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INDONESIA
FOCUS: Journal of Social Studies
Published by Neolectura
ISSN : -     EISSN : 27982181     DOI : https://doi.org/10.37010/fcs
Core Subject : Economy, Science, Education, Social,
Decision Sciences, Operations Research & Management Economics, Econometrics & Finance Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Social Sciences Other
FOCUS is a Journal of Social Studies Manuscripts for FOCUS must fall into one of the following categories: 1. Sociology 2. Anthropology 3. Psychology 4. Economy 5. Social Geography 6. Politics 7. History 8. Other Social Issues
Arjuna Subject : Ilmu Sosial - Ilmu Sosial (Lain-Lain)
Articles 196 Documents
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Membangun Model Penyelesaian Perkara Pidana melalui Keadilan Restoratif oleh Kepolisian Berdasarkan Asas Dualistik Tjahjana, Teguh Pribadi; Said, Yusuf M.
FOCUS Vol 7 No 1 (2026): FOCUS: Jurnal Kajian Sosial
Publisher : Neolectura

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37010/fcs.v7i1.2170

Abstract

The current condition of law enforcement has not fully achieved fair legal certainty, indicating the need to strengthen the restorative justice approach in the development of national criminal law. This study examines the relevance of restorative justice within the framework of Law Number 1 of 2023 on the National Criminal Code, which adopts a dualistic doctrine separating criminal acts (actus reus) from fault (mens rea). The research focuses on the significance of restorative justice in the national criminal justice system and the ideal model of its application in line with the dualistic principle. Using normative legal research with statutory and conceptual approaches, the study finds that litigation-based case settlement often fails to deliver substantive justice. Therefore, restorative justice emerges as a necessary alternative. When applied consistently with the dualistic doctrine, restorative justice allows reconciliation to function as a basis for eliminating fault and criminal liability, thereby supporting the realization of fair legal certainty as a constitutional legal ideal..
Perlindungan Korban Kejahatan dalam Perspektif Viktimologi dan Sistem Peradilan Pidana Sumardiono , Muslim; Sugianto, Sugiato
FOCUS Vol 7 No 1 (2026): FOCUS: Jurnal Kajian Sosial
Publisher : Neolectura

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37010/fcs.v7i1.2174

Abstract

Victims of crime are parties who directly suffer harm as a result of criminal acts, including physical, psychological, economic, and social losses. However, in practice, the criminal justice system tends to marginalize victims because law enforcement remains predominantly offender-oriented. As a result, victims are often positioned merely as witnesses and do not receive adequate fulfillment of their rights. This study aims to examine the concept of victim protection from a victimological perspective and to analyze the legal position and role of crime victims within the criminal justice system. This research employs a normative juridical method using statutory and conceptual approaches, supported by primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. The findings indicate that victimology recognizes victims as legal subjects entitled to protection, recognition, and recovery for the harm they have suffered. Victim protection extends beyond legal safeguards to include physical and psychological protection, prevention of secondary victimization, and recovery through restitution and compensation mechanisms. Nevertheless, the role of victims within the criminal justice process remains relatively weak. Therefore, strengthening regulatory frameworks and shifting law enforcement paradigms toward a more victim-oriented approach are necessary to achieve a fair and humane criminal justice system.
Pergeseran Arah Strategis Arab Saudi: Studi Anomali Normalisasi Hubungan dengan Iran melalui Mediasi Tiongkok Tahun 2023 Sukmatika, Anak Agung Yumas
FOCUS Vol 7 No 1 (2026): FOCUS: Jurnal Kajian Sosial
Publisher : Neolectura

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37010/fcs.v7i1.2192

Abstract

This study examines the normalization of relations between Saudi Arabia and Iran through China’s mediation in March 2023, employing constructivism and role theory as analytical frameworks. Using Norman Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis on official documents, diplomatic statements, and media reports, the study reveals a shift in Saudi Arabia’s identity from a confrontational actor to a regional balancer. The choice of China as mediator reflects Riyadh’s strategy of diversifying partnerships and repositioning itself within a multipolar order. The normalization thus signifies not merely pragmatic policy, but a broader transformation of Saudi Arabia’s identity and role in Middle Eastern diplomacy.
Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Pemilik Hak Eigendom Verponding Yang Belum Dikonversi Berdasarkan UU Nomor 5 Tahun 1960 Fisik Tanahnya Dikuasai Pihak Lain Ginting, Firman Haris; Pranacitra, Resi
FOCUS Vol 7 No 1 (2026): FOCUS: Jurnal Kajian Sosial
Publisher : Neolectura

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37010/fcs.v7i1.2197

Abstract

During the Dutch colonial era, Eigendom Verponding was a land ownership right granted to native Indonesian citizens. The enactment of the Basic Agrarian Law (UUPA) in 1960, ratified by President Soekarno on September 24, 1960, mandated the conversion of such rights into Ownership Rights (HM) for Indonesian citizens or Building Use Rights (HGB) for foreigners, with a 20-year deadline from September 24, 1960, to September 24, 1980, as stipulated in UUPA Article 1 paragraph 3. Despite this, many eigendom verponding certificates remain unconverted, particularly among the Betawi community in Jakarta. Empirical research reveals instances where unconverted land, now occupied by company-owned buildings without compensation, raises questions about legal protection for original owners. Complementing this, normative juridical research examines whether these rights holders can still claim ownership over land physically controlled by others. The study links these issues to the Principle of Justice, ensuring rights are granted to rightful recipients and providing legal protection for land rights holders. This analysis underscores the need for equitable resolution in Indonesia's agrarian framework.
Penegakan Hukum Terhadap Distribusi Benih Bening Lobster (Panulirus Homarus) Secara Ilegal Ke Luar Wilayah Pengelolaan Perikanan Indonesia Djajadisastra, Arip Nugraha; Miharja, Marjan
FOCUS Vol 7 No 1 (2026): FOCUS: Jurnal Kajian Sosial
Publisher : Neolectura

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37010/fcs.v7i1.2198

Abstract

Penelitian ini berlandaskan pada teori pemidanaan dan penegakan hukum. Teori pemidanaan digunakan untuk menilai proporsionalitas dan efektivitas sanksi pidana dalam perkara penyelundupan benih bening lobster (BBL), sementara grand theory penegakan hukum memberikan kerangka analitis mengenai hubungan antara substansi hukum, struktur hukum, dan kultur hukum dalam pengelolaan sumber daya perikanan di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, pendekatan kasus, serta analisis putusan pengadilan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa putusan hakim yang menjatuhkan pidana 11 bulan penjara dan denda Rp.50 juta terhadap pelaku penyelundupan BBL masih tergolong ringan bila dibandingkan dengan ancaman pidana maksimal. Kondisi ini menunjukkan belum terwujudnya keselarasan antara teori pemidanaan, tujuan penegakan hukum, dan praktik peradilan. Selain itu, putusan tersebut belum mencerminkan efektivitas hukum sebagai instrumen perlindungan ekologis dan pencegahan pelanggaran berulang dalam pengelolaan sumber daya lobster di Indonesia
Analisis Penerapan Sanksi Hukum terhadap Pelaku Pelanggaran Pemanfaatan Ruang Laut Prasetyo, Dwi Aji; Miharja, Marjan
FOCUS Vol 7 No 1 (2026): FOCUS: Jurnal Kajian Sosial
Publisher : Neolectura

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37010/fcs.v7i1.2199

Abstract

The growing intensity of human activities in marine areas increases the risk of conflicts and violations of marine spatial planning, making strong regulation and effective law enforcement essential for sustainable management. This study examines the legal framework governing violations of marine space utilization in Indonesia and explores efforts to strengthen legal norms and the effectiveness of criminal sanctions. Using a normative juridical method, the research analyzes relevant laws and regulations. The findings indicate that Indonesia has established a comprehensive system of administrative and criminal sanctions for marine space utilization violations, as regulated under the Job Creation Law and its implementing regulations. Parties utilizing marine space without a Marine Space Utilization Suitability Permit (KKPRL) may face administrative sanctions such as warnings, suspension of activities, permit revocation, fines, and criminal penalties if their actions result in changes to marine spatial functions. However, this study identifies a normative gap, particularly the absence of clear technical criteria for determining changes in marine space functions. This gap creates legal uncertainty and underscores the need for more detailed technical guidelines to ensure legal certainty, fairness, and sustainability in marine spatial management.
Analisis Yuridis Terhadap Tindak Pidana Usaha Perikanan Yang Tidak Memiliki Perizinan Berusaha Di Indonesia (Studi Kasus Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Bitung Nomor 5/Pid.Sus-Prk/2025/Pn Bit) Yulaekhah, Umi; Huda, Misbahul
FOCUS Vol 7 No 1 (2026): FOCUS: Jurnal Kajian Sosial
Publisher : Neolectura

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37010/fcs.v7i1.2200

Abstract

The fisheries sector plays a strategic role in supporting economic growth, food security, and Indonesia’s maritime sovereignty. However, illegal fishing remains a serious issue that causes state losses and marine ecosystem degradation. This problem is closely related to violations of fisheries business licensing requirements, which function as key instruments for controlling sustainable resource management. This study examines legal accountability for fisheries business actors operating without valid licenses and analyzes judicial considerations in Case Number 5/Pid.Sus-PRK/2025/PN Bit. The findings show that the enforcement of criminal and administrative sanctions reflects efforts to balance justice, legal certainty, and environmental sustainability. Under the Fisheries Law, intentional licensing violations may result in imprisonment and fines, alongside administrative sanctions under the Job Creation Law. In the case of Crisanto Sumilhig Langamon, the court imposed imprisonment, a monetary fine, and confiscation of fishing equipment, emphasizing both punitive and preventive functions of sanctions. This decision demonstrates the application of the combined theory (verenigings theorie), prioritizing justice, legal certainty, and legal utility in fisheries law enforcement.
Analisis Penegakan Hukum Terhadap Tindak Pidana Pelaku Usaha Perikanan Tanpa Izin dan Penggunaan Alat Tangkap Yang Merusak Ekosistem Perikanan (Studi Kasus Putusan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 2868 K/Pid.Sus/2025) Effendi, Yogi Darmawan; Huda, Misbahul
FOCUS Vol 7 No 1 (2026): FOCUS: Jurnal Kajian Sosial
Publisher : Neolectura

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37010/fcs.v7i1.2201

Abstract

The fisheries sector plays a vital role in supporting economic growth, food security, and the sustainability of Indonesia’s marine resources. However, violations persist in the form of unlicensed fisheries business activities and the use of fishing gear that damages marine ecosystems, threatening environmental balance within the Fisheries Management Areas of the Republic of Indonesia (WPPNRI). This study examines the regulation of fisheries-related criminal offenses under Indonesian positive law and analyzes judicial considerations in Supreme Court Decision Number 2868 K/Pid.Sus/2025. Using a normative juridical method with statutory, case, and conceptual approaches, this research relies on primary legal materials in the form of relevant legislation. The findings indicate that fisheries business activities must comply with the principles of legality and sustainability, requiring valid licenses such as SIUP, SIPI, and SIKPI. The Supreme Court confirmed that the defendant was legally and convincingly proven to have committed a fisheries-related criminal offense and imposed sanctions in accordance with applicable law. This decision demonstrates the enforcement of legal certainty and the protection of sustainable fisheries resources in Indonesia
Kajian Yuridis terhadap Tindak Pidana Praktik Kedokteran Oleh WNA tanpa Surat Tanda Registrasi Sementara (Studi Kasus Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Jakarta Utara Nomor 450/Pid.Sus/2020/Pn_Jkt.Utr) Setiadji, Seto Hanggoro; Nachrawi, Guanawan
FOCUS Vol 7 No 1 (2026): FOCUS: Jurnal Kajian Sosial
Publisher : Neolectura

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37010/fcs.v7i1.2217

Abstract

The increasing demand for health services and international cooperation has expanded opportunities for foreign national doctors to practice in Indonesia. Nevertheless, such practices must be regulated to ensure professional competence, patient safety, and legal certainty. This study analyzes the legal regulation on the obligation of Temporary Registration Certificates (Surat Tanda Registrasi Sementara/STR-S) for foreign doctors and examines judicial considerations in Decision Number 450/Pid.Sus/2020/PN Jkt.Utr. Using a normative juridical method with statutory and case approaches, the study finds that STR-S obligations are governed by Law Number 17 of 2023 on Health, Government Regulation Number 28 of 2024, Minister of Health Regulation Number 13 of 2025, and Indonesian Medical Council Regulation Number 17 of 2013. These regulations establish requirements, supervision, and limitations on medical practice by foreign doctors. Although the court correctly fulfilled the elements of the offense, the nine-month imprisonment imposed has not fully reflected the objectives of punishment considering the serious risks to patient safety. Therefore, stricter sanctions are necessary to strengthen deterrence and public trust in health law enforcement.
Tinjauan Yuridis Pemberian Hibah yang Dibatalkan Karena Melanggar Bagian Mutlak/Legitime Portie (Studi Putusan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 214 PK/Pdt/2017) Priamsari, Ayu Dian; Sudarto, Sudarto
FOCUS Vol 7 No 1 (2026): FOCUS: Jurnal Kajian Sosial
Publisher : Neolectura

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37010/fcs.v7i1.2227

Abstract

Civil inheritance law under the Indonesian Civil Code (KUHPerdata) provides protection to heirs through the concept of compulsory share or legitime portie. This right ensures that legitimate heirs receive a certain portion of the deceased’s estate, even if a gift or will seeks to override their rights. This study aims to analyze the application of legitime portie in Indonesian inheritance law, with a focus on Supreme Court Decision Number 214 PK/Pdt/2017, which annulled a gift that violated the compulsory share. Using a normative approach and secondary data, this research demonstrates that the annulment of a gift that violates legitime portie is a legitimate and necessary step in ensuring justice and legal certainty for the rightful heirs. The study emphasizes that the protection of heirs' rights is essential for fairness in the inheritance process. Furthermore, the author suggests that testators should consult legal experts or notaries when drafting gifts or wills to prevent violations of legitimate heirs’ rights. This recommendation aims to avoid potential legal disputes and ensure that the distribution of the estate is fair and in accordance with the law. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of the protection of heirs' rights within the context of Indonesian inheritance law and highlights the importance of upholding justice in inheritance decisions.

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