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Hadis Yaman Di Tengah Perang Hamas-Israel : Analis Wacana Postingan Hadis Di Media Sosial Muhammad Nazir Alias; Agus Bahari, Fadhil Achmad; Muhammad Riza Salsabila Bahar; Moh Sirojul Munir
Peradaban Journal of Religion and Society Vol. 3 No. 1 (2024)
Publisher : Pustaka Peradaban

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59001/pjrs.v3i1.140

The use of the Yemeni Hadith on social media amid the Hamas-Israel war raises several issues. This article serves as a response to this phenomenon and addresses various associated problems. As a literature review, it utilizes written data sources, including Yemeni Hadith posts on Instagram and TikTok, Hadith commentaries, and data related to the geopolitical situation in the Middle East. Employing content analysis, the article explores, selects, categorizes, and analyzes documented written data. Using a discourse analysis approach with a constructivist paradigm, it positions Yemeni Hadith posts as something fabricated by their creators with specific motives. Thus, the article aims to answer the question: how has the understanding of the Yemeni Hadith in these posts shifted from authoritative interpretations, and what lies behind these posts? The study's findings reveal that the posts indicate the uploader's incompetence in the fields of Hadith scholarship and Middle Eastern geopolitics, leading to a biased interpretation of the Yemeni Hadith and shaping readers' perspectives to accept interpretations that support the Houthi Yemen group without considering its political context. Additionally, the uploader's motive is rooted in concern for humanitarian issues in Palestine. Penggunaan Hadis Yaman di media sosial di tengah peperangan Hamas-Israel menyisahkan beberapa persoalan. Artikel ini hadir sebagai respon terhadap fenomena tersebut dan menjawab berbagai persoalan yang mengitarinya. Sebagai riset kepustakaan, artikel ini menggunakan data tertulis sebagai sumbernya, berupa unggahan hadis Yaman di Instagram dan TikTok, syarah hadis, dan data-data terkait geo politik Timur Tengah. Menggunakan content analysis, artikel ini mengeksplorasi, menyeleksi, mengategorisasi, dan menganalisa data-data yang terdokumentasi secara tertulis. Menggunakan pendekatan analisa wacana dengan paradigma konstruktivisme, yaitu dengan meletakkan unggahan hadis Yaman sebagai sesuatu yang difabrikasi oleh pembuatnya dengan motif tertentu. Maka artikel ini berusaha menjawab pertanyaan: bagaimana pemahaman hadis Yaman pada unggahan tersebut bergeser dari pemahaman yang otoritatif dan apa yang ada di balik unggahan tersebut? Hasil kajian menemukan bahwa unggahan tersebut menunjukkan inkompetensi pengunggah dalam keilmuan hadis dan geopolitik Timur Tengah, sehingga menjadikan pemaknaan hadis Yaman menjadi bias dan membentuk pola pikir pembaca untuk menerima interpretasi yang mendukung kelompok Houthi Yaman tanpa mempertimbangkan konteks politiknya. Selain itu, motif pengunggah didasari oleh kepedulian terhadap isu kemanusiaan di Palestina.

Eugenika dalam Pandangan Agama Sebuah Tantangan Etis dalam Islam: Sebuah Tantangan Etis dalam Islam Abdullah Hamdani Husain; Bahrevy Ahmad; Muhamad Syauqi Mubarok; Muhammad Aniq Hasan Albana
Peradaban Journal of Religion and Society Vol. 3 No. 1 (2024)
Publisher : Pustaka Peradaban

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59001/pjrs.v3i1.141

This article aims to delve into the human genome, which opened profound insights into genetic codification, sparking debates between scientific knowledge and religious beliefs, particularly in Islam. The article explores the Islamic perspectives on Eugenics, especially in the face of evolving eugenics concepts and related ethical issues. The complex context created by the history of Eugenics from ancient Greece to its tragic implementation by the Nazi regime in Germany is examined. The Islamic viewpoint, focusing on the prohibition of killing children and the ethical intricacies of abortion, is emphasized. The Quran asserts that the fear of poverty is not a valid reason to end a life. The research methodology employed in this article is a literature review approach, utilizing comparisons, differences, and potential convergence points in their thoughts. Research findings indicate differences in scholars' views on the ethics and controversies surrounding Eugenics in the context of genetic engineering. There are discrepancies in granting permissibility depending on the fetus's age, creating a complex foundation for discussions within the Islamic legal framework. Islamic perspectives on Eugenics reflect a diversity of scholars' interpretations, with many declaring its prohibition, aligning Sharia principles with the uncertainty of genetic impacts. While some permit it, such views still require deep ethical considerations. The article aims to describe the complexity of integrating genetic knowledge and religious values in addressing contemporary genetic challenges. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mendalami penemuan genom manusia yang membuka wawasan mendalam terhadap kodifikasi genetik, memicu perdebatan antara pengetahuan ilmiah dan keyakinan agama, khususnya dalam Islam. Dalam artikel ini dieksplorasi pandangan Islam terhadap Eugenika, terutama dalam menghadapi perkembangan konsep eugenika dan isu-isu etis yang terkait. Sejarah Eugenika dari Yunani kuno hingga implementasi tragis oleh rezim Nazi Jerman menciptakan konteks yang kompleks. Pandangan agama Islam, berfokus pada larangan membunuh anak-anak dan kompleksitas etika pengguguran janin. Al-Quran menegaskan bahwa ketakutan akan kemiskinan bukan alasan sah untuk mengakhiri kehidupan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam artikel ini adalah pendekatan penelitian kepustakaan dengan memanfaatkan perbandingan, perbedaan, dan titik korvengensi potensial dalam pemikiran merka. Temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada perbedaan pandangan ulama terkait etika dan kontroversi seputar Eugenika dalam rangka rekayasa genetika. Terdapat perbedaan dalam memberikan kebolehan tergantung usia janin, menciptakan landasan diskusi yang kompleks dalam kerangka hukum Islam. Pandangan Islam terhadap Eugenika mencerminkan keragaman interpretasi ulama. Sebagian besar menyatakan keharaman, mencocokkan prinsip syariah dengan ketidakpastian dampak genetik. Sementara ada yang memberikan kebolehan, pandangan ini masih memerlukan pertimbangan etis yang mendalam. Penulisan artikel bertujuan untuk menggambarkan kompleksitas integrasi pengetahuan genetika dan nilai-nilai agama dalam menghadapi tantangan genetika kontemporer.

Ekofeminisme Spritiualis pada Gerakan Perempuan Adat dalam Menolak Tambang Marmer di Mollo, Nusa Tenggara Timur Parastasia, Cindy
Peradaban Journal of Religion and Society Vol. 3 No. 1 (2024)
Publisher : Pustaka Peradaban

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59001/pjrs.v3i1.144

The article aims to elaborate on the spiritual ecofeminist movement in the effort to resist mining by indigenous women of Mollo, East Nusa Tenggara. The environmental protection movement led by Mollo women demonstrates the equality of women and nature. This equal position is manifested through resistance movements to protect the environment from mining companies (capital) attempting to dominate the Mollo, South Central Timor, East Nusa Tenggara region. The research method used in this study is descriptive analytical, referring to the analysis model by B. Miles and Michael Huberman. The environmental damage caused by capitalist-style extractive exploitation also negatively impacts women, highlighting the dominance of masculinity over femininity in the Mollo region. The equal position between women and nature and their close relationship provide reasons to initiate a resistance movement. The resistance movement led by indigenous Mollo women is one representation of the Spiritual Ecofeminist movement in Indonesia that responds to and rejects environmental exploitation. The principles believed by Mollo women reflect the thoughts of Spiritual Ecofeminism and serve as the foundation for the movement against marble mining. These principles involve earth-based spiritual practices and the concept of interconnectedness between mind, body, and nature. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengelaborasi gerakan ekofeminisme spiritual dalam upaya menolak tambang oleh perempuan adat Mollo, Nusa Tenggara Timir. Gerakan perlindungan lingkungan yang dilakukan para perempuan Mollo menunjukkan bahwa posisi perempuan dan alam adalah setara. Posisi yang setara ini ditunjukkan melalui gerakan perlawanan dalam melindungi lingkungan dari perusahaan tambang (kapital) yang berupaya mendominasi alam Mollo, Timor Tengah Selatan, NTT. Metode penelitian yang digunakan penelitian ini adalah deskriptif analitik dengan mengacu pada model analisis B. Miles dan Michael Huberman. Dampak kerusakan pada alam yang diakibatkan oleh eksploitasi eksktraktif ala kapitalisme juga berdampak negatif pada perempuan, dan memperlihatkan dominasi maskulinitas atas femininitas di wilayah Mollo. Posisi setara antara perempuan dan alam serta hubungan eratnya menjadi alasan untuk memulai gerakan perlawanan. Gerakan perlawanan yang dilakukan para perempuan adat Mollo menjadi salah satu representasi gerakan Ekofeminisme Spiritualis di Indonesia yang merespons dan menolak eksploitasi alam. Prinsip-prinsip yang diyakini perempuan Mollo mencerminkan pemikiran Ekofeminisme Spiritualis dan dijadikan landasan gerakan untuk menolak tambang marmer. Prinsip tersebut berupa praktik spiritualitas berbasis bumi dan adanya konsep keterhubungan pikiran, tubuh, dan alam.

Dynamics of the Islamic Political Movement : The Influence of Pesantren's Islamic Community in East Java in the 2024 Elections Pratama, Pramuja Yudha Pratama; Habibi, Muhammad Badri Habibi; Ratih Kusuma Ningtias
Peradaban Journal of Religion and Society Vol. 3 No. 1 (2024)
Publisher : Pustaka Peradaban

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59001/pjrs.v3i1.145

This article seeks to examine the dynamics of the Islamic political movement in East Java, with a specific emphasis on the influence wielded by the Islamic community originating from pesantren in the context of the 2024 General Election (Pemilu). Employing a qualitative approach and drawing upon data from relevant literature and current media sources related to the election year, this research scrutinizes the active role of pesantren communities in shaping and influencing the political opinions of the Islamic community in East Java. The analysis conducted encompasses significant factors such as fatwas issued by religious scholars, political education within pesantren, and the influence of religious figures who play a pivotal role in shaping the political views and preferences of Islamic voters. Concurrently, this article also delves into how the pesantren community interacts, both through collaboration and competition, with other political groups to sway the outcomes of the 2024 General Election. The findings of this article suggest that the loyalty of Santri voters and pesantren, with their unwavering allegiance, surpasses that of Abangan and nationalist groups. Therefore, the role and influence of the Islamic community from pesantren in East Java occupy a significant and influential position in the dynamics of politics during the 2024 General Election. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji dinamika gerakan politik Islam di Jawa Timur, dengan penekanan khusus pada pengaruh yang dimiliki oleh komunitas Islam yang berasal dari pesantren dalam konteks Pemilihan Umum 2024. Dengan pendekatan kualitatif dan menggunakan data dari literatur relevan serta sumber media terkini terkait tahun pemilihan, penelitian ini mengulas peran aktif komunitas pesantren dalam membentuk dan memengaruhi opini politik komunitas Islam di Jawa Timur. Analisis yang dilakukan melibatkan faktor-faktor signifikan seperti fatwa yang dikeluarkan oleh ulama, pendidikan politik di pesantren, dan pengaruh tokoh agama yang memainkan peran kunci dalam membentuk pandangan politik dan preferensi pemilih Islam. Secara bersamaan, artikel ini juga menjelajahi bagaimana komunitas pesantren berinteraksi, baik melalui kolaborasi maupun kompetisi, dengan kelompok politik lain untuk memengaruhi hasil Pemilihan Umum 2024. Temuan dari artikel ini menunjukkan bahwa loyalitas pemilih Santri dan pesantren, dengan kesetiaan yang kuat, melampaui kelompok Abangan dan nasionalis. Oleh karena itu, peran dan pengaruh komunitas Islam dari pesantren di Jawa Timur memiliki posisi yang signifikan dan berpengaruh dalam dinamika politik selama Pemilihan Umum 2024.

Principles of Islam and Social Integration: A Conceptual Framework for Promoting Peaceful Coexistence in South Korea Abdul Salam Noh Se Ik; Syaikhoni Jazuli; Rohmah, Siti; Nur Chanifah
Peradaban Journal of Religion and Society Vol. 3 No. 1 (2024)
Publisher : Pustaka Peradaban

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59001/pjrs.v3i1.146

The growth of Islam as a minority group in South Korea necessitates various efforts to ensure that the Muslim community is accepted as part of the broader societal framework. The recent indications of Islamophobia in Korea further emphasize the need to shape a positive image of Islam within Korean society. Fear and expressions of hatred towards Islam and Muslims can emerge as a result of misunderstanding, stereotypes, or misinformation. This article proposes the application of representative Islamic principles to foster positive relationships with the surrounding community. These principles include the principles of peace, multiculturalism, and the concept of rahmatan lil alamin (universal mercy). The implementation of these principles can serve as a foundation for Muslims to be accepted and coexist harmoniously with other groups. This is expected to provide a deeper understanding of the values of Islam as a conceptual framework for promoting harmony in a society characterized by cultural and religious diversity. Pertumbuhan Islam sebagai kelompok minoritas di Korea Selatan menuntut perlunya berbagai upaya agar umat Islam diterima sebagai bagian dari kerangka sosial yang lebih luas. Adanya indikasi Islamopobia di Korea belakangan ini semakin menegaskan perlunya membentuk citra positif tentang Islam dalam masyarakat Korea. Ketakutan dan ekspresi kebencian terhadap Islam dan umat Muslim, dapat muncul sebagai hasil dari ketidakpahaman, stereotip, atau informasi yang salah. Artikel ini mengusulkan penerapan prinsip-prinsip Islam yang representatif untuk membentuk hubungan positif dengan masyarakat sekitar. Prinsip-prinsip ini mencakup prinsip perdamaian, multikulturalisme, dan konsep rahmatan lil alamin (rahmat universal). Implementasi prinsip-prinsip ini dapat menjadi dasar bagi umat Islam untuk diterima dan hidup berdampingan secara harmonis dengan kelompok lain. Hal ini diharapkan dapat memberikan pemahaman yang lebih mendalam tentang nilai-nilai Islam sebagai kerangka konseptual dalam mempromosikan harmoni dalam masyarakat yang ditandai oleh keberagaman budaya dan agama.

Intersection of Art and Religion in African Cultures Onibere, Victor; Ottuh, Peter O. O.
Peradaban Journal of Religion and Society Vol. 3 No. 2 (2024)
Publisher : Pustaka Peradaban

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59001/pjrs.v3i2.148

This study investigates the complex interplay between art and religion within African cultures. By examining various art forms, including sculptures, masks, paintings, and textiles, this study explores how these artistic expressions have been used to convey religious beliefs and spiritual experiences. Through a multidisciplinary lens encompassing art history, anthropology, and religious studies, the research analyzes the symbolic language embedded in these artworks, to reveal the narratives and spiritual messages they communicate. It also explores the roles of artists, artisans, and religious practitioners as mediators between cultures who create and employ art within religious rituals.The study examines the transmission of artistic techniques and sacred knowledge across generations, revealing the artistic processes and the spiritual intentions behind religious artworks. Furthermore, it investigates how art functions as a bridge between the physical and spiritual realms, facilitating communication with deities, ancestors, and spirits. By examining the historical, social, and cultural forces that have shaped the evolution of art and religion in Africa, including the impacts of colonialism and globalization, this research explores how African artists and religious practitioners have been adapted and transformed traditional art forms while preserving their core spiritual essence. Through in-depth case studies from diverse African regions and cultural groups, this research enhances our understanding of the complex relationship between art and religion, highlighting their significance in shaping African spiritual worldviews and cultural heritage.

Islamofobia, Radikalisme dan Moderasi Beragama : Refleksi terhadap Pemahaman Keagamaan Candra, Marli
Peradaban Journal of Religion and Society Vol. 3 No. 2 (2024)
Publisher : Pustaka Peradaban

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59001/pjrs.v3i2.153

This paper aims to analyze the religious expression that gives rise to Islamophobia, radicalism and the proper ways to form a moderate society. Also, the definition of islamophobia plays a significant role in how to determine the right direction in accounting for all forms of negative consequences. In the author's reading, Islamophobia can occur in Muslim minority and majority Muslim countries. The expression that arises from Islamophobia is articulated in the form of radical actions, even though such a radical attitude has gradation in its violence. The existence of historical clashes between different worldviews, colonialism and backwardness in the economic, political and social fields and exacerbated by the ignorance of Islam itself causes radicalism to increase. So, there needs to be a design to minimize Islamophobia and radicalism with religious education based on critical thinking. It comes from learning the prerequisite sciences in studying Islam and is aimed at those who are new and passionate about studying Islam. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis ekspresi keagamaan yang memunculkan Islamofobia, radikalisme, serta cara-cara tepat membentuk masyarakat moderat. Selain itu, definisi Islamofobia memainkan peran penting dalam menentukan arah yang benar dalam memperhitungkan segala bentuk konsekuensi negatif. Dalam pandangan penulis, Islamofobia dapat terjadi di negara-negara minoritas Muslim maupun mayoritas Muslim. Ekspresi yang muncul dari Islamofobia diartikulasikan dalam bentuk tindakan radikal, meskipun sikap radikal tersebut memiliki gradasi dalam kekerasannya. Adanya benturan sejarah antara berbagai pandangan dunia, kolonialisme, dan keterbelakangan di bidang ekonomi, politik, dan sosial yang diperparah oleh ketidaktahuan tentang Islam sendiri menyebabkan radikalisme meningkat. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan sebuah rancangan untuk meminimalisir Islamofobia dan radikalisme melalui pendidikan agama berbasis berpikir kritis. Hal ini berasal dari pembelajaran ilmu-ilmu prasyarat dalam mempelajari Islam dan ditujukan kepada mereka yang baru dan bersemangat mempelajari Islam.

ISLAM DAN KOMUNISME: ANALISIS PEMIKIRAN ISLAM DAN EPISTEMOLOGI PERGERAKAN HAJI MISBACH Yusuf, Sulaiman; Arqam, Abil
Peradaban Journal of Religion and Society Vol. 3 No. 2 (2024)
Publisher : Pustaka Peradaban

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59001/pjrs.v3i2.179

Islam and Communism are often perceived as two irreconcilable ideologies. However, these two ideologies share common ground in their struggle for the rights and justice of the common people against the oppression of capitalism. Haji Misbach, an Islamic movement figure and preacher, sought to connect Islam with communism. He led a movement based on both ideologies with the aim of fighting for the rights of indigenous people that were taken away by the government and capitalists. This movement focused on opposing capitalism and colonialism, and championing the rights of the oppressed working class and common people. Haji Misbach utilized writing and the mass media to influence the working class and advocate for their rights. The teachings of Islam and communism share commonalities in opposing oppression and violence, thus Haji Misbach attempted to juxtapose Islamic teachings with communism. This movement emboldened the indigenous people to resist oppression and influenced Misbach's thinking regarding the unification of Islamic teachings with communism, which later became known as Islamic communism. Islam dan Komunisme seringkali dianggap sebagai dua ideologi yang tak dapat bersatu. Padahal dua ideologi ini memiliki kesamaan dalam memperjuangkan hak dan keadilan bagi rakyat kecil dari penindasan yang dilakukan oleh kapitalisme. Haji Misbach adalah seorang tokoh pergerakan Islam dan mubaligh yang berupaya mempertautkan Islam dengan komunisme. Ia memimpin gerakan berbasis kedua ideologi ini dengan tujuan memperjuangkan hak-hak rakyat pribumi yang dirampas oleh pemerintah dan para pemilik modal. Gerakan ini berfokus pada penentangan kapitalisme dan kolonialisme serta memperjuangkan hak-hak kaum buruh dan rakyat kecil yang tertindas. Haji Misbach menggunakan tulisan dan media massa untuk mempengaruhi kaum buruh dan memperjuangkan hak-hak mereka. Ajaran Islam dan komunisme memiliki kesamaan dalam menentang penindasan dan kekerasan, sehingga Haji Misbach mencoba menyandingkan ajaran Islam dengan komunisme. Gerakan ini memberikan keberanian bagi kaum bumiputera untuk melawan penindasan dan mempengaruhi pemikiran Misbach terkait penyatuan ajaran Islam dengan komunisme, yang kemudian dikenal dengan istilah komunisme Islam.

Religion, Cognition, and Political Behavior: An Interdisciplinary Exploration of Faith-Based Polarization Mechanisms Alim, Syahirul
Peradaban Journal of Religion and Society Vol. 3 No. 2 (2024)
Publisher : Pustaka Peradaban

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59001/pjrs.v3i2.181

Political polarization is a complex phenomenon with significant implications for democratic processes worldwide. This study investigates the cognitive mechanisms underlying political reinforcement learning and examines how environmental information influences political decision-making, resulting in diverse political behaviors and beliefs. The methodology employed encompasses descriptive analysis, systematic literature review, and content analysis. Data were sourced from various democratic countries to ensure a comprehensive and diverse perspective. Key findings indicate that both traditional and social media significantly shape political opinions, while cognitive biases and political motivations can lead to divergent interpretations of identical facts, culminating in polarized beliefs. Interventions that enhance cognitive flexibility and metacognitive insight, as well as those promoting civil discourse and reducing intergroup anxiety, were found to be effective in mitigating political polarization. This research provides valuable insights into the cognitive and social dynamics underlying political polarization and proposes strategies to reduce polarization and strengthen democratic institutions. Future research should prioritize the empirical validation of these models and the testing of interventions across diverse cultural and political contexts.

The Seven Sleepers (Ashabul Kahf ) in the Holy Bible and Qur'an : Lessons for Organic Youth Movements Mohamad Syukri Abdul Rahman; Zikrullah; Mohamad Muhajir; Muhammad Ghazali; Aditya Putra Harwanto
Peradaban Journal of Religion and Society Vol. 3 No. 2 (2024)
Publisher : Pustaka Peradaban

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59001/pjrs.v3i2.183

The role of youth as agents of social change is an integral part of the history of every civilization. One fascinating example of youth role models, often overlooked in historical records, is the story of the Seven Sleepers (Ashabul Kahfi). The tale of the Seven Sleepers and their faithful dog is enshrined in the sacred texts of the Abrahamic religions: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. This article aims to examine and analyze in depth the epic exemplarity of Ashabul Kahf as presented in the Bible, revered by Christians, and the Quran, considered an authoritative source by Muslims. This study seeks to connect the various examples of exemplary behavior with contemporary youth movements, which seem to lack a guiding framework and roadmap for their actions. The methodology used in this article is a content analysis of two authoritative sources: the Bible and the Quran. The findings of this article suggest that the epic exemplarity of Ashabul Kahf in the Bible and the Quran lies in their integrity as youth who chose to defy an oppressive regime.

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Moh. Anas Kholish

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Vila Bukit Tidar Blok E2 No 163-164 Karang Besuki Sukun, Kota Malang Postal Code 65149.

Location
Kota malang,

Jawa timur

INDONESIA

Abstract

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Home Page

OAI Link

Editorial Team

Contact

Reviewer

Google Scholar

Contact Name Moh. Anas Kholish

Contact Email pjrs@peradabanpublishing.com

Phone +6285979555105

Journal Mail Official pjrs@peradabanpublishing.com

Editorial Address Vila Bukit Tidar Blok E2 No 163-164 Karang Besuki Sukun, Kota Malang Postal Code 65149.

Location Kota malang, Jawa timur INDONESIA

Abstract

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Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Contact Name
Moh. Anas Kholish

Contact Email
pjrs@peradabanpublishing.com

Phone
+6285979555105

Journal Mail Official
pjrs@peradabanpublishing.com

Editorial Address
Vila Bukit Tidar Blok E2 No 163-164 Karang Besuki Sukun, Kota Malang Postal Code 65149.

Location
Kota malang,

Jawa timur

INDONESIA