cover
Contact Name
Khairil Fazal
Contact Email
khairil.fazal@ar-raniry.ac.id
Phone
+6285373325237
Journal Mail Official
jurnal.abrahamic@ar-raniry.ac.id
Editorial Address
Fakultas Ushuluddin dan Filsafat Universitas Islam Negeri Ar-raniry, Banda Aceh Indonesia Jalan Abdur Rauf Kopelma Darussalam, Gedung Fakultas Ushuluddin dan Filsafat Lt. I, Universitas Islam Negeri Ar-Raniry Banda Aceh, Provinsi Aceh 23111, Indonesia
Location
Kota banda aceh,
Aceh
INDONESIA
Abrahamic Religions: Jurnal Studi Agama-Agama
ISSN : 27977722     EISSN : 27976440     DOI : 10.22373/arj
Abrahamic Religions: Journal of Religious Studies is open access and peer review research journal published by the Study Program of Religions, UIN Ar-Raniry Banda Aceh. Abrahamic Religions is a Journal of the Study Program of Religions and Religions as a forum for researchers, academics, professionals, practitioners, and students worldwide to share knowledge in the form of empirical and theoretical research studies, case studies, and literature reviews. Scope: Religion and Culture Conflict Resolution Religious Moderation Theology Religion and Science Philosophy of Religion Psychology of Religion History of Religions Sociology of Religion Religion and Ethics Religion and Literature Religion and Art Religion and Media Religion and Linguistics Religion and Health Religion and Globalization
Articles 148 Documents
EKSISTENSI UMAT BUDHA DI KOTA BLANG PIDIE: TELAAH HUBUNGAN SOSIAL KEAGAMAAN Nora Afrianja
Abrahamic Religions: Jurnal Studi Agama-Agama Vol 2, No 1 (2022)
Publisher : Prodi Studi Agama-Agama

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22373/arj.v2i1.12093

Abstract

Aceh is one of the provinces that adhere to various religions. Aceh or commonly dubbed as 'Beumo Seuramo Meukah' is predominantly Muslim, of course Aceh is based on Islamic Shari'a and also has a special Qanun formulated in accordance with Islam itself. The various adherents of religious communities also do not rule out the possibility of conflicts arising from excessive fanaticism so that the emergence of a sense of intolerance in every religious community. The ummah is an inseparable part of religion, the existence of the ummah is the most important thing in religion or also commonly referred to as followers. Religion does not exist without the adherents of that religion, there are those who lead the event, there are those who prepare the place and tools for the ceremony, and at the same time they become participants. The existence of the people is very influential on the religion itself, the achievement of that religion and the social relations that have a big influence on the religion itself. Relations among religious people based on tolerance, mutual understanding, mutual respect, respect for equality in the experience of religious teachings and cooperation in social life, or what is commonly termed 'religious harmony'. The process of this research through descriptive-qualitative, among others, are: observation, interviews and literature review that reads several book references that are related to this research. The results of this study indicate that there are several dimensions of the socio-religious life of Buddhists in Blang Pidie City, including: the religious dimension, the dimension of social interaction and the dimension of attitude, some of these dimensions can cause factors that affect the socio-religious life of the Buddhist community in Blang Pidie City. Social interactions that are not well established can also have an impact on every individual in society in everyday life.
MENGKRITISI TRADISI BERBAGI DALAM UPACARA ADAT NGGUA LIO-ENDE FLORES NTT DALAM TERANG TEOLOGI PEMBEBASAN GEREJA KATOLIK Mathias Jebaru Adon; Kristoforus Garnodin; Siklus Depa
Abrahamic Religions: Jurnal Studi Agama-Agama Vol 2, No 1 (2022)
Publisher : Prodi Studi Agama-Agama

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22373/arj.v2i1.12218

Abstract

The focus of the discussion in this study lies in the critical dimension of the 'sharing' tradition in the Nggua traditional ceremony of the Lio-Ende Flores tribe. The tradition of 'sharing' in the traditional Nggua ceremony is a form of gratitude as well as an opportunity to help each other. Reality shows that this tradition has created poverty for the Lio-Ende tribal community because the local community is forced to carry out the Nggua ceremony even though they are economically unable. Therefore, this study aims to provide a philosophical understanding to the Lio-Ende community about the meaning of the Nggua ceremony as a harvest thanksgiving ceremony in the light of the liberation theology of the Catholic Church. This effort is expected to have a significant impact on changing the perspective of the local community in understanding Nggua traditional ceremonies. The research methodology was used in the form of qualitative data collection through interviews. Interviews were conducted by telephone or video call. This study finds that the Lio-Ende community is trapped in a wrong perspective on the meaning and message of the Nggua adat. This way of thinking has made their lives trapped in poverty because of the wrong meaning of culture. This happens because of the shallow meaning of the message conveyed in the Nggua traditional ceremony. In this situation, the Church is present as the party proclaiming liberation so that they can interpret the Nggua ceremony as a celebration of thanksgiving for the harvest.
MARTABAT ALAM TUJUH DALAM PERSPEKTIF SYEKH ABDUL MUHYI PAMIJAHAN A Lukman Hamid; Dendi Yuda S
Abrahamic Religions: Jurnal Studi Agama-Agama Vol 2, No 1 (2022)
Publisher : Prodi Studi Agama-Agama

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22373/arj.v2i1.12094

Abstract

Sheikh Abdul Muhyi is a cleric who spreads Islam in the southern region of West Java. Born in Mataram in 1650 AD/1071 H and raised by his parents in the city of Gresik. As a propagator of Islam, he has written works that become a reference in his da'wah. One of his works is a manuscript entitled Martabat Kang Pitutu (dignity of the seven realms). Among researchers, this paper is still debatable, whether it is the original work or in the form of an adaptation of a previously existing work with a certain interpretation from it. This study seeks to find answers to what and how the teachings of the seven natural dignity of Sheikh Abdul Muhyi's perspectives are taught and why the seven natural dignity teachings are taught/what is its significance. This is done because the teachings of the seven natural dignity in the world of Sufism originated from the teachings of Sufism wahdatul form (unity of being) which was developed by Ibn Arabi. It is not clear when this teaching first entered Indonesia. What is clear is that before Sheikh Haji Abdul Muhyi, several Indonesian Sufi scholars had written this teaching, such as Hamzah Fansuri, Syamsuddin as-Sumatrani w. 1630 and Abdur Rauf Singkel w. 1615 with their respective derivations and variations. Based on the results of this study, it was found that the teachings of the dignity of the seven Sheikh Abdul Muhyi have conformity with the teachings of the dignity of the other seven. What distinguishes it is the written language and contextualization of teachings in accordance with the Indonesian spirit
STUDI KOMPARATIF KONSEP KENABIAN DALAM KITAB SUCI AL-QUR’AN, TANAKH, BIBEL DAN WEDA Najamuddin Makmur; Nurun Nissa Baihaqi; M. Riyan Hidayat; Mahfidatul Khasanah; Aidah Mega Kumalasari
Abrahamic Religions: Jurnal Studi Agama-Agama Vol 2, No 1 (2022)
Publisher : Prodi Studi Agama-Agama

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22373/arj.v2i1.12426

Abstract

The concept of prophethood is an issue that is always relevant as long as society requires a comprehensive understanding of it, especially until now there are still emerging parties who claim to be prophets. This paper tries to explain the concept of Prophethood comprehensively with an explanation of the scriptures as a basic understanding of religions. This research uses literature and comparative studies as the method. That is by describing the concept of Prophethood in general and its concepts in the holy books of the Qur'an, Tanakh, Bible and Vedas and explaining the similarities and differences. The concept that has been described will eventually broaden people's understanding and strengthen unity and tolerance. The results of this paper are From the explanation above, it can be concluded that the four holy books (Al-Qur'an, Tanakh, Bible and Vedas have various concepts of prophethood. Comparative theology shows that the similarity of the concept of prophethood in the holy books lies in the superiority of a The prophet who differs from millions of other humans, in his prophetic role or role as well as who sent him. Meanwhile in terms of differences that the four holy books have their own concepts regarding the origin of the Prophet or his descendants, whether to be of Israelite blood or not. the concept of prophethood is also in the names of the Prophet as a person
KONTROVERSI ANTARA ULAMA SYARIÁT DENGAN ULAMA TASAWUF Nur, Faisal Muhammad
Abrahamic Religions: Jurnal Studi Agama-Agama Vol 2, No 2 (2022)
Publisher : Prodi Studi Agama-Agama

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22373/arj.v2i2.13403

Abstract

Sufism is part of Islamic Shari'a and is also the spirit of Islamic Shari'a. Sufi spiritual teachings can be used as a solution to overcome various kinds of problems in human life and can maintain harmony both internally and between religious communities, because the foundation of Sufis is love and compassion (mahabbah). In essence there is no dispute between fiqh scholars and Sufism scholars because these two scientific elements are included in the joints and foundations of Islamic Shari'a, fiqh scholars guard Shari'a outwardly while Sufism scholars guard Shari'a inwardly (spirit), like the two wings of a bird that need each other. one another. ABSTRAKTasawuf merupakan bagian dari Syariát Islam dan juga merupakan ruh dari Syariát Islam. Ajaran spiritual sufi dapat dijadikan sebagai solusi untuk menanggulangi berbagai macam problematika kehidupan manusia serta dapat menjaga kerukunan baik intern maupun antar ummat beragama, karena pondasi dari sufi adalah cinta dan kasih sayang (mahabbah).  Pada hakekatnya tidak ada perselisihan antara ulama  fiqih dengan ulama tasawuf karena kedua elemen keilmuan ini termasuk dalam sendi-sendi dan pondasi Syariát Islam, ulama fiqih menjaga Syariát secara lahiriah sedangkan ulama tasawuf menjaga Syariát secara batiniah (ruh), bagaikan kedua sayap burung yang saling membutuhkan satu sama lain.
KEBERAGAMAN PADA KELOMPOK PENGGEMAR K-POP DI INDONESIA Hidayat, Muslim; Ahmadiyati, Jihan Nurrizki; Sulistiyani, Ratna; Vebryana, Lukluk Chaeratunnisya; Azzahra, Yumna; Bobihu, Nursyahdina Al-Rahmah; Maknuna, Luluk
Abrahamic Religions: Jurnal Studi Agama-Agama Vol 2, No 2 (2022)
Publisher : Prodi Studi Agama-Agama

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22373/arj.v2i2.12194

Abstract

Hallyu or Korean cultural wave has become a cultural force in Asia and began to export its cultural products widely to the Middle East, Europe, South America, Africa and North America. Korean pop music or better known as K-pop has now succeeded in placing it self in the global market and producing a new musical sensation. K-pop has the characteristics of music that can provide its own pleasure for the audience, so that this type of music is increasingly favored and consumed by many people regardless of gender or age range. Individuals in early adulthood tend to have a strong attraction to celebrities in their lives, such as pop idols, movie stars, and the like. This will eventually give rise to fan groups who are the most visible part of the audience of cultural texts and practices dominated by people in early adulthood. Fan groups that appear in K-pop culture are called K-popers (K-pop Lovers) or the K-pop community who hunts for all information about their favorite K-pop idols such as groups of singers and Korean music groups commonly referred to as Boy Bands and Girlbands. This study aims to determine the process of forming social groups and how the phenomenon of K-pop fan groups in the process of group formation is viewed from the point of view of social psychology. The method used in this research is to use a literacy study method or commonly referred to as a literature study, where the data obtained are sourced from recording and processing the research data obtained.Abstrak Hallyu atau gelombang budaya korea telah menjadi kekuatan budaya di Asia dan mulai mengekspor produk budayanya secara luas hingga ke Timur Tengah, Eropa, Amerika Selatan, Afrika dan Amerika Utara. Musik pop Korea atau lebih dikenal sebagai K-pop kini berhasil menempatkan diri di pasar global dan menghasilkan sensasi musik yang baru. K-pop memiliki ciri khas musik yang dapat memberikan kesenangan tersendiri bagi para penikmatnya, sehingga jenis musik tersebut semakin digemari dan dikonsumsi oleh banyak orang tanpa membedakan jenis kelamin maupun rentang usia. Individu pada masa dewasa awal cenderung memiliki ketertarikan yang kuat terhadap selebritas dalam kehidupannya, seperti idola pop, bintang film, dan semacamnya. Hal ini pada akhirnya akan memunculkan kelompok penggemar yang merupakan bagian paling tampak dari khalayak teks dan praktik budaya yang didominasi oleh orang-orang pada tahap dewasa awal. Kelompok penggemar yang muncul dalam budaya K-pop disebut dengan K-popers (K-pop Lovers) atau komunitas K-pop yang berburu segala informasi tentang idola K-pop yang disukainya seperti kelompok penyanyi dan grup musik Korea yang biasa disebut dengan Boy Band dan Girl Band. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui proses pembentukan kelompok sosial dan bagaimana fenomena kelompok penggemar K-pop dalam proses pembentukan kelompok yang dirtinjau dari sudut pandang ilmu psikologi sosial. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu menggunakan metode studi literasi atau biasa disebut juga sebagai studi kepustakaan, dimana data yang diperoleh bersumber dari mencatat dan mengolah data penelitian yang didapatkan. 
KOSMOLOGI HARUN YAHYA DAN KRITIKNYA TERHADAP MATERIALISME: INTEGRASI AGAMA DAN SAINS Juwaini, Juwaini; Rahmasari, Lilis Suci
Abrahamic Religions: Jurnal Studi Agama-Agama Vol 2, No 2 (2022)
Publisher : Prodi Studi Agama-Agama

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22373/arj.v2i2.13404

Abstract

This study aims to discuss the concept of cosmology Harun Yahya in the Koran with the theory (Big Bang) and his criticism of the concept of materialist cosmology. This paper uses library research and analysis of the character's thoughts, starting with examining all available data from primary sources, namely Harun Yahya's book, entitled "The Creation of Nature" and other secondary sources related to Harun Yahya's cosmological concepts. The results showed that Harun Yahya did the integration between religion and science. The integration that he did was the integration of the concept of cosmology version of the Koran with the concept of cosmology version of the Big Bang theory. According to him, the Qur'anic version of the concept of cosmology is very much in line with what is conveyed in the Big Bang theory. One of its relevance is to both mention that the universe began from nothing and has an end point. In contrast to the cosmological concept of materialists who explain that this universe has no beginning and no end. Furthermore, the concept of materialism claims that the universe is only filled with matter that is visible to the five senses, there is no room for spirit and God. This is in accordance with the statement that does not assume the existence of God (atheism). Therefore, with this integrative paradigm, a harmonious and harmonious life should be built between religion and science, by no longer creating a "gap" between the two. Because both are valid science and a coherent source of truth for the world.ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk membahas tentang konsep kosmologi Harun Yahya di dalam Alquran dengan teori (Big Bang) dan kritikannya terhadap konsep kosmologi materialis. Tulisan ini mengunakan penelitian kepustakaan dan analisis pemikiran tokoh dimulai dengan menelaah seluruh data yang tersedia dari sumber primer yaitu buku karya Harun Yahya, yang berjudul “Penciptaan Alam” dan sumber sekunder lainnya yang berhubungan dengan konsep kosmologi Harun Yahya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Harun Yahya melakukan pengintegrasian antara agama dan sains. Pengintegrasian yang beliau lakukan adalah integrasi konsep kosmologi versi Alquran dengan konsep kosmologi versi teori Big Bang. menurutnya, konsep kosmologi versi Alquran, sangat selaras dengan apa yang disampaikan dalam teori Big Bang. Salah satu relevansinya adalah sama-sama menyebutkan bahwa alam semesta berawal dari ketiadaan dan memiliki titik akhir. Berbeda dengan konsep kosmologi kaum materialis yang  menjelaskan bahwa alam semesta ini tidak memiliki awal dan tidak memiliki akhir. Selanjutnya konsep materalisme mengklaim, bahwa alam semesta ini hanya di isi oleh materi-materi yang tampak secara panca indera saja, tidak ada ruang bagi roh dan Tuhan. Hal ini sesuai dengan pernyataan yang tidak menganggap adanya eksistensi Tuhan (ateisme). Oleh sebab itu, dengan paradigma integratif ini, sudah seharusnya dibangun kehidupan yang rukun dan harmonis antara agama dan sains, dengan tidak lagi membuat “gap” antar keduanya. Karena keduanya merupakan ilmu valid dan sumber kebenaran koheren bagi dunia. 
AGAMA DAN PERKEMBANGAN TEKNOLOGI DI ERA MODERN Andika, Andika
Abrahamic Religions: Jurnal Studi Agama-Agama Vol 2, No 2 (2022)
Publisher : Prodi Studi Agama-Agama

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22373/arj.v2i2.12556

Abstract

Religion is a belief that has existed since humans on the surface of the Earth. As time goes by and the development of the times, religion is eternal and eternal in human life. However, religion which was originally eternal and eternal in human life was met with the progress of the times as time passed from time to time so as to bring together religion and technology. Technology is one of the results of the times in life, from time to time technology continues to develop and provide the latest innovations in human life. Along with the rapid development of technology developed by humans, so that it can deliver humanity to an era or era called the modern era. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a study of religion and technological developments in the modern era. This study aims to determine that religion is not a barrier to humans in the modern era. Instead, religion is a controller in human life so that humans do not lose their way when thinking and acting with their minds. This research uses descriptive analysis methods through literature study. The results of this study are that religion is not an obstacle to technological development in the modern era because the role of religion in life cannot be replaced. This study concludes that religion provides space for its adherents to think and act by standardizing it to religion.AbstrakAgama adalah sebuah kepercayaan yang telah ada sejak manusia di permukaan Bumi. Seiring berjalannya waktu dan perkembangan zaman, agama senantiasa abadi dan kekal dalam kehidupan manusia. Namun demikian, agama yang awalnya senantiasa abadi dan kekal dalam kehidupan manusia dipertemukan dengan kemajuan zaman seiring berjalannya waktu dari masa ke masa sehingga mempertemukan agama dan teknologi. Teknologi merupakan salah satu dari hasil perkembangan zaman dalam kehidupan, dari waktu ke waktu teknologi terus berkembang dan memberikan inovasi-inovasi terbaru dalam kehidupan manusia. Seiring pesatnya perkembangan teknologi yang dikembangkan oleh manusia, sehingga bisa mengantarkan umat manusia ke zaman atau era yang disebut dengan era modern. Oleh demikian itu, perlu untuk melakukan kajian terhadap agama dan perkembangan teknologi di era modern. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bahwa agama bukan penghambat manusia di era modern. Justru, agama merupakan pengendali dalam kehidupan manusia supaya manusia tidak kehilangan arah ketika berfikir dan bertindak dengan akal pikirannya. Oleh demikian itu, agama menjadikan manusia tidak liar dalam menjalani kehidupannya. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif analisis melalui studi pustaka. Hasil dari penelitian ini bahwa agama bukanlah penghambat perkembangan teknologi di era modern sebab peran agama dalam kehidupan tidak bisa tergantikan. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa agama memberikan ruang bagi pemeluknya dalam berfikir maupun bertindak dengan menstandarisasikannya kepada agama.
TRADISI DAN BUDAYA TOLERANSI DALAM TINJAUAN SEJARAH DI ACEH Nurlaila, Nurlaila
Abrahamic Religions: Jurnal Studi Agama-Agama Vol 2, No 2 (2022)
Publisher : Prodi Studi Agama-Agama

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22373/arj.v2i2.13892

Abstract

The discussion of tolerance has become a hot topic discussed in various studies, both in the form of writing and verbally through various dialogues and forums. Tolerance is an easy topic to discuss in sharing forums, but in its realization and application there is still a lot to learn. The problem of tolerance is a test in itself in society, because although there are many scientific studies that discuss the necessity and obligation of a culture of tolerance in society. But in reality tolerance is always a problem in realizing it. This sometimes becomes difficult in its realization because it is found that there are still many citizens, groups or even certain cultures who are intolerant in various ways. Aceh, an area that applies Islamic law in Indonesia, is a test in itself in implementing a culture of tolerance in Aceh. There were several cases that caused Aceh to become intolerant, starting from the DI/TII rebellion in 1953 which was intolerant of Indonesia, the displacement of other ethnic groups during GAM's burning of houses of worship in Aceh and various other cases that indicated that Aceh was intolerant. Seeing this reality, this study wants to see another angle on the problem of tolerance in Aceh. The author sees from the perspective of culture and history, Aceh is very tolerant in religious matters. So that in the course of Aceh's history they can live, do business, diplomacy and discuss with various religions.AbstrakPembahsan tentang toleransi  menjadi topik yang hangat di bicarakan dalam berbagai kajian baik di berupa tulisan, maupun pembicaraan secara lisan lewat bergai dialog dan forum. Toleransi menjadi topik yang mudah untuk di bahas dalam berbagi forum namun dalam perwujudan dan aplikasinya masih harus terus banyak belajar. Masalah toleransi menjadi ujian tersendiri dalam masyarakat, karena meski banyak kajian ilmiah yang membahas harus, perlu dan wajibnya budaya toleransi dalam bermasyarakat. Namun kenyataannya toleransi selalu terjadi masalah dalam mewujudkan. Hal tersebut kadang menjadi susah dalam perwujudannya karena didapati masih banyak warga, kelompok atau bahkan budaya tertentu yang bersikap intoleran dalam berbahai hal.  Aceh sebuah daerah yang menerapkan syariat Islam di Indonesia menjadi ujian tersendiri dalam menerapakan budaya toleransi di Aceh. Ada beberapa kasus yang menyebabkan Aceh menjadi in toleran mulai dari pemberontaka DI/TII tahun 1953 yang tidak toleran dengan Inonesia, pengusian etnis lain pada saat  GAM pembak aran rumah ibadah  di Aceh dan berbagai kasu lain yang mengindikasikan Aceh intoleran. Melihat realitas tersebut kajian ini ingin melihat sudut lain dari permasalah toleransi di Aceh. Penulis melihat dari kaca mata budaya dan sejarah dulu, Aceh sangat toleran dalam masalah agama. Sehingga  dalam perjalanan sejarah Aceh bisa hidup, berbisnis, berdiplomasi dan berdiskusi dengan berbagai Agama. 
LIBERALISME DALAM PEMIKIRAN ISLAM Sinta Dewi, Ning Ratna
Abrahamic Religions: Jurnal Studi Agama-Agama Vol 2, No 2 (2022)
Publisher : Prodi Studi Agama-Agama

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22373/arj.v2i2.12827

Abstract

Liberalism is a study that discusses the issue of freedom or rather the understanding of the freedom inherent in every human being. Free attitude in this case is not only limited to the issue of belief in God alone, but this free attitude includes all aspects that exist in oneself, actions and thoughts that are owned by every human being. Islam itself teaches its followers to have a liberal attitude, in this case the intended liberal must be adapted to the teachings that apply in the Islamic religion. Likewise with thoughts, where every human being has different thoughts, and as long as these thoughts do not violate the applicable religious rules, then that thinking deserves to be maintained and even developed for progress.AbstrakLiberalisme merupakan kajian yang membahas persoalan kebebasan atau lebih tepatnya paham tentang kebebasan yang melekat pada diri setiap manusia. Sikap bebas dalam hal ini tidak hanya sebatas tentang persoalan keyakinan kepada Tuhan semata, namun sikap bebas ini meliputi segala aspek yang ada dalam diri, perbuatan dan juga pemikiran yang dimiliki oleh setiap manusia. Islam sendiri mengajarkan kepada pengikutnya untuk memiliki sikap liberal, dalam hal ini liberal yang dimaksud harus disesuaikan dengan ajaran yang berlaku dalam agama Islam tersebut. Begitu juga halnya dengan pemikiran, dimana setiap manusia memiliki pemikiran yang berbeda-beda, dan selama pemikiran tersebut tidak menyalahi aturan agama yang  berlaku, maka pemikiran itu layak untuk dipertahankan bahkan dikembangkan  demi kemajuan. 

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