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Evi Aprianti
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International Association of Lowland Technology In Collaboration with Hasanuddin University and Saga University Address Faculty of Engineering, Center of Technology Building, 1st Floor Jalan Poros Malino km. 6, Bontomarannu, Gowa Indonesia Postal Code: 91711
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Lowland Technology International
Published by International Association of Lowland Technology
ISSN : 13449656     EISSN : 21878870     DOI : https://doi.org/10.0001/ialt_lti
Core Subject : Engineering,
Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture Engineering Transportation
The Lowland Technology International Journal presents activity and research developments in Geotechnical Engineering, Water Resources Engineering, Structural Engineering, Transportation Engineering, Urban Planning, Coastal Engineering, Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Engineering.
Arjuna Subject : Teknik (semua kategori) - Teknik Sipil dan Struktur
Articles 463 Documents
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1D ANALYSIS OF LAND SUBSIDENCE IN SHANGHAI J.-C. Chai; S.-L. Shen; H.-H. Zhu; X.-L. Zhang
Lowland Technology International Vol 7 No 1, June (2005)
Publisher : International Association of Lowland Technology

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Abstract

Land subsidence in Shanghai is investigated. The subsidence was mainly caused by excessive withdrawal of groundwater and since 1921, the measured subsidence was 2 to 3 m in the central area of the city. One-dimensional (1D) finite element consolidation analyses were conducted to simulate and predict the subsidence at Point-A, eastern part of Shanghai. The analysis result fairly simulated the field measured tendency and it indicates that the compression of the mucky clay layer, the silty clay layer in aquitard I and the third compression layer (aquitard II) contributes about 80% of the total subsidence. Also, it is shown numerically that for consolidation caused by groundwater level drawdown in an aquifer, the final state is a steady state water flow toward the aquifer, and the relative values of hydraulic conductivity of clayey layers above the aquifer have an important effect on calculated amount of settlement. Further, three possible scenarios were assumed for discussing the future subsidence. In the case of maintaining the groundwater level as it was in 2001, the predicted subsidence in 50 years is only about 2 mm. In the case of continuous drawdown of groundwater (1 m/year for aquifer IV and V, 0.5 m/year for aquifers II and III, and 0.2 m/year for aquifer I), in 50 years the predicted subsidence is about 1.25 m. If the groundwater level is recovered to zero elevation in all aquifers in the next 50 years, the predicted amount of heave is about 0.20 m.
INVESTIGATION ON SOME FACTORS CONTROLLING THE SORPTION OF HEAVY METALS ON ARIAKE CLAY Y. J. Du; S. Hayashi
Lowland Technology International Vol 7 No 1, June (2005)
Publisher : International Association of Lowland Technology

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Abstract

Sorption of contaminant is one of the key mechanisms in controlling transport of contaminant in clay barrier. In this study, the potential sorption of heavy metals on Ariake clay, which is a typical Japanese marine clay, is examined. Two types of heavy metals, Cd2+ and Pb2+, were selected as key contaminants and series of batch tests were performed for investigating factors controlling the sorption of Cd2+ and Pb2+ on Ariake clay. The batch test results show that the sorption of Cd2+ and Pb2+ on the Ariake clay arrived at an equilibrium condition less than the contact time prescribed by the ASTM and US EPA standards. It is found that the sorption was significantly controlled by the solid: solution ratio. With the increase in the solid: solution ratio, the sorption of Cd2+ decreased. The batch test results show that the sorption of Cd2+ increased with the increase in the pH of solution. The influence of pH on the sorption was found to be solid: solution-dependent. At relatively lower solid: solution ratio, the sorption of Cd2+ increased with increasing pH, whereas it marginally increased at relatively higher solid: solution ratio. It is concluded that the solid: solution ratio could be the crucial factor for controlling the sorption of heavy metals on the Ariake clay.
PREDICTION OF THE DEFORMATION BEHAVIOR OF SAND SUBJECTED TO GENERAL CYCLIC LOADING BY THE TANGENTIAL-SUBLOADING SURFACE MODEL H. Setouchi; K. Hashiguchi; M. Ueno
Lowland Technology International Vol 7 No 1, June (2005)
Publisher : International Association of Lowland Technology

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Abstract

The traditional elastoplastic constitutive equations can not generally describe the inelastic deformation considering the magnitude and the direction of the stress rate. Therefore, the stiffness is unrealistically predicted in thenonproportional loading. The tangential-subloading surface model by Hashiguchi and Tsutsumi (2001) can describe the dependence of both the magnitude and the direction of the inelastic strain rate on the stress rate. In this paper, the tangential strain rate induced by the stress rate component tangential to the yield surface is incorporated into the extended subloading surface model to describe the cyclic loading behavior. The model is applied to the prediction of the deformation behavior of sand subjected to general cyclic loading including the proportional and nonproportional loadings. The validity of the model is verified by comparing with experimental results.
NORMALIZATION OF STRESS-STRAIN CURVES FROM CRS CONSOLIDATION TEST AND ITS APPLICATION TO CONSOLIDATION ANALYSIS K. Suzuki; K. Yasuhara
Lowland Technology International Vol 7 No 1, June (2005)
Publisher : International Association of Lowland Technology

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Abstract

The results of Constant Rate of Strain (CRS) consolidation test carried out at 0.02 %/min are normalized in order to produce stress-strain curves corresponding to strain rates slower than 0.02%/min. The normalizing procedure consists of two steps: 1) define the curve corresponding to OCR=1, and 2) normalize the difference between the curves defined in the first step and that directly obtained from CRS test. The resulting stress-strain curves are applied to the consolidation analysis of a marine clay deposit loaded by a test embankment. The comparison between the observed field behavior and the consolidation analysis presented here suggests that the normalizing procedure demonstrated the usefulness of CRS consolidation test in consolidation analysis.
LONG-TERM SETTLEMENT BEHAVIOR OF MULTI-STORY BUILDINGS ON SOFT SUBSOIL IN SHANGHAI J. J. Chen; J. H. Wang; S. L. Shen; H. B. Zhou
Lowland Technology International Vol 7 No 1, June (2005)
Publisher : International Association of Lowland Technology

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Abstract

The soft deposit in Shanghai is a multilayered formation due to different sedimentary environments and eras. This soft deposit has high compressibility, and the buildings on it undergo long-term settlement. Most of the multistory buildings in Shanghai are built on natural soft subsoil with a shallow foundation. This paper presents the settlement behavior of 50 multi-story buildings based on long-term observed data. According to the characteristics of the soil profile in various areas, the subsoil condition is categorized into four zones: “hard” Zone, “normal” Zone, “soft” Zone, and “very-soft” Zone. The results of observations of settlement on these four types of subsoil over a long term are presented and compared. Statistical analysis is employed to analyze the observed settlement of various subsoils, including final settlement and the developing process of settlement. In order to investigate the effect on settlement behavior of the thickness of very soft clay layers in the four zones, the relationship between the thickness ratio of soft clay layer Rs and the long-term settlement of buildings is obtained through an analysis of all records. With the increase of Rs, the final settlement and settlement duration increase; however, the settlement during construction decreases. These results can be applied in research on the settlement mechanism and can be used to judge the possible settlement range and provide a design scheme for multi-story buildings in the soft clay region.
ELECTROREMEDIATION OF ZN(II) CONTAMINATED SOFT BANGKOK CLAY WITH CATHODE DEPOLARIZATION TECHNIQUE P. Asavadorndeja; K. E. Roehl; U. Glawe; L. Sthapit
Lowland Technology International Vol 7 No 1, June (2005)
Publisher : International Association of Lowland Technology

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Abstract

Four electrokinetic experiments were performed to examine the application of electrokinetic remediation to remove heavy metals from the soft Bangkok clay. The experiments were carried out by applying a direct-current electric field of 20 V through the soil loaded with Zn(II) at the level of 1,000 mg per kg for 3 and 7 days. In addition, the cathode depolarization technique, in which hydroxide ions generated from electrolysis reactions are eliminated by flushing acidic solution into a cathode reservoir, was introduced to improve the efficiency of electrokinetic remediation. The experiment results showed that only electrokinetic remediation was able to remove 82 percent of the contaminants in a period of one week. During this period, the combination of electrokinetic remediation with the cathode depolarization technique has raised the removal efficiency after 7 days of the treatment by 15 percent while the energy expenditure was slightly increased from 273 kWh per m3 to 301 kWh per m 3 . Therefore, the application of electrokinetic remediation with the cathode depolarization technique can be considered as an efficient ground remediation method for the soft Bangkok clay.
RUDIMENTARY RESEARCH ON THE UNIVERSAL DESIGN OF URBAN SPATIAL INFORMATION CONSIDERING THE BEHAVIOR OF FOREIGNERS J. Ge; K. Hokao
Lowland Technology International Vol 7 No 1, June (2005)
Publisher : International Association of Lowland Technology

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Abstract

Some rudimentary researches on the design of urban spatial information from the viewpoint of foreigners were performed through the case study of Saga City, Japan. By means of questionnaire survey, on-site investigation and route-searching experiment, the present condition, especially the problems of the urban spatial information for the behavior of foreigners were analyzed and grasped, and some principles of the design of urban spatial information considering the behavior of foreigners were proposed, which could be regarded as the extension of the concept of universal design. The results of the research can not only provide the basic data for the design and improvement of urban spatial information, but also can help to enlarge the concept of universal design by considering the factor of foreigners in wider fields.
SOCIO-PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENTS AND ALGAE/ WATER QUALITY PROPERTIES OF IRRIGATION PONDS: CASE STUDY IN MINAKUCHI AND OTSU, JAPAN K. Hiramatsu; C. Yanagihara; E. Ichion
Lowland Technology International Vol 7 No 2, Dec (2005)
Publisher : International Association of Lowland Technology

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Abstract

Irrigation pond called ‘Tameike’ is a type of Japanese traditional rainwater harvesting facilities built to store rain and supply water to farms. It is, however, difficult to sustain a sound management of these systems due to the social changes in Japan, i.e. aging of the rural community and regression of the domestic agricultural industry. Therefore, knowledge, means and ideas are required to maintain irrigation ponds in desirable conditions. In this paper, the water quality, algae and socio-physical environments of 35 ponds in Otsu city and Minakuchi town were investigated and their relations were discussed using the statistical methods; factor analysis and cluster analysis, aiming the acquisition of knowledge for the management. Our investigations revealed that three common factors; ‘scale of the pond’, ‘development of the catchment’, and ‘cultivation in the catchment’ that explain the socio-physical environments. Based on these factors, the ponds were categorized into four types and each compared from the view of trophic levels, diversities and dominant species of algae and location of the pond. It has become apparent that the obtained factors and clusters could explain the tendencies of water quality and diversity, while the relations to dominant species of algae are still ambiguous.
MECHANISM CONTROLLING UNDRAINED SHEAR CHARACTERISTICS OF INDUCED CEMENTED CLAYS S. Horpibulsuk
Lowland Technology International Vol 7 No 2, Dec (2005)
Publisher : International Association of Lowland Technology

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Abstract

Understanding of undrained shear behavior of induced cemented clay is of utmost importance for strength and deformation analyses of in-situ deep mixed columns under short-term condition. From the critical analysis of two different clays (Bangkok and Ariake clays) admixed with cement, the difference in undrained shear responses of the induced cemented and uncemented clays are brought out. Since the induced cemented clays are in meta-stable state, the strength and deformation characteristics are controlled by the clay fabric and cementation. At pre-yield state, thecementation is the main contributing factor of the strength while the effect of fabric comes into play when the state ofstress is at post-yield state. The strain softening behavior is realized even at post-yield state, attribute to the break up of the cementation bond. The failure envelope of the induced cemented clay is a single straight line for both pre- and postyield states, which is different from that of uncemented clay. The role of the cement is mainly to increase the cohesion intercept with insignificant change in internal friction angle.
CONSOLIDATION OF CLAYEY SUB-SOILS WITH INTERMEDIATE PERMEABLE LAYERS IMPROVED BY VERTICAL DRAINS WITH SMEAR EFFECT G. Imai; U. P. Nawagamuwa
Lowland Technology International Vol 7 No 2, Dec (2005)
Publisher : International Association of Lowland Technology

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Abstract

Design of vertical drains is usually based on Barron's theory considering the clay layer is always homogeneous. However it has often been recognized in several situations that many natural deposits have considerable in-homogeneities, such as laminations of coarser material within the clay layer. Field data from such clay layers improved by vertical drains have sometimes shown that the commonly used conventional equations should be modified. In this paper, considering horizontal and vertical inflow and outflow into and out from a small element, governing equation of consolidation has been formulated with the effects of varying permeability and compressibility with time. Two kinds of new parameters are defined as K=(ks/kc)(Hs/Hc) and α98=t98(2D)/t98(radial) considering different coefficients of permeability and sand/clay thickness. With these definitions, the importance of thin intermediate permeable layers, which were previously overlooked in designs, are discussed in this paper. The variation of ch/cv back calculated from the insitu tests are assessed with the above theoretical concepts considering both effects of smear and intermediate permeable layers. Practical approaches for measuring insitu permeability and thickness of intermediate permeable layers for better prediction are also included.

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