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INDONESIA
FOCUS: Journal of Social Studies
Published by Neolectura
ISSN : -     EISSN : 27982181     DOI : https://doi.org/10.37010/fcs
Core Subject : Economy, Science, Education, Social,
Decision Sciences, Operations Research & Management Economics, Econometrics & Finance Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Social Sciences Other
FOCUS is a Journal of Social Studies Manuscripts for FOCUS must fall into one of the following categories: 1. Sociology 2. Anthropology 3. Psychology 4. Economy 5. Social Geography 6. Politics 7. History 8. Other Social Issues
Arjuna Subject : Ilmu Sosial - Ilmu Sosial (Lain-Lain)
Articles 216 Documents
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Analisis Implementasi Upah Minimum terhadap Kesejahteraan Pekerja di Indonesia Indah Hasanah; Raden Arif Awangga
FOCUS Vol 7 No 02 (2026): FOCUS: Jurnal Studi Sosial
Publisher : Neolectura

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37010/fcs.v7i02.2250

Abstract

This study analyzes Indonesia’s minimum-wage policy after the enactment of Law Number 6 of 2023 and Government Regulation Number 51 of 2023, with particular attention to its legal design, implementation, and contribution to workers’ welfare. It uses normative legal research with statutory and conceptual approaches. Primary legal materials comprise the 1945 Constitution, manpower legislation, and wage regulations, while secondary materials include scholarly literature and official labor statistics. The materials are analyzed qualitatively through interpretation, systematization, and evaluation of the consistency between legal norms and implementation. The study finds that minimum wages function as a mandatory wage floor for workers with less than one year of service, whereas workers with longer service should be protected through a wage structure and scale. Although this framework can support purchasing power and prevent excessively low wages, its welfare effect remains uneven because of employer non-compliance, limited labor inspection, regional disparities, and the exclusion of many informal workers from wage-setting protection. The effectiveness of minimum-wage policy therefore depends not only on the annual formula but also on enforceable supervision, accessible complaint mechanisms, application of wage structures and scales, and coordination with social-security and productivity policies. The study’s novelty lies in evaluating the post-2023 framework through the combined lenses of normative protection, enforcement capacity, and the differentiated coverage of formal and informal workers.
Perlindungan Hukum terhadap Petani Kelapa Sawit dalam Penertiban Kawasan Hutan: Analisis Keadilan dan Kepastian Hukum di Indonesia Teguh Hindar; Marjan Miharja
FOCUS Vol 7 No 02 (2026): FOCUS: Jurnal Studi Sosial
Publisher : Neolectura

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37010/fcs.v7i02.2256

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the legal position of oil palm farmers within forest areas and to formulate a fair legal protection model. Tenurial conflicts arise due to the overlap between agrarian and forestry laws and the designation of forest areas that often neglect factual land control by local communities. This research applies a normative juridical method using statutory and theoretical approaches, including legal protection, justice, and legal certainty theories. The findings indicate that farmers’ legal status is limited and transitional, as they do not possess full ownership rights but still hold claims to legal protection and due process. Forest area enforcement policies tend to emphasize administrative measures and state asset recovery, potentially overlooking substantive justice for smallholders. Therefore, a legal protection model based on subject differentiation, limited moratorium, and integrated settlement schemes such as agrarian reform and social forestry is required. This model is expected to balance legal certainty, justice, and environmental sustainability.
Analisis Yuridis Pertanggungjawaban Pidana Dokter atas Malpraktik Medis: Studi Putusan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 233 K/Pid.Sus/2021 Junius Subakti; Marjan Miharja
FOCUS Vol 7 No 02 (2026): FOCUS: Jurnal Studi Sosial
Publisher : Neolectura

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37010/fcs.v7i02.2257

Abstract

The implementation of medical practice is an integral part of fulfilling the human right to health guaranteed by the constitution and requires legal certainty for both patients and medical personnel. In its development, medical disputes often lead to criminal charges due to alleged malpractice, as reflected in the case of dr. Elisabeth Susana, who performed high-risk aesthetic procedures without specific competence. This study aims to analyze the application of the theory of fault and the legal factors that formed the basis for the Supreme Court's consideration in overturning the first-instance acquittal and imposing a prison sentence. The research method used is normative legal with a qualitative approach, through an analysis of Supreme Court Decision Number 233 K/Pid.Sus/2021 and related laws and regulations. The results of the study indicate that the criminal liability of the doctor in this case is based on the fulfillment of the element of gross negligence (culpa lata) because the action was performed outside the limits of competence and without fulfilling the obligation of informed consent. The Supreme Court emphasized that the lack of expert certification and the disregard for standard operating procedures are forms of professional negligence that cannot be categorized as an ordinary medical risk. The research conclusion confirms that the criminal accountability of doctors heavily depends on compliance with professional standards and the protection of the patient's right to autonomy through adequate information.
Perlindungan Hukum terhadap Saksi Korban dalam Tindak Pidana Perdagangan Orang: Analisis Kesenjangan Das Sollen–Das Sein dan Keadilan Substantif Jackson Jeremi; Marjan Miharja
FOCUS Vol 7 No 02 (2026): FOCUS: Jurnal Studi Sosial
Publisher : Neolectura

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37010/fcs.v7i02.2258

Abstract

Human trafficking is a serious crime that undermines human dignity and causes physical, psychological, and socio-economic harm to victims. In the adjudication of trafficking cases, victim witnesses play a crucial role as primary sources of evidence, yet they remain vulnerable to threats, pressure, and revictimization. Normatively, Indonesian law has established a relatively comprehensive protection framework through the anti-trafficking law and witness protection law. However, in judicial practice, a gap persists between legal norms and their implementation. This study aims to analyze the forms of legal protection for victim witnesses in human trafficking cases and to evaluate their application in Decision Number 65/Pid.Sus/2020 from the perspective of the theory of justice. The research employs a normative juridical method using a qualitative approach based on literature review and legal analysis. The findings indicate that legal protection for victim witnesses has normatively covered aspects of security, confidentiality, legal assistance, and restitution as a form of recovery. Nevertheless, such protections are not fully reflected in judicial reasoning and rulings, which remain focused on punishing offenders. This condition demonstrates that justice achieved in practice is still formal and has not fully realized substantive justice for victims.
Tanggung Jawab Hukum Bank terhadap Debitur dalam Pelaksanaan Eksekusi Jaminan Kredit Dhiraj Kelly Sawlani; I Gusti Agung Ngurah Agung
FOCUS Vol 7 No 02 (2026): FOCUS: Jurnal Studi Sosial
Publisher : Neolectura

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37010/fcs.v7i02.2259

Abstract

The banking sector holds a strategic role as the driving force of the national economy through intermediary functions connecting fund owners with capital-needing parties. The existence of collateral in credit agreements is a crucial instrument for banks to mitigate the risk of default that could disrupt financial institution liquidity stability. However, the collateral execution process often triggers legal disputes due to the bargaining power imbalance between banks and debtors, particularly regarding transparency and auction price fairness. This article aims to analyze the limits of bank liability and the effectiveness of authority supervision in ensuring legal protection for debtor customers. This research employs normative legal research methods with statutory and conceptual approaches analyzed qualitatively. Primary data are derived from banking regulations, mortgage laws, and financial services authority regulations, while secondary data come from reputable legal literature. The results indicate that bank liability is not only executory but also includes the obligation to maintain the principles of prudence and transparency in determining auction limit values. The effectiveness of legal protection is still hindered by the dominance of standard clauses and weak implementation of market conduct supervision by relevant authorities. Synchronization of regulations between the Financial Services Authority and Bank Indonesia is required to strengthen complaint mechanisms and standardization of fair execution procedures.
Makna dan Dinamika Pengawasan Internal oleh Divisi Profesi dan Pengamanan (PROPAM) Polri dalam Mewujudkan Disiplin dan Etika Profesi Anggota Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia Reno Suhendry Alferizqo; Feny Windiyastuti
FOCUS Vol 7 No 02 (2026): FOCUS: Jurnal Studi Sosial
Publisher : Neolectura

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37010/fcs.v7i02.2260

Abstract

Internal supervision is a fundamental prerequisite for the professionalism of police institutions, essential for safeguarding integrity and professional ethics that underpin public trust. The police institution, holding a legitimate monopoly on violence, is required to possess strong and accountable internal control mechanisms. This study aims to interpret the social meaning and dynamics of the implementation of the duties of the Indonesian National Police's Professional and Security Division (PROPAM), which structurally holds the dual role of moral guidance and disciplinary enforcement.Key findings reveal that the meaning of internal supervision is inherently ambivalent; for PROPAM personnel, there is a distinct structural tension between the idealistic function of moral guidance and the operational demand for repressive action. This pressure arises from the needs of a centralized organization to demonstrate quick and measurable punitive outputs. For supervised members, oversight is often perceived as a hierarchical control mechanism that triggers passive resistance and reinforces corps solidarity as a counter-norm system. The objectivity of ethical enforcement, despite being formally guaranteed by instruments of procedural justice, is often hindered by informal practices and structural pressure from leadership. Public complainants assess PROPAM's effectiveness based on the transparency and accountability of case handling, free from internal interference.
Efetifitas Penanganan Aksi Unjuk Rasa di Wilayah Jakarta Timur Ditinjau Berdasarkan UU No. 9 Tahun 1998 Muhammad Fauzi; Amsori Amsori
FOCUS Vol 7 No 02 (2026): FOCUS: Jurnal Studi Sosial
Publisher : Neolectura

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37010/fcs.v7i02.2261

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of handling public demonstrations in East Jakarta in light of Law No. 9 of 1998 on Freedom of Expression in Public. Public demonstrations, as a manifestation of freedom of expression, constitute a constitutional right guaranteed by law; however, in practice, they often pose potential disruptions to public order and security stability.This research employs an empirical juridical method with a descriptive-analytical approach. It examines both the applicable legal provisions and their implementation in practice. Data were collected through literature review of laws and legal doctrines, as well as field research involving observations and interviews with law enforcement officials and relevant stakeholders. The data were analyzed qualitatively to assess the conformity between legal norms and their practical application in handling public demonstrations.The findings indicate that the handling of public demonstrations in East Jakarta has normatively referred to the provisions stipulated in Law No. 9 of 1998. Nevertheless, several challenges persist in its implementation, including limited inter-agency coordination, constraints in institutional resources, and low compliance among certain demonstrators with existing legal procedures. These issues contribute to the suboptimal effectiveness of demonstration management.
Juridical Analysis of Consumer Protection in Electronic Transactions Based on the ITE Law and the Consumer Protection Law Natalia Grace Ruhama; Wiend Sakti Myharto
FOCUS Vol 7 No 02 (2026): FOCUS: Jurnal Studi Sosial
Publisher : Neolectura

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37010/fcs.v7i02.2262

Abstract

This study examines the effectiveness of consumer legal protection in QRIS transactions in Indonesia through the integration of Law Number 11 of 2008 on Electronic Information and Transactions (UU ITE), as last amended by Law Number 1 of 2024, and Law Number 8 of 1999 on Consumer Protection (UUPK). The background highlights the surge in digital fraud particularly fake refund links, manipulated payment information, and mismatch between goods and descriptions—amid low digital literacy and suboptimal consumer protection mechanisms. Employing a normative juridical approach with qualitative library research, the study analyzes primary legal materials (UU ITE, UUPK, and their amendments) and secondary sources. The findings demonstrate that the two laws complement each other: UU ITE provides technical safeguards such as the validity of electronic evidence and personal data protection, while UUPK guarantees consumers’ rights to accurate information and applies the principle of strict liability. QRIS platforms bear civil, administrative, and criminal liabilities, including the obligation to compensate without proving fault, as well as criminal sanctions of up to 6 years imprisonment and/or a fine of Rp1,000,000,000 under Article 45A of the amended UU ITE. The study concludes that although the existing legal framework is sufficiently adequate, it requires better harmonization, regulatory updates, enhanced digital literacy programs, and stronger dispute resolution mechanisms to foster a safer and more equitable QRIS transaction ecosystem for consumers.
Efektivitas Perlindungan Hukum terhadap Anak Korban Kekerasan Seksual di Wilayah Hukum Polres Metro Bekasi Menurut Perspektif Viktimologi Krisna Yulianto; Angkasa Angkasa
FOCUS Vol 7 No 02 (2026): FOCUS: Jurnal Studi Sosial
Publisher : Neolectura

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37010/fcs.v7i02.2264

Abstract

The objectives of this study are: 1.) to analyze the effectiveness of legal protection for child victims of sexual violence within the jurisdiction of the Bekasi Metro Police; 2.) to examine the obstacles to legal protection for child victims of sexual violence within the jurisdiction of the Bekasi Metro Police. This study employs a sociological-legal approach, which involves analyzing laws and their actual application in society. Data collection techniques include observation or direct interviews with sources. The research results indicate that 1.) The effectiveness of legal protection for child victims of sexual violence within the jurisdiction of the Bekasi Metro Police Department remains insufficient, due to unmet rights of the victims. 2.) Police challenges in handling cases of sexual violence against children are divided into two categories: internal and external. Internal challenges include a shortage of investigators in the PPA unit and a shortage of professionals, such as psychologists, who can provide ongoing support; external challenges include the persistent fear among victims and their families to report cases of sexual violence, as well as a lack of cooperation from perpetrators and the community, which often hinders the evidentiary process.
Analisis Yuridis terhadap Penerapan Pengaturan Penawaran Participating Interest 10% dalam Kegiatan Usaha Hulu Minyak dan Gas Bumi di Indonesia Ardhi Krisnanto; Misbahul Huda
FOCUS Vol 7 No 02 (2026): FOCUS: Jurnal Studi Sosial
Publisher : Neolectura

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37010/fcs.v7i02.2269

Abstract

Dalam rangka meningkatkan keterlibatan daerah dalam pengelolaan sumber daya alam serta memperkuat manfaat ekonomi bagi daerah penghasil, pemerintah menetapkan kebijakan Participating Interest (PI) sebesar 10% dalam kegiatan usaha hulu minyak dan gas bumi. Kebijakan ini memberikan kesempatan kepada Badan Usaha Milik Daerah (BUMD) dan/atau Badan Usaha Milik Negara (BUMN) untuk berpartisipasi dalam pengelolaan wilayah kerja minyak dan gas bumi melalui mekanisme Kontrak Kerja Sama (KKS). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaturan hukum mengenai penawaran Participating Interest (PI) sebesar 10% kepada BUMD dalam pengelolaan wilayah kerja minyak dan gas bumi di Indonesia serta penerapannya dalam praktik. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan (statute approach) dan pendekatan konseptual (conceptual approach). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kebijakan PI 10% merupakan instrumen hukum yang memberikan kesempatan kepada pemerintah daerah untuk berpartisipasi secara langsung dalam pengelolaan sumber daya alam serta memperoleh manfaat ekonomi dari kegiatan usaha minyak dan gas bumi. Pengaturan mengenai PI didasarkan pada prinsip penguasaan negara atas sumber daya alam sebagaimana diamanatkan dalam Pasal 33 UUD 1945 dan dilaksanakan melalui mekanisme Kontrak Kerja Sama antara pemerintah dan kontraktor. Ketentuan ini diatur dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 22 Tahun 2001, Undang-Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 2014, dan Peraturan Menteri ESDM Nomor 37 Tahun 2016 tentang Ketentuan Penawaran Participating Interest 10% (Sepuluh Persen) pada Wilayah Kerja Minyak dan Gas Bumi sebagaimana telah diubah melalui Peraturan Menteri ESDM Nomor 1 Tahun 2025. Penawaran dan pengalihan PI 10% kepada BUMD, anak perusahaan BUMD, atau BUMN hanya dapat dilakukan setelah memperoleh persetujuan Menteri ESDM berdasarkan pertimbangan SKK Migas, dan dibatasi oleh ketentuan mengenai pengalihan saham dan interest guna memastikan pengelolaan tetap berada di bawah kendali pemerintah dan memberikan manfaat yang optimal bagi daerah.

Page 21 of 22 | Total Record : 216

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