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Nurnadiyah Syuhada
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Prodi Ilmu Falak - Fakultas Syariah Universitas Islam Negeri Mataram, Jl. Gajah Mada 100, Jempong – Kota Mataram,Nusa Tenggara Barat (NTB).
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Al-Afaq: Jurnal Ilmu Falak dan Astronomi
Published by Universitas Islam Negeri Mataram
ISSN : 26850176     EISSN : 27220176     DOI : https://doi.org/10.20414/afaq.v3i2
Core Subject : Science, Social,
Astronomy Earth & Planetary Sciences Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Social Sciences
Jurnal Al-Afaq merupakan jurnal yang dibentuk oleh Prodi Ilmu Falak Fakultas Syariah Universitas Islam Negeri (UIN) Mataram. Jurnal ini membahas keilmuan Ilmu Falak terkait kajian arah kiblat, Hisab dan Rukyah awal Bulan Hijriah, Kalender Dunia dan Fenomena Gerhana. Selain itu, jurnal Al-Afaq juga membahas kaitan antara fenomena astronomi umum dengan kajian ilmu falak.
Arjuna Subject : Ilmu Sosial - Hukum
Articles 210 Documents
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The Accuracy of Lunar Eclipse Calculations in Irsyad al-Murid Book By Ahmad Ghozali Fathulloh Sukarni; Ahmad Adib Rofiuddin; Muhammad Zainal Mawahib; Fitriyatul Laili
AL - AFAQ : Jurnal Ilmu Falak dan Astronomi Vol. 8 No. 1 (2026): Juni 2026
Publisher : Universitas Islam Negeri Mataram

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Abstract

The issue of eclipses relates to how to determine when an eclipse will occur, where it can be observed, and how to perform eclipse prayers. The book Irsyad al-Murid discusses calculation methods for determining the time of a lunar eclipse. In determining lunar eclipses, this book makes more corrections than other books. Although it does not use supporting tables or schedules, Irsyad al-Murid applies contemporary mathematical formulas. This does not reduce its accuracy, because this book is used as a reference in the study of astronomy in Madura, especially at the Lanbulan Sampang Islamic Boarding School, and is also used as a guideline for determining the beginning of the lunar month by the Calculation and Observation Agency of the Ministry of Religious Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia. The purpose of this study is to analyze the method of calculating lunar eclipses in Irsyad al-Murid and to measure its accuracy using NASA data. This is a qualitative study with the primary source being the Irsyâd al-Murîd book and secondary sources in the form of interviews and supporting literature. The analysis was conducted using content analysis and comparative methods to determine the comparison of the calculation results between the book and NASA. The results of the study show that Irsyad al-Murid uses a contemporary calculation method with complex corrections for the positions of the Moon and Earth, referring to Jean Meeus' Astronomical Algorithms. The difference lies in the use of the Hijri year, while Meeus' book uses the Gregorian year. The level of accuracy is very good, with a difference of only about one to two minutes from NASA's results.
Initial Formulation of the Isha Prayer Time in the Book Al-Fiqh 'Alaa Madzahib Al-Arba'ah Durrotun Nahdliah An Najiah; Ahmad Izzuddin; M Bathoni
AL - AFAQ : Jurnal Ilmu Falak dan Astronomi Vol. 8 No. 1 (2026): Juni 2026
Publisher : Universitas Islam Negeri Mataram

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Abstract

This study discusses the formulation of the beginning time of Isha prayer according to the four schools of Islamic jurisprudence, namely Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i, and Hanbali, as explained in the book Al-Fiqh 'ala al-Madzahib al-Arba'ah by Abdurrahman al-Jaziri. The main issue in this study lies in the different interpretations of the meaning of syafaq as the sign of the end of Maghrib prayer time and the beginning of Isha prayer time. This research uses a qualitative method with a library research approach, employing descriptive-comparative analysis techniques to compare the opinions of scholars and relate them to astronomical phenomena. The results show that the Hanafi school argues that the beginning of Isha time starts after the disappearance of syafaq abyadh (white twilight), while the Maliki, Shafi'i, and Hanbali schools argue that it begins after the disappearance of syafaq ahmar (red twilight). These differences are influenced by the interpretation of hadith, geographical conditions, astronomical observations, and the legal reasoning methods of each school. In the Indonesian context, the opinion of the majority scholars is more widely applied because it is more suitable for the geographical conditions of the equatorial region and serves as the basis for determining prayer schedules by the Ministry of Religious Affairs. This study shows that differences of opinion regarding the beginning of Isha prayer time are not contradictions, but rather a form of the richness of ijtihad in Islamic jurisprudence.
Harmonization Of Fajr Time In Indonesia: The Strategic Role Of Mui Fatwa In Uniting Different Views Alamsyah; Lomba Sultan; Mualimin Mochammad Sahid; Abdul Halim Talli
AL - AFAQ : Jurnal Ilmu Falak dan Astronomi Vol. 8 No. 1 (2026): Juni 2026
Publisher : Universitas Islam Negeri Mataram

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20414/afaq.v8i1.15367

Abstract

Variations in determining the beginning of Fajr time in Indonesia, especially the difference between the -18° and -20° solar depression criteria, have sparked debate among Muslim communities. Nahdlatul Ulama, Muhammadiyah, and Wahdah Islamiyah apply different criteria based on fiqh reasoning, astronomical calculation, and observational interpretation of fajr ṣādiq. This condition often confuses the public and may weaken communal unity, particularly when different prayer schedules circulate without a shared explanatory framework. This study examines the strategic role of the Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI) fatwa as an integrative instrument for harmonizing differences in determining Fajr prayer time. Using a literature study method, the research integrates bayani, burhani, and irfani approaches and analyzes relevant documents and fatwas qualitatively. The bayani approach examines Islamic legal arguments, the burhani approach analyzes astronomical criteria and observational differences, while the irfani approach explains ethical and spiritual considerations in maintaining communal harmony. The findings show that an MUI fatwa can function as a harmonizing mechanism if supported by transparent astronomical evidence and inclusive fiqh reasoning. Such a fatwa can strengthen Islamic legal credibility, reduce public confusion, and reinforce ukhuwah Islamiyah through synergy between science and sharia for contemporary Indonesian Muslims facing diverse institutional prayer-time standards today in practice.
Reconstructing the Qibla Change through Ibn Hajar Al-Asqalani’s Fath al-Bārī: A Historiographical Analysis Annisa Nurfadilah; Ahmad Izzuddin; Eman Sulaiman
AL - AFAQ : Jurnal Ilmu Falak dan Astronomi Vol. 8 No. 1 (2026): Juni 2026
Publisher : Universitas Islam Negeri Mataram

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Abstract

This study reconstructs the chronology and historical context of the qibla change – the redirection of Muslim prayer from Baitul Maqdis to the Ka‘bah – through a rigorous textual analysis of Ibn Ḥajar al-‘Asqalānī’s hadith commentary, Fath al-Bārī. While previous Islamic historiography has rarely treated hadith commentaries as viable primary sources, this study addresses that gap. Employing a qualitative framework that integrates historical-hermeneutic analysis with an interpretive-historical approach, it examines Fath al-Bārī to produce a chronologically precise and contextually grounded account. To reconcile conflicting reports on the date of the change, Ibn Ḥajar applied al-jam’ wa al-tawfīq (compromise) by specifying the lunar count from Rabī‘ al-Awwal to Rajab, explaining the 16‑ versus 17‑month discrepancy through inclusive and exclusive calculations. He then used tarjīḥ (critical selection) based on sanad quality to establish mid‑Rajab of the second Hijri year as the definitive moment of transition. The research also illuminates the socio‑political climate of Madinah, including Muslim‑Jewish relations, the Companions’ role in transmitting the news, and the event’s impact on consolidating early Muslim identity. The study concludes that Fath al-Bārī functions not merely as hadith exegesis but as a significant historiographical document, offering a methodological model for integrating hadith scholarship with historical inquiry.
Negotiating Religious Authority: Patronage Networks and the Social Practice of Lunar Month Determining at Pesantren Cokrokertopati Takeran Asih Pertiwi; Agus Nurhadi; M. Syaoqi Nahwandi; Dessy Asnita
AL - AFAQ : Jurnal Ilmu Falak dan Astronomi Vol. 7 No. 2 (2025): Desember 2025
Publisher : Universitas Islam Negeri Mataram

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Abstract

The criteria for determining the beginning of the hijri month in Indonesia continue to develop; however, Pesantren Cokrokertopati Takeran continues to maintain the use of classical method that does not significantly differ in outcome from the goverment’s official determination. This study does not aim merely to examine the astronomical aspect; but rather to analyze the socio-religious practices that sustain its continued application within the community. Employing a qualitative approach through in-depth interviews, this study seeks to explain why the methode remains authoritative and why the community tends to follow religiuous leadership rather than state-based decisions. The findings reveal that the practice of determining the beginning of the hijri month at Pesantren Cokrokertopati Takeran is shaped by long-established patron-client relationships beetween religious leaders and community members, grounded in the exchange of religious values, trust, and moral legitimacy. Furthermore, Pesantren Cokrokertopati’s position as an independent institution, unaffiliated with any formal religious organization, reinforce its social credibility and authoruty in religious decision-making, including determinaton of the hijri calendar. This study therefore affirms that the determination of the beginning of the hijri month at Pesantren Cokrokertopati Takeran represenst a form of social falak, in which social and religious dimensions play a more dominant role than purely technical-astronomical considerations.
Determining Tahrim Prayer Times Based on Sky Brightness and Sun Altitude Parameters with a Sky Quality Meter Ahmad Abdillah Rauf Syam; Ahmad Adib Rofiuddin; Muhammad Zainal Mawahib; Hestyana Tasya
AL - AFAQ : Jurnal Ilmu Falak dan Astronomi Vol. 7 No. 2 (2025): Desember 2025
Publisher : Universitas Islam Negeri Mataram

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Abstract

The aimed of this study is to examine the time for tahrim prayer with the parameters of sky height and sky brightness. Because the average limits of the sun's height and sky brightness during the time of tahrim prayer are unknown, this study uses both data to be used as parameters in determining the time for tahrim prayer. To obtain both data, the author also used a Sky Quality Meter (SQM). This study is researched by qualitative method using field research. Where the primary source is taken from gacor slot data generated by direct observation using a Sky Quality Meter (SQM). The finding of this research is determined that the duration of the tahrim prayer time with the parameters of sky brightness and sun height which ranges from 5-8 minutes before the time of Maghrib prayer. In addition, it can also determine the average limits of sky brightness and sun height data during the time of tahrim prayer. It is important to know the time for tahrim prayer so that you can perform prayers according to the time, because not all prayer time schedules have an explanation regarding the time for tahrim prayer and when the prayer time ends, not all times mark the beginning of prayer time. And avoid times when it is forbidden to perform prayers.
Halal Tourism: The Issue of Qibla Direction at Several Tourist Attractions in West Sumatra Province Hendri; Sairon
AL - AFAQ : Jurnal Ilmu Falak dan Astronomi Vol. 7 No. 2 (2025): Desember 2025
Publisher : Universitas Islam Negeri Mataram

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Abstract

This article aims to analyze the accuracy of the qibla direction in prayer rooms located in several tourist attractions in West Sumatra, where deviations in the qibla direction certainly raise doubts about the validity of prayers for visitors to these tourist attractions. Therefore, this article will explore three issues: the problem of qibla direction in prayer rooms in several tourist attractions in West Sumatra, how visitors respond to the problem of qibla direction at prayer sites in several tourist attractions in West Sumatra, and how accurate the qibla direction is at prayer sites in several tourist attractions in West Sumatra. The research method used is a mixed method with data sources obtained through observation, interviews, and documentation, as well as descriptive analysis. The findings in this article show that the problem of qibla direction in places of worship at several tourist attractions in West Sumatra can generally be divided into three categories. These categories are technical problems, non-technical problems, and fiqh problems. Visitors' responses to the problem of qibla direction can also be divided into proactive responses, adaptive responses, and passive responses. The accuracy of the qibla direction in places of worship in several tourist areas in West Sumatra shows that 10% of places of worship in several tourist areas have a qibla direction that is classified as very accurate. In addition, 42% fall into the accurate category, 32% into the fairly accurate category, and 16%.
Determination of the Beginning of the Hijri Month by Tarekat Asy-Syahadatain in Cirebon Regency Rizal Ramadhan; Ahmad Izzuddin; Muhammad Arif Royyani
AL - AFAQ : Jurnal Ilmu Falak dan Astronomi Vol. 7 No. 2 (2025): Desember 2025
Publisher : Universitas Islam Negeri Mataram

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20414/afaq.v7i2.14712

Abstract

The Asy-Syahadatain tarekat in Cirebon Regency not only conducts various religious activities but also has its own system for determining the beginning of the Hijri months, which often differs from the government's official determination. This study is a qualitative field research conducted in the villages of Munjul and Panguragan Wetan. Primary data were collected through interviews with religious scholars and prominent figures of the tarekat, while secondary data included the Isnaeniyah calendar, Asy-Syahadatain calendar, and the results of the rukyatul istitar observation at Kejawanan Beach. The research findings indicate that this tarekat uses the Isnaeniyah hisab method, the Asy-Syahadatain calendar, which is adopted from the Kudus calendar, as well as the rukyat istitar system. Although there are differences in methods, some followers are still allowed to follow the government’s determination. No conflict arises among followers due to the strong emotional bond they share with their respective Kiais. Each Kiai leads their own study group and provides an explanation of the methodology before determining the start of Ramadan, Shawwal, or Dhu al-Hijjah. This closeness and trust are the main factors behind the followers’ obedience to each Kiai’s decisions.
Astronomical Measurement and Fiqh Review of Qibla Deviation: A Case Study of Mosque and a Cemetery Complex in Timbuseng, Takalar Hisbullah Salam; Alamsyah; Sartika
AL - AFAQ : Jurnal Ilmu Falak dan Astronomi Vol. 7 No. 2 (2025): Desember 2025
Publisher : Universitas Islam Negeri Mataram

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20414/afaq.v7i2.14597

Abstract

This research addresses the issue of inaccurate Qibla direction by evaluating the degree of deviation at the Assalam Mosque and the public cemetery in Timbuseng Hamlet, Takalar, and analyzing it based on tolerance limits established in Islamic Jurisprudence (Fiqh) and Astronomy (Ilmu Falak). The study aims to examine the conformity of the Qibla direction at these case study locations with the actual direction towards the Ka'bah. The methods employed include measuring the existing azimuth using Google Earth, followed by field measurements with a compass and Istiwa'aini to obtain real values for the existing azimuth and the Qibla azimuth. The measurement results were then analyzed by applying Qibla tolerance theories. The findings reveal that the Qibla direction of the Assalam Mosque has a deviation of 12°, which, according to the Shafi'i school of jurisprudence, far exceeds the tolerance limit. Similar results were found in the grave orientations within the cemetery complex, which showed deviation variations between 21° and 30°. However, from the perspectives of the Hanafi, Maliki, and Hanbali schools, the deviations occurring in both the mosque and the graves remain within permissible limits. These findings confirm a discrepancy between field conditions and sharia standards, particularly when referring to the Shafi'i school, which is predominantly adhered to by Muslims in Indonesia, including in Takalar. Therefore, this study recommends correction and massive socialization regarding the importance of Qibla accuracy, as well as the use of more precise calibration tools such as theodolites dan Istiwa'aini.
Global Hijri Calendar Disparity: A Comparative Study of KHGT Muhammadiyah and Diyanet Turkiye in the Period 1447–1457H Rayhan Ilman; Andi Sitti Mariyam; Gandhung Fajar Panjalu
AL - AFAQ : Jurnal Ilmu Falak dan Astronomi Vol. 8 No. 2 (2016): Desember 2026 (In Progress)
Publisher : Universitas Islam Negeri Mataram

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20414/afaq.v8i2.15981

Abstract

This study compares the Muhammadiyah Single Global Hijri Calendar (KHGT) and Turkish Diyanet, two global calendar systems that both refer to the 2016 Istanbul International Hijri Calendar Unification Congress but result in differing date determinations in certain cases. The study employs a qualitative approach using a comparative-documentary method to analyze official documents from both institutions, crescent visibility maps, and institutional correspondence between Muhammadiyah and Diyanet. Of the 131 comparable month-start dates within the range of 1447–1457 H, 129 cases (98.5%) yielded identical dates, while discrepancies occurred in 2 cases (1.5%), namely Ramadan 1447 H and Rabi’ al-Awwal 1455 H. The analysis indicates that these discrepancies do not stem from differences in astronomical threshold criteria but rather from differences in the type of crescent altitude parameters used: KHGT employs geocentric parameters consistent with the tradition of objective-universal hisab, whereas the operational implementation of Diyanet's visibility criteria is interpreted in this study as being consistent with a topocentric approach that reflects the reality of crescent visibility on the Earth's surface.. This difference shifts the position of the “first visibility” boundary curve on the Diyanet map toward the west, causing the first point where the parameters are met to fall at a different location than in the KHGT and having a decisive impact on date determination in cases involving astronomical boundaries. This finding indicates that the discrepancy between the two calendars ultimately points to a question that has not been explicitly addressed in the KHGT document: whether the 5°/8° parameter is intended as an objective geocentric astronomical condition, or as an analogy to imkanurukyat, which, in the author's interpretation, astronomically requires a topocentric approach.

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