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INDONESIA
Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education
Published by Universitas Negeri Gorontalo
ISSN : -     EISSN : 27753670     DOI : https://dx.doi.org/10.37311/ijpe
Core Subject : Health, Science,
Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Chemistry Materials Science & Nanotechnology Medicine & Pharmacology
ndonesian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education (IJPE) adalah junal resmi yang diterbitkan oleh Jurusan Farmasi Universitas Negeri Gorontalo yang bekerja sama dengan IAI (Ikatan Apoteker Indonesia) Provinsi Gorontalo. Artikel pada jurnal ini dapat diakses dan unduh secara online oleh publik (open access journal). Jurnal ini adalah jurnal peer-review nasional, yang terbit tiga kali dalam setahun tentang topik-topik keunggulan hasil penelitian di bidang pelayanan dan praktek kefarmasian, pengobatan masyarakat, teknologi kefarmasian serta disiplin ilmu kesehatan yang terkait erat. Jurnal ini menerima naskah berbahasa Indonesia dan Inggris. Berikut merupakan area-area yang difokuskan oleh jurnal ini Farmasi Klinis Farmasi Komunitas Farmasetika Kimia Farmasi Farmakognosi Fitokimia Naskah yang terpilih untuk dipublikasikan di Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education akan dikirim ke reviewer yang pakar dibidangnya, yang tidak berafiliasi dengan lembaga yang sama dengan penulis dan dipilih berdasarkan pertimbangan tim editor. Naskah yang diterima untuk publikasi adalah salinan yang diedit untuk tata bahasa, tanda baca, gaya cetak, dan format. Seluruh proses pengajuan naskah hingga keputusan akhir untuk penerbitan dilakukan secara online.
Arjuna Subject : Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics - Ilmu Farmasi
Articles 174 Documents
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Rationality of Empirical Antibiotic Prescribing and Its Association with Length of Hospital Stay in Patients with Severe COVID-19 Fifin Oktaviani Oktaviani; Heldi Candra
Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education Vol 6, No 2 (2026): May–August 2026
Publisher : Jurusan Farmasi Universitas Negeri Gorontalo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37311/ijpe.v6i2.39488

Abstract

Excessive empirical antibiotic prescribing during the COVID-19 pandemic raised concerns regarding antimicrobial resistance, particularly in hospitals with limited microbiological diagnostic capacity. This study aimed to describe empirical antibiotic prescribing patterns, evaluate the rationality of antibiotic use, and examine its association with length of hospital stay among patients with severe-to-critical COVID-19 at a private secondary-care hospital in Batam City, Indonesia. A retrospective observational study was conducted using the medical records of 120 patients admitted between April and June 2022. Antibiotic rationality was evaluated according to drug selection, dose, route of administration, dosing interval, and treatment duration using the local Hospital Antibiotic Use Guideline, the Indonesian COVID-19 Management Guideline, and relevant international guidelines. Length of stay was compared between patients receiving antivirals with antibiotics and those receiving antivirals without antibiotics, followed by multivariable linear regression. Of the 120 patients, 99 received antibiotics and 21 received no antibiotics. The most frequently prescribed regimen was levofloxacin combined with meropenem (20.83%), followed by levofloxacin monotherapy (18.33%). Among antibiotic recipients, appropriateness was 64.6% for drug selection, 79.8% for dose, 96.0% for route of administration, 94.9% for dosing interval, and 100% for treatment duration. Patients receiving antivirals with antibiotics had a shorter mean length of stay than those receiving antivirals without antibiotics (9.2 ± 2.4 versus 12.8 ± 3.1 days; p = 0.002). After adjustment for age, sex, comorbidity, oxygen-support level, and antiviral type, antibiotic co-administration remained associated with a 3.6-day shorter hospital stay (adjusted β = −3.6; 95% CI, −4.8 to −2.3; p 0.001). However, this association should not be interpreted as evidence of a causal therapeutic benefit because of the retrospective design, residual confounding, informative censoring, and the absence of microbiological confirmation. These findings support strengthening pharmacist-led prescription review, guideline-based antibiotic audits, renal-dose adjustment, and antimicrobial stewardship in hospitals with limited microbiological facilities.
Pharmacogenomics-Guided Drug Dose Adjustment in Personalized Medicine: A Systematic Literature Review Zakiah Thahir; Rahmah Mustarin; Rahmadani Rahmadani; Yuyun Sri Wahyuni; Delvi Sara Jihan Pahira; Suhartini Suhartini; A.Tenriugi Daeng Pine
Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education Vol 6, No 2 (2026): May–August 2026
Publisher : Jurusan Farmasi Universitas Negeri Gorontalo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37311/ijpe.v6i2.39109

Abstract

Pharmacogenomics-guided drug dose adjustment is an important approach in personalized medicine because genetic polymorphisms can influence drug metabolism, therapeutic response, dose requirements, and the risk of adverse drug reactions. This systematic literature review synthesized recent evidence on pharmacogenomics-guided dose adjustment, clinically relevant pharmacogenomic biomarkers, and emerging technologies supporting precision medicine. Literature searches were conducted in Scopus and PubMed for studies published between January 2021 and May 2026. Eligible studies were selected using predefined PICOS criteria and synthesized narratively because of heterogeneity in study design, therapeutic area, biomarkers, and reported outcomes. A total of 23 studies were included in the qualitative synthesis. The evidence covered various therapeutic areas, including infectious diseases, neurology, psychiatry, oncology, cardiovascular medicine, and transplantation. Pharmacogenomic-guided dosing was most clearly supported for clinically established gene–drug pairs, including CYP2C9/VKORC1–warfarin, CYP2C19-related therapies, DPYD–fluoropyrimidines, SLCO1B1–statins, CYP2B6–efavirenz, and selected CYP3A5-related immunosuppressant therapies. Other biomarkers, such as ABCB1, APOE, GABRG2, UGT genes, and receptor-related polymorphisms, were associated with treatment response or drug disposition but still require stronger clinical validation for routine dose-adjustment recommendations. Emerging technologies, including clinical decision support systems, model-informed precision dosing, population pharmacokinetic modeling, bioinformatics, artificial intelligence, and machine learning, may strengthen biomarker interpretation and individualized dose optimization. Overall, pharmacogenomic-guided dose adjustment is a promising strategy to support safer and more precise pharmacotherapy, although broader implementation requires standardized guidelines, prospective validation, population-specific evidence, and integration into routine healthcare systems.
Optimization of Sodium Alginate-Chitosan Polyelectrolyte Complex for Enhanced Gastro-Resistant Performance of Diclofenac Sodium Microcapsules Hestiary Ratih; Alvyolian Bernard Manangsang; Jessie Sofia Pamudji; Nur Achsan Al-Hakim
Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education Vol 6, No 2 (2026): May–August 2026
Publisher : Jurusan Farmasi Universitas Negeri Gorontalo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37311/ijpe.v6i2.37951

Abstract

Diclofenac sodium (DS) is an effective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) limited by a short half-life and gastric irritation. Microencapsulation with natural polymers enables gastric protection and controlled drug release. This study aims to formulate and optimize DS microcapsules using a combination of sodium alginate and chitosan polymers, with the addition of Tween 80, to achieve a gastro-resistant profile with ideal controlled release. The microcapsules were prepared using the ionotropic gelation method with varying concentrations of sodium alginate and chitosan: F1 (1.0%:0.05%), F2 (2.0%:0.1%), and F3 (3.0%:0.15%). Characterization included particle size analysis using a polarizing microscope, morphology using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), entrapment efficiency (EE), and in vitro dissolution testing at various pH levels (1.2, 4.5, and 7.4). Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test to determine significant differences. F1 exhibited the best characteristics with a particle size of 221.42 ± 39.16 μm and the highest entrapment efficiency of 91.78%. The primary endpoint for gastro-resistance was successfully achieved by F1, showing a release of 9.71% at pH 1.2 for 120 minutes, meeting the compendial criterion of 10%. In contrast, F2 (13.17%) and F3 (17.88%) exceeded this limit with statistically significant differences (p0.05). SEM image analysis confirmed that F1 had the smoothest and most compact surface with minimal porosity compared to the other formulations. This study demonstrates that optimizing the polymer concentration in F1 successfully created a compact polyelectrolyte complex matrix, effectively improved entrapment efficiency, and provided stable gastro-resistant protection for safer DS delivery.
The Use of Antihypertensive Drugs in Pre-Dialysis Chronic Kidney Disease Patients Budi Suprapti; Mochammad Thaha; Wenny Putri Nilamsari; Ihsan Muhyidin; Vini Siane Tanaem; Euphrasiane Griseldis Beting
Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education Vol 6, No 2 (2026): May–August 2026
Publisher : Jurusan Farmasi Universitas Negeri Gorontalo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37311/ijpe.v6i2.38102

Abstract

In chronic kidney disease (CKD), hypertension plays a central role, acting as both a risk factor and a complication that contributes to disease progression. Effective control of blood pressure through antihypertensive therapy is essential for preserving kidney function and preventing clinical decline. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate antihypertensive treatment and blood pressure target achievement in pre-dialysis CKD patients, with blood pressure targets defined as 130/80 mmHg and 140/80 mmHg in elderly patients. This study was a prospective observational study with a retrospective review of medical records over a 3-month period, and the data were subsequently analyzed using descriptive methods. Participants were pre-dialysis CKD patients aged 18 or older receiving antihypertensive therapy with complete blood pressure records. Among the 90 eligible patients, the most commonly used antihypertensive classes were angiotensin receptor blockers, particularly candesartan, and calcium channel blockers, specifically nifedipine, either as monotherapy or combined with two to five other antihypertensive drugs. Over three months, only an average of 23.3% of patients achieved blood pressure targets, and only 8.9% maintained that continuously. Therefore, a more effective blood pressure management strategy is needed to achieve the desired target blood pressure.
Effects of Virgin Coconut Oil and Folic Acid on Glutathione Peroxidase and Locomotor Performance in a Zebrafish Model of Stunting Hanida Aisyah Ardiana; Farica Emiliana; Syahana Aini; Nurdiana Nurdiana; Brigitta Ida Resita Vebrianti Corebima; Ni Luh Putu Herli Mastuti
Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education Vol 6, No 2 (2026): May–August 2026
Publisher : Jurusan Farmasi Universitas Negeri Gorontalo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37311/ijpe.v6i2.38432

Abstract

Stunting is a global health problem with multidimensional consequences, not only limited to impaired physical growth but also affecting cognitive development. One of the key mechanisms underlying stunting pathology is oxidative stress, which disrupts cellular homeostasis and developmental processes. The primary antioxidant defense system, such as glutathione peroxidase (GPx), plays a crucial role in neutralizing free radicals and protecting cells from oxidative damage. Virgin coconut oil is known to contain medium-chain fatty acids and bioactive compounds with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Meanwhile, folic acid plays an essential role in cellular metabolism, DNA synthesis, and maintaining redox balance. This study aimed to investigate the effect of VCO and folic acid on GPx gene expression and locomotor activity in zebrafish larvae using a rotenone-induced stunting model. Each group consisted of 30 larvae, divided into five groups; negative control (CN), positive control exposed to 12.5 ppb rotenone (PC), rotenone + VCO 6.25% (P1), rotenone + 70 µM folic acid (P2), and a combination of both (P3). Locomotor activity was assessed at 3, 6, and 9 dpf using EthoVision software, while GPx expression was analyzed at 9 dpf using the RT-qPCR method. The results showed that group P1 (6.25% VCO) exhibited the highest GPx expression, with a fold change of 10.41 ± 0.35 and significantly increased compared with the negative control (p 0.05), followed by the group P2 (70 µM folic acid) and P3 (combination). The highest locomotor activity was also observed in group P1, with an average total distance traveled of 85.9 ± 2.7 cm over a 10-minute observation period. These findings suggest that VCO has the potential to enhance antioxidant enzyme capacity (GPx) and improve locomotor performance in zebrafish larvae, though further studies are needed to confirm its underlying mechanisms and clinical applicability.
Mechanistic Insights into Honeybee Propolis as a Natural Modulator of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress: A Narrative Review Ahlam Omer; Shelan Rasool; Hazhmat Ali
Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education Vol 6, No 2 (2026): May–August 2026
Publisher : Jurusan Farmasi Universitas Negeri Gorontalo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37311/ijpe.v6i2.38139

Abstract

Honeybee propolis has been used as a natural remedy for centuries to treat various diseases. This review examines the mechanistic basis of propolis's anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, as well as its therapeutic applications. A narrative methodology was utilized, incorporating a comprehensive literature search to identify relevant, high-quality evidence from major biomedical databases. The evidence suggests that propolis exhibits significant anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, primarily attributed to its diverse phytochemical composition, including caffeic acid phenethyl ester and flavonoids. These compounds regulate inflammatory signaling pathways, particularly the nuclear factor κB pathway. Furthermore, the bioactive constituents exhibit strong free radical-scavenging activity, supporting the restoration of normal cellular metabolism. Although propolis exhibits significant anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, most supporting evidence is derived from in vitro and preclinical studies. The limited availability of clinical data necessitates cautious interpretation of these results. Large-scale clinical trials and standardized formulations are required to establish robust evidence of its efficacy.
In Vitro Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity and Tyrosinase Inhibition of Syzygium polyanthum Extract Amelia Zanjabil Br Dalimunthe; Edy Fachrial; Nerly Juli Pranita Simanjuntak; Harmileni Harmileni
Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education Vol 6, No 2 (2026): May–August 2026
Publisher : Jurusan Farmasi Universitas Negeri Gorontalo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37311/ijpe.v6i2.37269

Abstract

Natural plant-based compounds have attracted increasing attention as potential sources of antioxidant and skin-related bioactive agents. Syzygium polyanthum (bay leaf) contains various phenolic compounds that may contribute to antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitory activities. This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant activity and tyrosinase inhibitory potential of Syzygium polyanthum extract in vitro. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using the DPPH radical scavenging assay at concentrations of 200–800 ppm, while tyrosinase inhibitory activity was assessed using a dopachrome-based enzymatic method at concentrations of 6.25–400 ppm with kojic acid as a positive control. Statistical analysis using one-way ANOVA demonstrated significant differences among treatment groups (p 0.05). The antioxidant assay showed increasing inhibition activity with increasing extract concentration, with the highest inhibition observed at 800 ppm (89.92%). In the tyrosinase inhibition assay, the extract demonstrated concentration-dependent inhibitory activity, with the highest inhibition value observed at 400 ppm (58.00%), although the activity remained lower than kojic acid as the positive control (92.45%). The observed bioactivities are likely associated with the presence of flavonoids, tannins, and other phenolic compounds identified during phytochemical screening. In conclusion, Syzygium polyanthum extract exhibits promising antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitory activities and has potential for further development as a natural antioxidant and anti-hyperpigmentation agent in cosmetic and pharmaceutical applications.
Dose-Dependent Outcomes of Streptozotocin–Nicotinamide Induction in Developing Diabetic Rat Models: A Literature Review I Putu Aldy Mahendra; Ni Nyoman Wahyu Udayani; I Made Arendya Sumerta; Ni Made Neva Jayanti; Ni Kadek Ari Widiastuti; Ni Kadek Ria Ariska Sari
Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education Vol 6, No 2 (2026): May–August 2026
Publisher : Jurusan Farmasi Universitas Negeri Gorontalo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37311/ijpe.v6i2.37313

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycaemia resulting from impaired insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Experimental rat models are widely used in preclinical diabetes research because they allow rapid and reproducible evaluation of disease mechanisms and therapeutic interventions. Among the available models, the combination of streptozotocin (STZ) and nicotinamide (NA) is commonly employed to induce a condition resembling type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) through partial pancreatic β-cell damage while preserving residual insulin function. This literature review aimed to evaluate the effects of different STZ–NA induction doses on blood glucose levels in rats and to identify the most reproducible protocol for T2DM induction. A literature review was conducted using studies retrieved from scientific databases, including PubMed, NCBI, ScienceDirect, and PLOS One. A total of 21 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the qualitative synthesis. Across the included studies, successful diabetes induction was generally defined by hyperglycaemia; however, diagnostic thresholds varied, ranging from fasting blood glucose levels 126 mg/dL to random blood glucose levels ≥200 mg/dL. Most STZ–NA dose combinations successfully induced diabetic conditions, with post-induction glucose levels commonly exceeding 200 mg/dL. The combination of STZ 60 mg/kgBW and NA 120 mg/kgBW was the most frequently reported regimen and consistently produced stable hyperglycaemia, typically ≥200 mg/dL, while avoiding complete pancreatic β-cell destruction. Overall, the available evidence suggests that STZ 60 mg/kgBW combined with NA 120 mg/kgBW represents the most consistent protocol for establishing a T2DM rat model.
Kaempferia parviflora in Erectile Dysfunction: An Integrative Bibliometric and Narrative Synthesis Juliyanty Akuba; Ika Puspitasari; Djoko Santosa; Andayana Puspitasari Gani
Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education Vol 6, No 2 (2026): May–August 2026
Publisher : Jurusan Farmasi Universitas Negeri Gorontalo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37311/ijpe.v6i2.37928

Abstract

Kaempferia parviflora Wall. Ex Baker, commonly known as black ginger, has attracted increasing scientific interest because of its diverse phytochemical and pharmacological properties, including potential relevance to male sexual function and erectile dysfunction. This study aimed to map global research trends on K. parviflora and synthesize the available evidence concerning its relevance to erectile dysfunction. Bibliographic records published between 2015 and 2025 were retrieved from the Scopus database using predefined search terms. Following a PRISMA-adapted screening process, 69 publications were included in the final dataset. Bibliometric analyses were performed using the Bibliometrix package through the Biblioshiny interface and VOSviewer, while a narrative synthesis was used to interpret the principal phytochemical and mechanistic findings. Publication output increased during the study period, with research contributions predominantly originating from Asian countries, particularly Thailand. The research landscape evolved from phytochemical characterization and preliminary biological activity studies toward pharmacological, mechanistic, pharmacokinetic, and computational investigations. Polymethoxyflavones emerged as the principal bioactive constituents of interest, while phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibition, nitric oxide–cyclic guanosine monophosphate signaling, vascular modulation, and antioxidant activity represented mechanisms potentially relevant to erectile function. Keyword mapping also indicated increasing use of molecular docking and network pharmacology to explore compound–target interactions. Nevertheless, the literature remains dominated by preclinical studies, whereas controlled clinical evidence, standardized extract formulations, dose–response data, long-term safety evaluations, and assessments of herb–drug interactions remain limited. This integrative bibliometric and narrative review provides a structured overview of the K. parviflora research landscape and identifies priorities for future pharmacological and clinical investigations. The findings indicate potential relevance to erectile dysfunction research but do not establish clinical efficacy or therapeutic effectiveness.
Drug-Related Problems (DRPs) and Treatment Costs in Schizophrenia Patients at a Community Pharmacy in Yogyakarta Muhammad Fathurrahman; Nia Fernanda; Novia Dara Puspita; Reski Mulia; Yoki Elfadri; Fajar Amirulah
Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education Vol 6, No 2 (2026): May–August 2026
Publisher : Jurusan Farmasi Universitas Negeri Gorontalo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37311/ijpe.v6i2.38520

Abstract

Schizophrenia requires long-term antipsychotic therapy, which may increase the risk of drug-related problems (DRPs) and potentially contribute to a higher treatment cost burden. This study aimed to describe the profile of DRPs and treatment cost components among schizophrenia patients receiving medication services at a community pharmacy in Yogyakarta. A descriptive observational study with a cross-sectional design and retrospective data collection was conducted using patient medical records from January to December 2025. Medical records were selected using purposive sampling based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. DRPs were identified using the Pharmaceutical Care Network Europe (PCNE) Classification Version 9.01, while treatment costs were analysed descriptively in Indonesian Rupiah (IDR). A total of 43 patient medical records met the study criteria. Most patients were male (60.47%), aged 26–35 years (41.86%), and diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia (F20.0) (62.79%). Potential treatment safety problems or potential adverse drug reactions (P2.1) were identified in 27 patients (62.79%). The identified cause domains included therapeutic duplication (C1.4) in 8 patients (18.60%), treatment duration that was too short (C4.1) in 5 patients (11.63%), and insufficient dosing frequency (C3.3) in 3 patients (6.98%). The total recorded treatment cost was IDR 39,855,000, consisting of routine treatment costs of IDR 28,095,000, including primary antipsychotic therapy, additional medications, consultation, and therapy monitoring, as well as DRP-related costs of IDR 11,760,000, including the management of medication side effects, therapeutic duplication, insufficient dosing frequency, and short treatment duration. Potential treatment safety problems and medication-related causes were frequently identified among schizophrenia patients evaluated in this study. Systematic medication review, adverse effect monitoring, and evaluation of antipsychotic regimens by pharmacists may support safer and more efficient schizophrenia treatment. Further studies are required to evaluate direct and avoidable costs specifically attributable to DRPs using more comprehensive health economic analysis approaches.

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