components-(AOPC) indicated that the PNAHsources in the river were biogenic-(organisms), pyrogenic-(combustion), and petrogenic-(petroleum).Ecological risk evaluation showed that PNAH did not cause any deleterious impacts on the ROSA.
Serum Androgens in Men with Rheumatoid Arthritis Abdulsatar J. Mathkhor1 . Abdulnasser H. Abdullah2 . Amer S. Khudhairy3
Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology Vol. 14 No. 4 (2020): Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology
Publisher : Institute of Medico-legal Publications Pvt Ltd

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37506/ijfmt.v14i4.11567

Abstract

Background: It has been hypothesised, that low serum concentrations ofandrogen-anabolic hormones would play part in the aetiology of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This study aimedto determine the role of low serum testosterone and DHEAs in men with rheumatoid arthritis.Methods: a case control study was conducted on 73 male patients with rheumatoid arthritis and 73 healthymale age matched control at the Department of Rheumatology and medical rehabilitation, Rheumtologicoutpatient, and the biologic centre, Basra teaching hospital, Basra Provence at the south of Iraq from February2019 till March 2020.Full investigations including total serum testosterone(TST) and dehydroepiandosteronsulfate( DHEAs) levels and disease activity were measured for patients, TST and DHEAs were measuredfor controls. Results: The median total serum testosterone level of the patients and the control groups was;2.2ng/ml and 7.8ng/ml respectively. The median DHEAs level of the patients and the control groups; 81mg/dl and 343mg/dl respectively. Men with low serum androgen levels and in particular low serum level ofDHEAs and to less extent TST associated with negative rheumatoid factor and anti CCP. patients with highdisease activity associated with lower androgen levels.Conclusion: Men with rheumatoid arthritis have low levels of serum androgens, may related to the lackof the anti-inflammatory effects of androgens, lower androgen levels associated with negative serologicalmarkers and high disease activity. Androgen replacement may have associated with clinical improvementand low disease activity
Disposition of Policy Implementers: Study on The Hospitals Payment System Change in The Indonesian National Health Insurance Era Abu Khoiri1,2, Widi Hidayat3 , Djazuly Chalidyanto4 , Fendy Suhariadi5
Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology Vol. 14 No. 4 (2020): Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology
Publisher : Institute of Medico-legal Publications Pvt Ltd

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37506/ijfmt.v14i4.11568

Abstract

Background: Disposition of implementers to changes in hospitals payment system policies has becomean important issue in the implementation of the Indonesia National Health Insurance (NHI) program. Thechange from fee for services to a prospective payment system in the form of the Indonesia Case Based Group(INA-CBG) have caused low acceptance from clinicians. On the other side there was potential for fraud inthe hospitals claim collection scheme published by the corruption eradication commission. The objective ofthis study was to analyze the effect of disposition of implementers on financial pressure and fraud intention.Methods: The study used an observational analytic approach with a survey method, where researchersconducted observations, interviews and questionnaires. The research variables consist of disposition ofimplementers, financial pressure, and fraud intention. The research respondents were 110 physicians incharge of patients in 12 hospitals in East Java Indonesia. Data were analyzed by path analysis.Result: The direct causal effect of the disposition of implementers regarding the INA-CBG payment systemin hospitals to financial pressure had a value of p = 0.001 and B = -0.332.Conclussion: Disposition of implementers to changes in hospitals payment systems had a significant effecton financial pressure and fraud intention. A negative beta indicated that the disposition of implementers willhave an effect on increasing financial pressure.
How to Teach Intramuscular Injection Through Virtual Learning Environment in Covid-19 Pandemic Time for Nursing Students Adam Mahmoud Salameh Khraisat1 , Hermizi Hapidin2 , Nik Siti Hanifah Nik Ahmad3 , Mohammad Dzulsyafi
Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology Vol. 14 No. 4 (2020): Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology
Publisher : Institute of Medico-legal Publications Pvt Ltd

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37506/ijfmt.v14i4.11569

Abstract

During the pandemic COVID-19 spread and the temporary lockdown of universities, there has been a globalshift toward online learning. Some universities were not prepared for such circumstances, and they beganattempting to meet this unprecedented task for not missing the academic year. Recently, there has beena project that is currently working on the same issue regarding teaching nursing students how to deliverintramuscular (IM) injection using online in a virtual learning environment. The objective of this studywas to create a simulation in an online course using a three-dimensional (3D) learning management system(LMS) in a virtual learning environment (VLE). That can replace IM injection traditional teaching method.This LMS intended to supplement the existing lab practice to nursing undergraduate students by creating asimulated online clinic with a nurse and patient avatars. Theoretical content in the form of reading materialand related videos was also provided for students’ cognitive base before they start the 3D simulation training.This new course was founded on the Galvis panqueva method that resulted in a product called Online-3DIMI-VLE. Various validation processes undertook for multiple development processes involving nursingcontent specialists and computer multimedia. The pilot results showed that this LMS could replace thetraditional way of teaching and support online learning during the normal education environment as well asin this COVID-19 pandemic time.
A Virtual Learning Environment for Teaching Intramuscular Injection: A Focus Group Discussion Analysis Adam Mahmoud Salameh Khraisat1 , Hermizi Hapidin2 , Nik Siti Hanifah Nik Ahmad3 , Mohammad Dzulsyafi
Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology Vol. 14 No. 4 (2020): Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology
Publisher : Institute of Medico-legal Publications Pvt Ltd

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37506/ijfmt.v14i4.11570

Abstract

The teaching of Intramuscular Injection (IMI) is an essential topic for nursing students and consider one ofthe daily routines job for any nurse. However, the traditional teaching of IMI has shown some limitationsto help the students acquire injection skills. Since the advancement of technology available instruments andapplications available in the virtual stores, it seems employing an advanced computer technology would bemore suitable in the present era, particularly with a large number of students. Content experts among nursinglecturers were invited to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the traditional teaching method andthe need to create an online program to teach IMI in a Virtual Learning Environment (VLE). A combinationof structured and open-ended questions based on related literature was used in the focus group discussionto explore different opinions from the content experts. All the participants recognized the limitations of thetraditional teaching of IMI and agreed to the need to create an online computer software as an alternativeteaching method to teach the nursing students on IMI. Thus, since the traditional teaching method of IMIadministration has the limitations, teaching and practicing IMI virtually and interactively would be moreappropriate for the nursing program in producing nursing students who are competent in IMI.
Risk Factors of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Hospital of Bengkulu City, Indonesia: Case Control Study Agung Sutriyawan1 , Tenike G Miranda2 , Hairil Akbar3 , Riswan4
Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology Vol. 14 No. 4 (2020): Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology
Publisher : Institute of Medico-legal Publications Pvt Ltd

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37506/ijfmt.v14i4.11571

Abstract

Background: The prevalence of diabetes mellitus is currently increasing and is an important cause ofpremature death and disability. Insulin resistance in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus is caused by multiplefactors such as non-modifiable factors and modifiable factors. Objectives: assess the relationship of factorscan not be modified and factors can be modified with the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods:This is a case control study. Samples taken based on several criteria, namely: 1) patients aged ? 18 years,2) patients can communicate smoothly. Risk factors were analyzed using the chi-square test, knowing themagnitude of the risk using the Odds ratio (OR). Results: variables related to type 2 diabetes mellitus wereage (p = 0.019), OR = 2.5 (1.2-5.2), family history of diabetes (p = 0.007), OR = 2.9 (1, 3-6.1), body massindex (BMI) (p = 0.001), OR = 3.2 (1.6-6.5), high sugar diet (p = 0,000), OR = 4.2 (2.0 -8.6), low fiber diet(p = 0.018), OR = 2.5 (1.2-5.4), and physical activity (p = 0.000), OR = 7.1 (3.0- 16.6). Conclusion: Riskfactors proven to be related to type 2 diabetes mellitus are age, family history of diabetes, BMI, high sugardiet, low fiber diet, and physical activity. While gender, central obesity and smoking cannot be proven to berisk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Physical activity is a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus,with a 4 times greater risk for those who lack physical activity
Validity and Reliability of the Questionnaire Assessing the Healthcare Delivery Status in Iran’s Prisons Ahmad Hajebrahimi1 , Khalil Alimohammadzadeh2,3, Seyed Mojtaba Hosseini4 , Ali Maher5 , Mohammadkari
Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology Vol. 14 No. 4 (2020): Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology
Publisher : Institute of Medico-legal Publications Pvt Ltd

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37506/ijfmt.v14i4.11572

Abstract

Considering the prisoners’ statistical population in Iran and the illness-prone environment of the prisons,which necessitates the delivery of appropriate healthcare, a tool should be developed to assess the status ofhealthcare delivery to these prisoners. The current study has been conducted with the aim of assessing thevalidity and reliability of the developed questionnaire for assessing the healthcare delivery status in Iran’sprisons. This research is a descriptive-analytical study. The developed questionnaire was given to the experts’panel to be assessed for content validity. Content Validity Index (CVI) and Content Validity Ratio (CVR)were calculated using the collected opinions. To assess the validity of this questionnaire, 25 people includingphysicians and prison authorities were asked to fill the questionnaire for another time after 15 days. Test andretest reliability were calculated using the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) and Kappa’s agreementcoefficient. Data were analyzed by SPSS.26 and Excel.2019 softwares. The content validity experts verifiedthe questionnaire based on its appropriateness, clarity, necessity, and congruity between its words and therelating culture. CVR index was higher than the least standard value (0.62) in every item. Also, all variablesof the questionnaire had a CVI of higher than 0.70. Kappa’s agreement coefficients of all items ranged from0.61 to 1.00. ICC values for all items except “Time for system’s admissions process” ranged from 0.71 to1.00 in two times that tests were done. This indicates that reliability of the test and retest of the questionnairewas acceptable. The final version of the questionnaire can be used as a tool for assessment of the healthcaredelivery status in prisons and planning programs to enhance that.
Outcome of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction using Femoral Intrafix for a Single Tunnel Double Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Ahmed Mahmoud Gad1 , Mohamed Kamal Ismail2 , Ramy Salah Morsy3
Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology Vol. 14 No. 4 (2020): Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology
Publisher : Institute of Medico-legal Publications Pvt Ltd

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37506/ijfmt.v14i4.11573

Abstract

Background: Single-tunnel double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) withanatomical placement of hamstring tendon graft can closely restore the anterior knee instability whencompared with single bundle reconstruction.Aim: Evaluation of the clinical and functional outcomes of ACLR using femoral intra-fix and tibialinterference screw.Methods: This is a prospective study held on 40 patients who underwent autologous hamstring graft ACLRusing femoral intra-fix and tibial interference screw. After a median follow up of one year the clinical(Lysholm score), functional outcome (International Knee Documentation Committee, IKDC) and Jointlaxity (assessed with KT-1000 arthrometer - MEDmetric, San Diego, CA) were evaluated.Results: As regard IKDC 36 patients (90%) had normal or nearly normal knees postoperatively incomparison to 100% had abnormal and severely abnormal knees pre-operatively (P value < 0.001). Themean Lysholm score was higher in the postoperative follow up than preoperative (91.40±7.3 Vs 53.35±13.55) with statistically significant (P value < 0.001). The mean anterior translation of tibia improved from7.55 mm preoperatively to 2.1 mm after one year of ACLR.Conclusion: ACLR using femoral intra-fix and tibial interference screw provide secure graft fixation andallow early rehabilitation. The clinical and functional outcome of this fixation technique is rewarding.
PON1 Q192R Gene Polymorphism and Pesticide Exposure Status of Rice Farmers, Suphan Buri, Thailand Airada Sridon1, Kampol Ruchiwit2 , Kowit Suwannahong3 , Wanida Pongstaporn4 , Yuttana Sudjaroen5
Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology Vol. 14 No. 4 (2020): Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology
Publisher : Institute of Medico-legal Publications Pvt Ltd

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37506/ijfmt.v14i4.11574

Abstract

PON1 Q192R (rs662) polymorphism in coding region is conveying differential catalytic activity oforganophosphate. Study was aimed to investigate PON1 Q192R gene polymorphisms in rice farmers alongwith pesticide knowledge and practices; and to evaluate the relationship of gene polymorphisms and serumcholinesterase (SChE) levels. Information of pesticide exposure, knowledge and practices were collectedfrom 50 rice farmers and 50 control respondents by questionnaire interviewing. Each blood sample wasobtained by venipuncture and prepared to serum for SChE activity test by paper test and automatic analyzer;to EDTA blood for genotyping by PCR-RFLP. Exposure status, knowledge and practices on pesticide usewere represented as frequency. Chi-square was used to analyze on the different of personal information;and of polymorphism. Independent t-test was used for comparison of SChE levels. Person correlation wasevaluated relationship between SChE level and genotypes. 60% of rice farmers were used pesticide over10 years. Rice farmers were long-term pesticide exposure with good on pesticide knowledge, howeverpoorly practice. Means of SChE level of both groups were within reference value and significantly different(p = 0.033). Polymorphisms were included wild type (QQ), heterozygote (QR) and homozygote (RR);and were significantly different between rice farmers (high frequency of RR genotype) and control (p =0.02). Relationship of polymorphism and SChE level were negative correlated (r = -0.261; p = 0.031). Thispolymorphism may useful biomarker for chronic pesticide exposure in Thai rice farmer and corresponded todecline of serum cholinesterase; and RR genotype was high risk group.
Effect of Oral Contraceptive Pills on Levels of Calcium and Vitamin D in women in Al-Najaf Province Alaa Abd Kadim1 , Suha Hussein Mohammed1
Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology Vol. 14 No. 4 (2020): Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology
Publisher : Institute of Medico-legal Publications Pvt Ltd

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37506/ijfmt.v14i4.11575

Abstract

Background: Combined oral contraceptives comprise of the steroid hormone oestrogen in combination witha progesterone, occupied principally to prevent pregnancy. Combined oral contraceptive pills commonlyrefer to pills in which an oestrogen and a progestogen are given concurrently in a monthly cycle. Materialsand methods: The current study was undertaken over a period of six months from 2019/10/1 till 2020/3/1in Al-Najaf province. Thirty women that take oral contraceptives pill participated in the study, Their agesranged from (20-38) years divided into three groups(10/group) according to the ages (20-25, 26-31,32 -38)years. Results: Results of this study revealed, oral contraceptives pill cause no effect on serum levels ofcalcium in women that intake it at different age groups in compare with controls groups, and also causes asignificant decrease in serum levels of vitamin D in women that intake it at different age groups in comparewith controls groups. On the other hand, the results obtained there aren’t apparent difference in theseparameters when compared between age groups and group that use it for long period (3,6 and 9 year).Conclusion: The present study concluded that oral contraceptives pill cause no effect on serum levels ofcalcium in women and little effect on vitamin D in women.

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