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Jurnal Teknik Kimia dan Lingkungan

jtkl
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Published by Politeknik Negeri Malang

ISSN : 25798537 EISSN : 25799746 DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.33795/jtkl

Core Subject : Science, Engineering,

Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry Energy Engineering Materials Science & Nanotechnology

JTKL editors welcome manuscripts in the form of research articles, literature review, or case reports that have not been accepted for publication or even published in other scientific journals. Articles published in cover key areas in the development of chemical and environmental engineering sciences, such as: Energy Waste treatment Unit operation Thermodynamic Process simulation Development and application of new material Chemical engineering reaction Biochemical Biomass Corrosion technology The "JURNAL TEKNIK KIMIA DAN LINGKUNGAN" journal is a peer-reviewed Open Access scientiﬁc journal published by Politeknik Negeri Malang. This journal ﬁrst appeared in October 2017. The main purpose of the journal was to support publication of the results of scientiﬁc and research activities in the field of Chemical and Environmental Engineering. It is published twice a year in April and October.

Arjuna Subject : Teknik Kimia (semua kategori) - Kimia Proses dan Teknologi

Articles 133 Documents

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Optimasi Penambahan Gliserol sebagai Plasticizer pada Sintesis Plastik Biodegradable dari Limbah Nata de Coco dengan Metode Inversi Fasa Claudia Candra Setyaningrum; Kholisoh Hayati; Siti Fatimah
Jurnal Teknik Kimia dan Lingkungan Vol. 4 No. 2 (2020): October 2020
Publisher : Politeknik Negeri Malang

Limbah nata de coco merupakan nata yang tidak dapat dijadikan sebagai produk setelah proses sortasi sehingga menghasilkan limbah padat dan jarang dimanfaatkan. Kandungan selulosa pada limbah padat nata de coco sebesar 42,57%. Tujuan penelitian ini membuat plastik biodegradable dengan hasil limbah nata de coco dengan penambahan plasticizer. Metode yang digunakan pada pembuatan plastik biodegradable ini adalah metode inversi fasa dengan variasi berat selulosa 2%; 2,5%; dan 3% (b/v), variasi volume gliserol sebesar 2%, 3%, dan 5% (v/v), dan penambahan kitosan sebagai penguat. Karakteristik pastik biodegradable diuji menggunakan UTM (Universal Testing Machine) dan FTIR (Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy). Plastik biodegradable yang dihasilkan dari berbagai perbandingan berat selulosa dan volume gliserol memiliki karakteristik yang berbeda-beda. Plastik biodegradable dengan karakteristik optimal memiliki nilai kuat tarik optimal sebesar 4,34 MPa, nilai elongasi optimal sebesar 4,44% dan nilai ketahanan air optimal sebesar 65,20%. Pada analisis gugus fungsi menggunakan FTIR menunjukkan tidak ditemukan adanya gugus fungsi baru dalam plastik biodegradable selain gugus fungsi bahan pembentuknya. Pada uji biodegradabilitas, diperoleh nilai biodegradabilitas sebesar 80% – 100% setelah ditimbun di dalam tanah selama 14 hari. Nata de coco waste is nata that cannot be used as a product after the sorting process so that it produces solid waste and is rarely utilized. The cellulose content in nata de coco solid waste is 42.57%, the purpose of this study is to make biodegradable plastic with the results of nata de coco waste by adding plasticizers. The method used in the manufacture of biodegradable plastics is the phase inversion method with cellulose weight variation; 2%; 2.5%; and 3% (w / v), variations in the volume of glycerol by 2%, 3%, and 5% (v/v), and the addition of chitosan as an amplifier. The biodegradable plastic characteristics were tested using UTM (Universal Testing Machine) and FTIR (Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy). Biodegradable plastics that are produced from various weight cellulose and glycerol volume ratios have different characteristics. Biodegradable plastic with optimal characteristics has an optimal tensile strength value of 4.34 MPa, optimal elongation value of 4.44% and an optimal water resistance value of 65.20%. In the analysis of functional groups (FTIR) no new functional groups were found in biodegradable plastics in addition to the functional groups forming materials. In the biodegradability test, a biodegradability value of 80% - 100% is obtained after being buried in the ground for 14 days.

Capturing CO2 from Biogas by MEA (Monoethanolamine) using Packed Bed Scrubber Iqbal Nur Daiyan; Leila Kalsum; Yohandri Bow
Jurnal Teknik Kimia dan Lingkungan Vol. 4 No. 2 (2020): October 2020
Publisher : Politeknik Negeri Malang

Biogas adalah salah satu sumber energi terbarukan yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai pengganti energi fosil. Biogas sebagian besar mengandung metan (CH4) dan karbon dioksida (CO2). Kandungan CO2 pada biogas mengurangi efisiensi pada proses pembakaran dan dapat menyebabkan korosi pada komponen-komponen logam yang kontak langsung dengan biogas. Pemurnian biogas dengan absorpsi merupakan suatu cara untuk menurunkan kadar CO2 yang terkandung, dan meningkatkan kandungan CH4 pada biogas sehingga biogas yang dihasilkan dapat digunakan sebagai bahan bakar. Penelitian ini ditujukkan untuk mempelajari pengaruh konsentrasi monoethanolamine (MEA) dan laju alir absorben terhadap penurunan kadar CO2 yang terkandung dalam biogas. Proses absorpsi CO2 dilakukan pada scrubber tipe spray tower, scrubber yang digunakan pada penelitian ini berbahan akrilik dengan diameter 64 mm, panjang scrubber 750 mm, tinggi packing pada scrubber 500 mm dan dengan kapasitas 1.5 m3. Laju alir biogas yang digunakan 26 L/menit dengan variasi laju alir larutan MEA sebesar 0,5, 1 dan 1,5 L/menit dan variasi konsentrasi larutan MEA sebesar 1, 3, 5, dan 7M. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pada laju alir larutan MEA 1,5 L/menit dengan konsentrasi larutan MEA 7M dapat menurunkan CO2 dari 8,53% menjadi 0,10%, dan dapat meningkatkan kandungan metana (CH4) dari 69,24% menjadi 81,20%. Biogas is a renewable energy source that can be used as a substitute for fossil energy. Biogas mostly contains methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2). The content CO2 in biogas reduces the efficiency of the combustion process and cause corrosion in metal components when direct contact with biogas. Biogas purification using absorption method can reduce levels of CO2 contained and increase levels of CH4 then the biogas produced can be used as fuel. This research study the effect of monoethanolamine (MEA) concentration and absorbent flow rate on the reduction of CO2 contained in biogas. CO2 absorption process is carried out by a spray tower type scrubber. It consisted of an acrylic absorption column (64 mm in diameter, 750 mm in height, 500 mm in packing height and 1.5 m3 in capacity). Biogas flow rate used is 26 L/min with variation of the flow rate of MEA 0.5, 1, and 1,5 L/min and concentration of MEA solution 1, 3, 5, and 7M. The results showed that the flow rate of MEA 1.5 L/min with a concentration of 7M MEA solution can reduce CO2 from 8.53% to 0.10% and can increase the methane (CH4) load from 69.24% to 81.20%.

The Effectiveness of Activated Charcoal from Coconut Shell as The Adsorbent of Water Purification in The Laboratory Process of Chemical Engineering Universitas Ahmad Dahlan Yogyakarta Siti Jamilatun; Ilham Mufandi
Jurnal Teknik Kimia dan Lingkungan Vol. 4 No. 2 (2020): October 2020
Publisher : Politeknik Negeri Malang

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji efektivitas arang aktif dari tempurung kelapa untuk pemurnian air di Laboratorium Proses Teknik Kimia, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Yogyakarta. Penelitian terdiri dari tiga tahapan: Tahapan pertama, menganalisis kandungan air Laboratorium Teknik Kimia UAD, Tahapan kedua, pengujian efektivitas arang aktif untuk penjernihan air dengan dua (2) cara: (1) filter kolom arang aktif dan (2) pencampuran arang aktif dan air sampel, kemudian dilakukan pengadukan. Tahapan ketiga, menganalisa hasil pemurnian air seperti analisis pH, kadar logam, kesadahan (hardness), kadar sulfat (SO4), kadar fluoride, dan mineral. Parameter pemurnian air merujuk pada Clean Water Quality Standards Kementrian Kesehatan. Hasil penelitian yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa pemurnian air menggunakan metode kolom filter dapat mengurangi kesadahan kalsium karbonat (CaCO3) hingga 15,33%, kadar asam sulfat (SO4) hingga 98,21%, kadar Flourida (F) hingga 93,35% pada ketebalan kolom arang aktif 15 cm. Sedangkan pemurnian air dengan pencampuran arang aktif dan pengadukan selama 30 menit dengan kecepatan 1000 rpm dapat mengurangi tingkat kekesadahan CaCO3 hingga 26,81%, kadar asam sulfat (SO4) hingga 98,23%, dan fluorida (F) hingga 93,35%. Pemurnian air melalui pencampuran arang aktif dan air dengan pengadukan lebih baik daripada penggunaan kolom arang aktif, karena klorida, bahan organik, nitrit, nitrat, Fe, Mn, CN- tidak ditemukan dalam air setelah pemurnian. This study aims to examine the effectiveness of activated charcoal from coconut shells for water purification at the Chemical Engineering Process Laboratory, Ahmad Dahlan University, Yogyakarta. The first stage, analyzing the water content of the UAD Chemical Engineering Laboratory, Second, testing the effectiveness of activated charcoal for water purification in two (2) ways: (1) activated charcoal column filter and (2 ) mixing the activated charcoal and water samples, then stirring. The third, analyzing the results of water purification such as analysis of pH, metal content, hardness (hardness), sulfate levels (SO4), fluoride levels, and minerals. Water purification parameters refer to the Ministry of Health's Clean Water Quality Standards. The results optimum obtained using the column filter in thickness activated charcoal column 15 cm could reduce hardness (CaCO3) by 15.33%, sulfuric acid (SO4) levels up to 98.21%, Fluoride (F) levels up to 93.35%. While by mixing activated charcoal (15 gram) and water (500 ml) with stirring for 30 minutes at a speed of 1000 rpm could reduce hardness levels by 26.81%, sulfuric acid (SO4) levels up to 98.23%, and fluoride (F) up to 93.35%. Purification of water through the mixing of activated charcoal and water with stirring is better than using an activated charcoal column because it is better than the chloride, organic matter, nitrite, nitrate, Fe, Mn, CN- are not found in the water after purification.

Efektivitas Zeolit Alam Ende-NTT sebagai Adsorben dalam Pemurnian Bioetanol Berbahan Baku Moke: Minuman Tradisional Flores Yulius Dala Ngapa; Jumilah Gago
Jurnal Teknik Kimia dan Lingkungan Vol. 4 No. 2 (2020): October 2020
Publisher : Politeknik Negeri Malang

Ketergantungan akan pemakaian bahan bakar fosil yang terus meningkat telah mengubah pola pikir manusia untuk mengembangkan penelitian terkait energi alternatif terbarukan. Bioetanol yang berasal dari hasil fermentasi nira tanaman aren (Arenga pinnata MERR), dan dikenal sebagai minuman tradisional Moke di Flores dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan bakar alternatif jika memiliki kemurnian di atas 99,5%. Proses adsorpsi merupakan salah satu metode yang dilakukan untuk menghasilkan bioetanol dengan kadar di atas titik azeotrop. Adsorben yang efektif digunakan sebagai molecular sieve adalah zeolit alam yang berasal dari kabupaten Ende – NTT. Peningkatan efisiensi penyerapan zeolit alam dalam pemurnian bioetanol berbahan baku Moke sudah dilakukan melalui proses aktivasi kimia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kadar dan kualitas bioetanol setelah pemurnian menggunakan adsorben zeolit alam Ende – NTT yang telah diaktivasi NaOH pada berbagai konsentrasi. Kadar bioetanol yang terdapat pada Moke sebelum dan sesudah proses adsorpsi ditentukan dengan instrumen gas kromatografi, karakterisasi zeolit alam menggunakan X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) dan Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Zeolit alam Ende dapat digunakan sebagai adsorben dalam meningkatkan kadar bioetanol berbahan baku Moke. The reliance on increasing use of fossil fuels has changed the human mindset to develop research related to renewable alternative energy. Bioethanol derived from fermented palm sugar sap (Arenga pinnata MERR), and known as Moke, traditional drink in Flores can be used as an alternative fuel if it has a purity above 99.5%. The adsorption process is one method used to produce bioethanol with a level above the azeotrope point. The effective adsorbent used as molecular sieve is natural zeolite originating from Ende - NTT. Increased efficiency of absorption of natural zeolite in bioethanol purification made from Moke has been done through a chemical activation process. This study aims to determine the level and quality of bioethanol after purification using Ende-NTT natural zeolite adsorbent which has been activated by NaOH at various concentrations. Bioethanol levels found in the Moke before and after the adsorption process were determined by gas chromatography instruments, natural zeolite characterization using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Ende natural zeolite can be used as an adsorbent to increase the level of bioethanol made from Moke.

Pengaruh Waktu Terhadap Temperatur Aktivasi dari Kulit Pisang (Musa paradisiaca L.) dalam Pembuatan Katalis Yuni Kurniati; Eka Lutfi Septiani; Okky Putri Prastuti; Victor Purnomo; Sri Sugmah Nur Dewi; Imam Mahmuddin
Jurnal Teknik Kimia dan Lingkungan Vol. 4 No. 1 (2020): April 2020
Publisher : Politeknik Negeri Malang

Banana peels include agricultural waste that contains lignocellulosic components (holocellulose and lignin) and carbohydrate content which is quite high. Banana peel is quite potential to be used as a substrate in producing catalysts. Acid catalyst is one type of catalyst that plays an important role in chemical processes. Chemical activation is the process of breaking the carbon chains of organic compounds by using chemicals. In this way, the activation process is carried out using chemicals (activators) as activating agents. This study aims to study the effect of activation temperature temrhadao from the optimum mass ratio of carbon-KOH in the synthesis process of banana skin charcoal based catalysts so as to produce a catalyst with the most optimal characteristics, and calcination temperature as a physical chemical process in the synthesis of banana skin charcoal based catalysts. The method of making the catalyst is done by calcination to decompose the carbon source into carbon so that the composite is formed according to the temperature that has been varied. After forming carbon-KOH composite, then sulfonation is carried out using concentrated sulfuric acid according to the specified temperature. Activation with KOH at activation temperatures of 300°C, 350°C and 400°C. In this research, the activation process can run optimally at temperatures of 300 °C, 350 °C, and 400 °C which are characterized by the presence of white smoke that has not come out anymore because carbon has reacted with KOH.

Pemodelan Kesetimbangan Massa pada Keadaan Tunak (Steady) sebagai Penentuan Konsentrasi Optimum Tawas (Alumunium Sulfate) pada Proses Penurunan Kadar Fe pada Sumber Air Tercemar Alfiana Adhitasari; Eko Andrijanto
Jurnal Teknik Kimia dan Lingkungan Vol. 4 No. 2 (2020): October 2020
Publisher : Politeknik Negeri Malang

Air tanah merupakan andalan sumber mata air bagi masyarakat pada umumnya, beberapa sumber air tanah sering dijumpai air yang masih terkandung Fe, hal tersebut berdampak buruk bagi kesehatan oleh karena itu perlu dilakukan penuruan kadar Fe pada air sebelum digunakan. Beberapa metode yang umum dilakukan untuk menghilangkan kandungan Fe pada air adalah dengan cara koagulasi oleh tawas. Penelitian ini akan memodelkan sebuah persamaan matematika yang dapat mengkuantifikasi penurunan kadar Fe pada setiap fungsi kosentrasi tawas yang ditambahkan. Model matematika pada penelitian menggunakan penurunan rumus dari kesetimbangan masa. Dari hasil perbandingan data percobaan dengan data perhitungan didapat konstanta penurunan Fe (kF) pada fungsi konsentrasi tawas sebesar 1.8/mg tawas dan nilai konstanta R2 sebesar 0.935, dari data tersebut maka model matematika yang dibuat dapat mewakili fenomena proses penurunan Fe di lapangan. In general groundwater is relied as source water but somtimes we found precense of Fe in some of groundwater products that could harm our health due to its toxicity, therefore it is necessary to reduce Fe content as pretreatment process. Some common methods to reduce Fe content in water are coagulation by alum. This study will build a mathematical equation to quantify the reduction of Fe content in function of alum concentration. In this study the equations were derive from mass balance equation. By comparing the experimental data with calculated data, we obtained kF (The constant of consuming Fe) = 1.8 / mg alum and for R2 constant we obtained 0.935, from these result we conclude our derived equation can represent the phenomenon of alum-Fe reduction phenomena in the field.

Aplikasi Chitosan Modified Carboxymethyl sebagai Coating Agent dalam Perbaikan Mutu Kertas Hadiantoro, Sigit; Udjiana, S. Sigit; Azkiya, Noor Isnaini
Jurnal Teknik Kimia dan Lingkungan Vol. 4 No. 1 (2020): April 2020
Publisher : Politeknik Negeri Malang

This study aimed to determine the effect of coating paper with Modified Carboxymethyl Chitosan (Cs-Mcm) to improve the quality of the paper, including paper grammage, tensile strength of paper, torn paper and a strong degree of fineness of the paper. The study was conducted by superimposing the Cs-Mcm as a coating agent on a paper-based pulp rice straw pulp waste paper and pulp mixture (rice straw and waste paper) with various concentration of acetic acid solvent 2%, 3%, 5% and 7%. The analysis showed the concentration of acetic acid solvent effect on the quality of recycled paper. Coating with Cs-Mcm in this study can improve the quality of recycled paper.

Karakteristik Hydrocyclone untuk Pemisahan Minyak dan Air Dian Ratna Suminar; Nurcahyo Nurcahyo
Jurnal Teknik Kimia dan Lingkungan Vol. 4 No. 2 (2020): October 2020
Publisher : Politeknik Negeri Malang

Eksplorasi minyak bumi dari sumur-sumur yang sudah tua menghasilkan minyak dengan kandungan air tinggi. Hydrocyclone suatu alat yang berfungsi untuk pemisahan cair-cair berdasarkan perbedaan berat jenis setiap komponen. Pemisahan ini terjadi dikarenanakan adanya gaya sentrifugal dan gaya gravitasi yang dihasilkan dari bentuk hydrocyclone yang seperti kerucut. Perancangan dan pembuatan hydrocyclone menghasilkan alat dengan spesifikasi sebagai berikut : diameter pipa masukan : 25,4 mm, diameter cylindrical section : 120 mm, tinggi cylindrical section : 120 mm, tinggi cone section : 600 mm, diameter pipa overflow : 25,4 mm, diameter pipa underflow : 25,4 mm. Laju alir optimum untuk pemisahan air-minyak tanah pada hydrocyclone adalah 91,8 liter/menit dengan kadar minyak tanah di overflow sebesar 11,4% dan kadar minyak tanah di underflow sebesar 3%. Petroleum exploration from old wells produces oil with a very high water content. Hydrocyclone is a device that functions for liquid-liquid separation based on differences in specific gravity of each component. This separation occurs due to the presence of centrifugal forces and gravitational forces resulting from cone-like forms of hydrocyclone. The design and manufacture of hydrocyclone produces tools with the following specifications: input pipe diameter: 25.4 mm, cylindrical section diameter: 120 mm, high cylindrical section: 120 mm, cone section height: 600 mm, overflow pipe diameter: 25.4 mm, underflow pipe diameter: 25.4 mm. The optimum flow rate for the separation of water-kerosene on hydrocyclone is 91.8 liters / minute with the level of kerosene in overflow of 11.4% and the level of kerosene in underflow of 3%.

Biogas Production from Corn Stover by Solid-State Anaerobic Co-digestion of Food Waste Lukhi Mulia Shitophyta; Gita Indah Budiarti; Yusuf Eko Nugroho; Dika Fajariyanto
Jurnal Teknik Kimia dan Lingkungan Vol. 4 No. 1 (2020): April 2020
Publisher : Politeknik Negeri Malang

Biogas has become an alternative fuel to reduce the lack of fossil fuel. Biogas can be produced from organic wastes such as corn stover. Corn stover is a typical lignocellulosic biomass and contains a total solid (TS) content higher of 15%. Biogas production was conducted by solid-state anaerobic digestion with addition co-digestion of food waste. Co-digestion is useful to help the digestion of corn stover. The purposes of this study were to investigate the effect of the percentage of food waste, volatile solid (VS) reduction, and kinetic model on biogas production from corn stover. Results showed that food waste had a significant effect on biogas yield (p < 0.05). The highest biogas yield of 584.49 mL g-1 VS-1 and the highest VS reduction of 40% was obtained at food waste of 20%. The kinetic model of biogas production from corn stover and food waste followed the first-order kinetic model.

Effect of Microwave Pretreatment on Production of Reducing Sugar from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches Budi Mandra Harahap; Robby Sudarman; Fildzah Sajidah; Diana Murti Indra Wahyuni; Dea Tesalonika Sitorus
Jurnal Teknik Kimia dan Lingkungan Vol. 4 No. 2 (2020): October 2020
Publisher : Politeknik Negeri Malang

ABSTRAK Perlakuan pendahulan biomassa merupakan tahapan terpenting dalam memproduksi produk-produk berbasis bio (bio-based products) secara biologis. Pada penelitian ini, energi gelombang mikro (microwave) digunakan selama perlakuan pendahuluan untuk meningkatkan kinerja proses sakarifikasi tandan kosong kelapa sawit (TKKS) menjadi gula-gula pereduksi. Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi perlakuan pendahuluan seperti daya (180-360 watt), waktu iradiasi (5-30 menit), dan solid loading (2,5%-7,5%) dievaluasi. Kinerja hidrolisis TKKS yang telah diberi perlakuan pendahuluan selanjutnya dianalisis dengan Cellic CTec2. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa cairan residu yang diperoleh setelah perlakuan pendahuluan menghasilkan gula pereduksi dalam jumlah yang rendah, yaitu antara 1,39 dan 3,92 mg/g-TKKS. Akan tetapi, setelah padatan residu dihidrolisis secara enzimatis, rendemen gula pereduksi meningkat secara signifikan. Menariknya, hanya pada level daya terendah (180 watt), gula pereduksi meningkat seiring dengan perpanjangan waktu iradiasi untuk semua solid loading. Sebaliknya, pada 360 watt, semakin lama waktu iradiasi diterapkan, semakin rendah gula pereduksi yang diperoleh untuk semua solid loading. Gula pereduksi tertinggi dihasilkan hingga 151 mg/g-TKKS, yaitu menggunakan 5% padatan pada 180 watt selama 25 menit. Berdasarkan hasil-hasil ini, perlakuan pendahuluan menggunakan gelombang mikro yang diikuti dengan hidrolisis enzimatis merupakan salah satu metode yang potensial untuk memproduksi gula dari TKKS. Pretreatment of biomass is the most crucial step in the biological production of bio-based products. In this study, microwave energy was used during the pretreatment process to enhance the saccharification performance of oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) into reducing sugar. The influential factors of pretreatment such as power level (180-360 watt), irradiation time (5-30 min), and solid loading (2.5%-7.5%) were evaluated. The performance of pretreated OPEFB hydrolysis was subsequently assessed by Cellic CTec2. The result showed that spent liquor produced after pretreatment only released a low amount of reducing sugar in the range between 1.39 and 3.92 mg/g-OPEFB. After residual solid was enzymatically hydrolyzed, a significant increase in the reducing sugar yield occurred. Interestingly, only at the lowest power level (180 watts), the reducing sugar rose along with the extension of irradiation time for all solid loadings. On the contrary, the longer irradiation time was applied, the lower reducing sugar was acquired at 360 watts for all solid loadings. The highest reducing sugar was produced up to 151 mg/g-OPEFB using 5% solid at 180 watts for 25 min. This indicated that microwave pretreatment followed by enzymatic hydrolysis was one of the potential methods to recover sugars in OPEFB.

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Editorial Address Jl. Soekarno Hatta No. 9, Malang, Indonesia

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Agung Ari Wibowo

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agung.ari@polinema.ac.id

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+62341404424

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jtkl@polinema.ac.id

Editorial Address
Jl. Soekarno Hatta No. 9, Malang, Indonesia

Location
Kota malang,

Jawa timur

INDONESIA