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Makara Journal of Science
Published by Universitas Indonesia
ISSN : 23391995     EISSN : 23560851     DOI : https://doi.org/10.7454/mss
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Makara Journal of Science publishes original research or theoretical papers, notes, and minireviews on new knowledge and research or research applications on current issues in basic sciences, namely: Material Sciences (including: physics, biology, and chemistry); Biochemistry, Genetics, and Molecular Biology (including: microbiology, physiology, ecology, taxonomy and evolution); and Biotechnology.
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Articles 8 Documents
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Search results for , issue "Vol. 26, No. 2" : 8 Documents clear
Molecular Identification of Cryptococcus neoformans Isolates from House Environments of HIV-Infected Patients in an Urban Area, Indonesia: A First Report Machrumnizar, Machrumnizar; Adawiyah, Robiatul; Natriana, Tjahjani; Imran, Darma; Muslim, Mohammad; Wellyzar, Sjamsuridzal; Wahyuningsih, Retno
Makara Journal of Science Vol. 26, No. 2
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Abstract

Cryptococcus neoformans isolates were previously obtained from pigeon droppings in Jakarta. This study aimed to determine another source of infection and describe the supporting niche of the fungus. The occurrence of C. neoformans was evaluated in 110 samples of decaying wood and leaves, tree hollow debris, dust, and bird droppings. Yeasts isolates were collected from 22 houses of HIV-infected patients. The isolates were identified based on culture characteristics, an assimilation test, and URA5 restriction fragment length polymorphism polymerase chain reaction. The spatial analysis was conducted in geographical information system to determine dominant house and environmental factors. Seven of the 120 isolates (5.83%) were identified as C. neoformans, corresponding to four (18.2%) houses. All isolates were from house environments of HIV-infected patients with cryptococcal meningitis. Spearman’s correlation analysis and McNemar’s test revealed a significant association between cryptococcosis in HIV-infected patients and their environment. The clinical and environmental isolates were 100% identical based on molecular techniques, indicating that the patients acquired cryptococcosis from the environment. The spatial analysis revealed that house dust, soil, and leaves were the dominant distribution factors in terms of estimating disease prevalence. This study demonstrates that the house environment is a source of infection for cryptococcosis.
A Morphological and Molecular Study of Phallus multicolor in Indonesia Hermawan, Rudy; Putra, Ivan Permana; Amelya, Mega Putri; Gunawan, Mochammad Rizky Wangsadireja
Makara Journal of Science Vol. 26, No. 2
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Phallus is known as stinkhorn mushroom. Previous reports have shown that this genus is recognized by the size and color of the basidioma, which is a highly plastic morphological character that can potentially lead to misidentification. In Indonesia, no study has combined morphological and molecular analyses to identify Phallus. This study aimed to determine the identity of Phallus that has the orange color of an indusium found in Bekasi, West Java, Indonesia. The morphological characteristics were described by observing the macroscopic and microscopic features of fresh specimens. Molecular analyses were performed based on the internal transcribed spacer 4/5 region sequence. The results showed that specimen BO24430 was identified as Phallus multicolor with 100% similarity in the BLAST results and a 98% bootstrap value on the phylogenetic tree. This taxonomic placement was supported by morphological features, such as a campanulate pileus, yellowish to white pseudostipe, brown to whitish eggs, and ellipsoid spores. This study is the only record of P. multicolor in Indonesia with a herbarium voucher since Boedijn in 1932. In addition, the current study assessed the diversity of Phallus in Indonesia using morphological and molecular evidence.
Co-microencapsulation of Ruellia tuberosa L. and Cosmos caudatus K. Extracts for Pharmaceutical Applications Annisa, Choirin; Prasetyawan, Sasangka; Safitri, Anna
Makara Journal of Science Vol. 26, No. 2
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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This study aims to co-microencapsulate the Ruellia tuberosa L. and Cosmos caudatus K. extracts, with chitosan–sodium tripolyphosphate (Na-TPP) as coating material. α-Amylase inhibition and antioxidant assays were conducted to determine the potential of microcapsules used as antidiabetic agents. The microcapsules were manufactured under the influences of pH, Na-TPP concentration, and stirring time. The optimum microencapsulation conditions were selected based on the highest encapsulation efficiency. The optimum microencapsulation conditions were a pH of 4, Na-TPP concentration of 0.15% (w/v), and stirring time of 60 min. The microcapsules exhibited an IC50 (inhibitory concentration) value of 223.64 ± 0.81 µg/mL and an α-amylase inhibition and antioxidant activity of 104.05 ± 0.88 µg/mL. The test for the release of bioactive compounds from microcapsules was conducted in HCl pH 1.2 and phosphate buffer pH 7.4 for 30–120 min. Results showed that 5.99% and 58.96% of bioactive compounds were released at pH 1.2 and 7.4, respectively, in 120 min. The Fourier transform infrared spectra showed the P=O functional group vibrations from Na-TPP at 1,213.71 cm−1 and C–N stretching vibrations from chitosan at 1,155.23 cm−1. Characterization with scanning electron microscopy and particle size analysis indicated that the microcapsules were spherical and had a mean diameter of 132.08 µm. The current study demonstrated that co-microencapsulation is a promising multifaceted approach for the enhancement of the pharmaceutical applications of plant extract combinations
Bio-insecticide’s Extract of Scented Root (Polygala paniculata) in Controlling the Mosquito Aedes aegypti (L.) Wahyuni, Denai; Sari, Nila Puspita; Jasril, Jasril; Syahri, Jufrizal
Makara Journal of Science Vol. 26, No. 2
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Controlling Aedes aegypti mosquitoes with chemical insecticides causes resistance on humans, environmental residues, and contaminates food and water. Polygala paniculata is a potential alternative to insecticides in controlling Ae. aegypti. This study aimed to determine the effect of the Insecticide Score of P. paniculata extracts on the mortality of Ae. aegypti mosquitoes based on KT50. A total of 20 mosquitoes for each concentration were used to examine the effectiveness of 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% concentration of P. paniculata extracts compared to a positive and a negative control with four replications. The results showed that P. paniculata extracts had an effect on Aeaegypti mosquito mortality. There were significant differences in mortality rate between concentrations (Kruskal-Wallis test, p = 0.001). Spearman Correlation test gave a p-value of 0.008 < 0.05. Similarly, there was a weak but significant correlation between plant extract concentration and mortality (Spearman correlation: r = +0.312, p = 0.008). The 10% and 15% concentrations had KT50with Insecticide Scores of 1 and 2, respectively, implying that both had no knockdown effect. A 20% concentration had a KT50 with an Insecticide Score of 3, indicating a weak knockdown effect, whereas a 25% concentration had KT50with an Insecticide Score of 5, signifying a quick knockdown effect. These results show that a 25% concentration has a quick knockdown time on Ae. aegypti mosquitoes. Therefore, extract P. paniculata extract at a concentration of 25% has a potential for use as a bio-insecticide in controlling Ae. aegypti mosquitoes.
Phytochemical, Antibacterial, Antifungal, and Hemagglutination Screening of Quercus agrifolia Nee Root Extracts Wahab, Abdul; Farid, Arshad; Muzammal, Muhammad
Makara Journal of Science Vol. 26, No. 2
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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In the current study, the roots of Quercus agrifolia Nee were subjected to phytochemical analysis to determine the presence of various compound groups. To explore the effect of Quercus agrifolia Nee roots, we evaluated four solvent extracts, namely, crude ethanolic extract (CEE), n-hexane, chloroform (CHCl3), and ethyl acetate (EtOAc), for their antibacterial, antifungal, and hemagglutination activities. Agar well diffusion and agar tube dilution methods were used to determine the antibacterial and antifungal effects, respectively, and hemagglutination activity was measured against human erythrocyte blood groups. The qualitative phytochemical analysis of the solvent extracts of Quercus agrifolia Nee roots showed the presence of different classes of compounds, i.e., flavonoids, coumarins, terpenoids, etc. The CEE and various fractions were tested against Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Alcaligenes faecalis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with CEE exhibiting the widest zone of inhibition against A. faecalis (30 mm) and moderate activities against P. aeruginosa (18 mm%), L. monocytogenes (18 mm%), and E. coli (20 mm%). The n-hexane fraction and the remaining fractions had moderate to good activity against all the four bacterial strains. The antifungal ability of plant roots was also tested against four separate fungal strains, i.e., Alternaria solani, Aspergillus niger, Triticum harzianum, and Fusarium oxysporium, and the n-hexane extract showed a higher activity than the CEE. During the investigation by hemagglutination assay, some solvent extracts exhibited a low amount of lectin complex in the selected plant. The current study revealed that the roots of Quercus agrifolia Nee has an ideal medicinal viability and contains a diverse range of phytochemical classes. This research is the first systematic study of Quercus agrifolia Nee roots, demonstrating its versatility in a variety of biological activities.
Jatropha tanjorensis a Flora of Southeast Nigeria: Isolation and Characterization of Naringenin and Validation of Bio-enhanced Synergistical Activity of α- Tocopherol Toward Clinical Isolates of Resistant Bacterial Ijoma, Ikechukwu Kingsley; Ajiwe, Vincent Ishmael Egbulefu
Makara Journal of Science Vol. 26, No. 2
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Jatropha tanjorensis is among the rich floras of Southeast Nigeria and used by ethnic people to treat infections and manage health conditions. Ethnomedicine has long been employed in the treatment of ailments caused by bacterial pathogens. Studies showed that the incorporation of synthetic α-tocopherol to an antibacterial agent improves its activity. However, knowledge about the antibacterial-enhanced activity of plant-based α-tocopherols, especially those isolated from Jatropha tanjorensis, is limited because of the different bioactivities of synthetic and natural α-tocopherols. To determine the phytochemicals in J. tanjorensis, we carried out the structural elucidation of its leaf extracts. Naringenin and α-tocopherol were identified based on nuclear magnetic resonance experiments. To validate the bio-enhanced activity of α-tocopherol, we profiled the crude extracts, naringenin, α-tocopherol, and 1:1 mixture of naringenin and α-tocopherol against the resistant strains of local clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus using the average diameter of the zone of inhibition (AVDZI), minimum inhibitory concentration, and minimum bactericidal concentration. The results showed that the crude leaf extract (≥ 10.2 ± 0.17 mm) and naringenin (≥ 8.1 ± 0.13 mm) exhibited viable antibacterial activities, but α-tocopherol (≤ 2.23 ± 0.12 mm) did not show any activity against all the bacteria assayed. In addition, the 1:1 mixture of naringenin and α-tocopherol (≥ 8.7 ± 0.13 mm) showed an improved AVDZI, which suggested the bio-enhanced synergistical activity of its crude extracts induced by α-tocopherol. The results of these research validate the claims by ethnomedicine practitioners on the efficacy of J. tanjorensis in the treatment of infections.
Preparation of Zn/Al-chitosan Composite for the Selective Adsorption of Methylene Blue Dye in Water Mohadi, Risfidian; Siregar, Patimah Mega Syah Bahar Nur; Palapa, Neza Rahayu; Lesbani, Aldes
Makara Journal of Science Vol. 26, No. 2
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Layered double hydroxide (LDHs) are widely used adsorbents for methylene blue removal. However, LDHs have a perishable structure that cannot be used repeatedly. Modifying LDHs with chitosan produces a strong material with a large surface area for methylene blue adsorption. Adsorption conditions were optimized by determining the adsorption isotherms and the adsorbent regeneration process. Results showed that the adsorption process was balanced in 90 min with maximum adsorption capacities of 86.207 mg/g, 35.336 mg/g, and 98.039 mg/g for Zn/Al, chitosan, and Zn/Al-chitosan, respectively. The adsorption in this study followed the Freundlich isotherm model. Regeneration analysis of the adsorbent showed that Zn/Al-chitosan can be used repeatedly in methylene blue adsorption.
Silver Nanoparticles’ Biosynthesis and Characterization with the Extract of Jatropha curcas Leaf: Analysis of Corrosion Inhibition Activity Kayode, Talabi Henry; Yetunde, Talabi Justina; Omotayo, Adewuyi Benjamin
Makara Journal of Science Vol. 26, No. 2
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The plant-mediated nanoparticles synthesis process is gaining popularity because of its effective cost, eco-friendliness, and nontoxic nature. The current study presents the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) which synthesized with AgNO3 as precursor salt and Jatropha curcas leaf extract. J. curcas leaf extract has phytochemicals that could reduce the precursor metal salt to nanoparticles and act as a capping agent surround the nanoparticles to enhance its stability. Phytochemical screening on J. curcas leaf extract showed that alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavanoids, steroids, philobatannins, phenols, and cardiac glycosides are contained in the sample. The biosynthesized nanoparticles were investigated by UV-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). UV-vis spectroscopy confirmed the fabrication of AgNPs at 250–400 nm. The solutions’ change of color from pale yellow to reddish brown indicated that AgNPs is formed. XRD analysis revealed that the synthesized AgNPs average crystal size was 36.4 nm. FTIR analysis indicated that the organic residues covered the nanoparticles. The inhibitory properties of the solution of the synthesized nanoparticles and the bulk extract were evaluated using medium carbon steel. The solution of the synthesized nanoparticles (10 ml) showed better corrosion inhibition efficiency of 87.10 % compared with the bulk extract.

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