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All Journal Jurnal Rekayasa Proses Reaktor Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan CHEMICA Jurnal Teknik Kimia Eksergi: Chemical Engineering Journal Elkawnie Indonesian Journal of Science and Technology Agroindustrial Technology Journal Journal of Applied Food Technology MATRIK : Jurnal Manajemen, Teknik Informatika, dan Rekayasa Komputer Jurnal Teknik Kimia Buletin Ilmiah Sarjana Teknik Elektro ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering Jurnal Hasi Penelitian Dan Pengkajian Ilmiah Eksakta - JPPIE Jurnal Teknik Kimia dan Lingkungan al Kimiya : Jurnal Ilmu Kimia dan Terapan Emitor: Jurnal Teknik Elektro Jurnal Rekayasa Proses
Ilham Mufandi
Department Of Agro-industrial Technology, Faculty Of Science And Technology, Universitas Darussalam Gontor, Ponorogo, Indonesia
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Biochar from Slow Catalytic Pyrolysis of Spirulina platensis Residue: Effects of Temperature and Silica-Alumina Catalyst on Yield and Characteristics Siti Jamilatun; Ilham Mufandi; Arief Budiman; Suhendra Suhendra
Jurnal Rekayasa Proses Vol 14, No 2 (2020)
Publisher : Departemen Teknik Kimia Fakultas Teknik Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/jrekpros.56221

Abstract

The use of biochar varies on its ability as an adsorbent which adsorbs liquid or gas molecules. Biochar from Spirulina platensis residue (SPR) as an energy source, as its richness in nutrients, can be used as fertilizer and maintain water resources in plantations. Biochar can be used as an intermediary for the synthesis of nanotubes, activated carbon, carbon black, and carbon fiber. One of the essential things to be considered in the application of activated carbon from SPR is char’s characteristics. This study aimed to obtain data on the biochar and components from the pyrolysis of Spirulina platensis residue. The study was conducted in a fixed-bed reactor with electric heaters with a variety of temperatures (300-700 ⁰C) and the amount of silica-alumina catalyst (0-20%). The biochar weight was obtained by weighing the char formed at the end of the pyrolysis. The char characteristics were obtained by the surface area, total pore volume, and pore size analysis. Based on the study results, the relationship between temperature and the amount of catalyst on the characteristics of biochar was studied. The higher the pyrolysis temperature, the less biochar. Also, the use of catalysts can reduce the amount of biochar. The higher the temperature, the higher the surface area and the total pore volume while the pore radius was reduced. The optimum condition for maximum biochar yield in non-catalytic pyrolysis at a temperature of 300 ⁰C was 49.86 wt.%. The surface area, the total pore volume, and the pore radius at 700 ⁰C catalytic pyrolysis with 5% silica-alumina was obtained as 36.91 m2/g, 0.052 cm3/g, and 2.68 nm, respectively.Keywords: biochar; pore radius; silica-alumina; surface area; total pore volumeA B S T R A KPenggunaan biochar bervariasi pada kemampuannya sebagai adsorben dalam menjerap molekul cairan atau gas. Biochar dari residu Spirulina platensis merupakan sumber energi, karena kaya akan unsur hara, dapat digunakan sebagai pupuk dan pemeliharaan sumber daya air di perkebunan. Biochar dapat juga digunakan sebagai perantara untuk sintesis nanotube, karbon aktif, carbon black, dan serat karbon. Salah satu hal penting yang harus diperhatikan dalam aplikasi karbon aktif dari SPR adalah karakteristik arang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan data biochar dan komponen dari pirolisis residu Spirulina platensis. Penelitian dilakukan di reaktor fixed-bed dengan pemanas listrik dengan variasi suhu (300-700 ⁰C) dan jumlah katalis silika-alumina (0-20%). Berat biochar diperoleh dengan cara menimbang arang yang terbentuk pada akhir pirolisis. Sedangkan karakteristik arang diperoleh dari analisis luas permukaan, volume pori total, dan ukuran pori. Berdasarkan hasil studi hubungan antara suhu dan jumlah katalis terhadap karakteristik biochar yang telah diteliti, semakin tinggi suhu pirolisis maka biochar semakin sedikit. Selain itu, penggunaan katalis dapat mengurangi jumlah biochar. Sebaliknya, semakin tinggi suhu semakin besar luas permukaan, dan volume pori total serta radius pori-pori semakin berkurang. Kondisi optimum untuk biochar maksimum pada pirolisis non katalitik pada suhu  300 ⁰C adalah 49,86 wt.%. Luas permukaan, total volume pori, dan radius pori pada suhu 700 ⁰C untuk pirolisis katalitik silika-alumina 5% diperoleh masing-masing sebesar 36,91 m2/g, 0,052 cm3/g, dan 2,68 nm.Kata kunci: biochar; luas permukaan; radius pori; silika-alumina; total volume pori  
The Characterization of Synthetic Zeolite for Hydrocracking of Waste Cooking Oil into Fuel Siti Salamah; Agus Aktawan; Ilham Mufandi
Reaktor Volume 20 No.2 June 2020
Publisher : Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (412.304 KB) | DOI: 10.14710/reaktor.20.2.89-95

Abstract

Zeolite A was used as hydrocracking catalyst to convert cooking oil into potential renewable fuels. The experiment was performed by characterize the diffraction, and pore properties the synthetic zeolite and it was confirmed the synthetic zeolite was zeolite A. The hydrocracking process of waste cooking oil was carried out in semi-fixed batch reactor system at 450° C for 2 hours, under the hydrogen flow of 20 ml/minute. The diffractogram and Si/Al ratio, 1.6, were matched to zeolite A properties, with the surface area, pore diameter, and pore volume were, 1.163 m2/g, 3.93 nm, and 0.001 cc/g, respectively. Liquid product from hydrocracking process of cooking oil consisted of 28.99% alkane and alkene 26.59% that are potential as renewable fuels.Keywords: waste cooking oil; zeolite A; hydrocracking
Pengolahan Slurry Sampah melalui Microbial Fuel Cells di Pasar Giwangan Yogyakarta Ilham Mufandi; Isti Nur Azizah; Arpan Efendi; Zahrul Mufrodi
CHEMICA: Jurnal Teknik Kimia Vol 5, No 1 (2018): Juni 2018
Publisher : Universitas Ahmad Dahlan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (343.354 KB) | DOI: 10.26555/chemica.v5i1.11868

Abstract

The vegetable waste is one of the biomass types that it can produce electrical energy.  This article focused on electrical production of vegetable waste using microbial fuel cells (MFCS) MFCs is the primary type of the bioelectrochemical system (BECs) that to replaces the biomass to electrical energy spontaneously by activity metabolism of the microorganism. The objectives of this work were to investigate the process of electrical production from Chinese cabbage and the combination of the materials to produce the electrical energy. The experiment was carried out in a laboratory-sall such as mini reactor MFCs, Chinese cabbage as the material of vegetable waste and EM4 as the fermentation. Sample combination was consist of two parts that the first part was used 1 kg Chinese cabbage, 2 liter water and 20 ml EM4. The second part was used 2 kg Chinese cabbage, 1 liter water and 20 ml EM4. The result showed that the electrical voltage in part 1 at 0.362 V and pH at 6 was lower than the electrical voltage in part 2 at 0.724 V and pH at 7. Declining electric energy is influenced by pH as microorganisms living place and the formation process of attached media at the electrode.
Activation of Coconut Shell Charcoal and Application for Bleaching Used Cooking Oil Siti Jamilatun; Martomo Setyawan; Lutfiatul Janah; Rifka Alfiyani; Ilham Mufandi
CHEMICA: Jurnal Teknik Kimia Vol 8, No 1 (2021): June 2021
Publisher : Universitas Ahmad Dahlan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26555/chemica.v8i1.20085

Abstract

This study aimed to determine coconut shell-activated charcoal's ability in the bleaching process of used cooking oil. Activation of coconut shell charcoal was carried out using 5N H2SO4 solution. Activated charcoal is made through a pyrolysis process at a temperature of 350 ⁰C for 1 hour. The experiment was carried out in four stages: activation of activated charcoal, testing the characteristics of activated charcoal, bleaching used cooking oil, and testing the characteristics of used cooking oil. The characteristic test of activated charcoal is moisture content, ash content, and iodine absorption rate. Meanwhile, used cooking oil characteristics were carried out in water content, specific gravity, and color test. The results showed that the ash content of activated charcoal was 2.4-2.8 %, the water content of activated charcoal was 0.5-1%, the iodine absorption content was relatively high, namely 371,896-548,745 mg/g. The water content of used cooking oil was 0.493-0.503 %, the specific gravity of used cooking oil was between 0.888-0.892 %, and the absorbance was between 0.001-0.006. The results of this study were standardized using the Indonesian National Standard Method (SNI). The results show that 40 mesh of activated charcoal is better than 20 mesh.
Produksi Bio-Oil dari Rumput Gajah dengan Fast Pyrolysis menggunakan Circulating Fluidized Bed Reactor (CFBr) dengan Kapasitas 45 Kg/H Ilham Mufandi; W. Treedet; P. Singbua; R. Suntivarakorn
CHEMICA: Jurnal Teknik Kimia Vol 5, No 2 (2018): Desember 2018
Publisher : Universitas Ahmad Dahlan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (194.941 KB) | DOI: 10.26555/chemica.v5i2.12484

Abstract

The objective of this work was to produce the renewable liquid fuel (Bio-oil) form Napier grass by fast pyrolysis in a circulating fluidized bed reactor. The experiment was conducted to improve the bio-oil production (pyrolysis oil) using the condenser. Circulating fluidized bed reactor had a height of 4.5 m, sand as bed material with a diameter 249 nm and Napier grass as the raw material for bio-oil production. The parameter in this work compared with previous research. The experiment was carried out at different temperature ranging from ,  dan ; feed rate biomass at 45 kg/h and a superficial velocity 7 m/s. The experimental result shown that the maximum yield was 39.60 % at pyrolysis temperature of 480  as the best temperature. While the bio-char production and Non condensable gas (NCG) was at 10.67% and 49.73%. Respectively, these results indicated that the condenser can be improve the bio-oil production yield in the system. Furthermore, the condenser process has been shown to have a direct effect on the bio-oil yield.
The Effect of Single and Double Activation with Potassium Hydroxide 2N on Charcoal from Fir Wood (Casuarina Junghuhniana) Pyrolysis Siti Jamilatun; Eva Nurdiana Putri; Zulia Arifah; Ilham Mufandi
CHEMICA: Jurnal Teknik Kimia Vol 7, No 1 (2020): Juni 2020
Publisher : Universitas Ahmad Dahlan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26555/chemica.v7i1.15651

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to know the influence of the single and double activation by using calcium hydroxide (KOH) with a concentration of 2N. The activation of KOH 2N applied in the activated carbon from pine wood. The activated carbon made through the pyrolysis process with a temperature variation of 500-600 ℃ for about 180 minutes. The experiment performed in two ways: (i) single activation of KOH 2N and (ii) double activation of KOH 2N.  The effects of ash content and Iod absorption content in activated carbon were studied. The results showed that the ash content about 8-30% and Iod absorption content about 317.25-507.60 mg Iod/gram carbon. The results of this study standardized by using the Indonesia National Standards (SNI) method. The result also indicated that the single activation was better than double activation of KOH.
Potensi Produk Cair (Oil Phase dan Water Phase) Pirolisis Mikroalga Sebagai Pengawet Makanan Siti Jamilatun; Martomo Setyawan; Ilham Mufandi; Arief Budiman
CHEMICA: Jurnal Teknik Kimia Vol 6, No 2 (2019): Desember 2019
Publisher : Universitas Ahmad Dahlan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26555/chemica.v6i2.14813

Abstract

Microalgae is one of the oldest living organisms namely Thallophyta (plant lacking roots, stems, and leaves) that have chlorophyll as a pigment to mainly photosynthesis process. Microalgae as the water plant had some characteristics such as high carbohydrate, protein, and lipid content in which can be produced energy (liquid, solid, and gas) by using the pyrolysis process. The raw material in this experiment was used Spirulina platensis as the type of microalgae. The residue of Spirulina platensis was content acid, phenol, dan carbonyl in which this product liquid is potential as a food preservative. The experiment was performed by using the pyrolysis process which is equipped with a cooler (condenser) to condense the combustion vapor. Thermal decomposition was conducted in the pyrolysis reactor with a temperature of 300 ℃, 400 ℃, 500 ℃, and 600 ℃ under atmospheric condition. The result indicated that the pyrolysis proses had oil phase as the top result and water phase as the bottom result. The result from GC/MS analysis reported that the pyrolysis process on temperature of 300 ℃ can produce the oil phase with the phenol content of 6.7 wt.%, acid of 33.03 wt.%, carbonyl of 4.95 wt.%, and Poly Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) of 6.23 wt.%, respectively. Otherwise, the pyrolysis process can produce the water phase (liquid smoke) on temperature 400 °C, 500 °C, dan 600 °C with the phenol content of 0.22 wt.%, acid content of 0.69-9.12 wt.%, carbonyl content of 10.46-13.02 wt.% and PAH of 26.93-45.18 wt.%. The superiority of preservatives from residual Spirulina platensis has a high nitrogenate content from protein decomposition (10.13-31.22 wt.%). High protein content in food preservatives can be used as an additive compound to increase protein intake.
Effect of Temperature on Yield Product and Characteristics of Bio-oil From Pyrolysis of Spirulina platensis Residue Siti Jamilatun; Yeni Elisthatiana; Siti Nurhalizatul Aini; Ilham Mufandi; Arief Budiman
Elkawnie: Journal of Islamic Science and Technology Vol 6, No 1 (2020)
Publisher : Universitas Islam Negeri Ar-Raniry Banda Aceh

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22373/ekw.v6i1.6323

Abstract

Abstract : Dependence on the use of fossil fuels in Indonesia is still quite high, especially crude oil; if no new energy reserves found, it will disrupt long-term energy availability. Biofuel is a renewable energy source derived from biomass, such as the type of microalgae spirulina platensis (SP). Solid residues from SP extraction still contained high levels of protein and carbohydrates. This solid residue can be processed by pyrolysis to produce bio-oil, water phase, charcoal, and gas. Bio-oil and gas products can use as fuel, charcoal can use for pharmaceutical needs, and the water phase as a chemical can use in food and health. The pyrolysis process carried out in a fixed-bed reactor with temperature ranging from 300-600°C. Heating was carried out by electricity through a nickel wire wrapped outside the reactor. Pyrolysis product in the form of gas condensed in the condenser, the condensate formed measured by weight. Char weight measured after the pyrolysis process completed. At the same time, non-condensable gas calculated by gravity from the initial weight difference of SPR minus liquid weight (bio-oil and water phase) and char. SPR samples were analyzed proximate and ultimate, while bio-oil products examined by the GC-MS method. The experimental results showed that the optimum pyrolysis temperature at 500ºC produced by 18.45% of bio-oil, 20% of the water phase, 32.02 of charcoal, and 29.54% of gas by weight. GC-MS results from bio-oil consisted of ketones, aliphatics, nitrogen, alcohol, acids, while PAHs, phenols, and aromatics not found.Abstrak : Ketergantungan penggunaan bahan bakar fosil di Indonesia masih cukup tinggi terutama minyak mentah, jika tidak ditemukan cadangan energi baru maka akan mengganggu ketersediaan energi jangka panjang. Biofuel adalah salah satu sumber energi terbarukan yang berasal dari biomassa seperti jenis mikroalga spirulina platensis (SP). Residu padat dari ekstraksi SP masih mengandung protein dan karbohidrat yang cukup tinggi. Residu padat ini dapat diproses dengan pirolisis untuk menghasilkan bio-minyak, fase air, arang, dan gas. Produk bio-minyak dan gas dapat digunakan untuk bahan bakar, arang dapat digunakan untuk kebutuhan farmasi, dan fase air sebagai bahan kimia dapat digunakan di bidang makanan dan kesehatan. Proses pirolisis dilakukan dalam reaktor fixed-bed dengan suhu 300-600°C. Pemanasan dilakukan dengan listrik melalui kawat nikel yang dibungkus di luar reaktor. Produk pirolisis berupa gas dikondensasi dalam kondensor, kondensat yang terbentuk diukur beratnya. Berat char diukur setelah proses pirolisis selesai, sementara gas yang tidak dapat dikondensasi dihitung beratnya dari perbedaan bobot awal SPR dikurangi bobot cair (bio-oil dan fase air) dan char. Sampel SPR dianalisis proksimat dan ultimat, sedangkan produk bio-minyak dianalisis dengan metode GC-MS. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa suhu optimum pirolisis adalah 500ºC yang menghasilkan bio-oil, water phase, arang, dan gas berturut-turut adalah 18,45; 20;  32,02 dan 29,54 % berat. Hasil GC-MS dari bio-oil terdiri dari keton, alifatik, nitrogen, alkohol dan asam, sedangkan PAH, fenol dan tidak ditemukan.
The Effects of Particle Mesh and Temperature on Pyrolysis Spirulina platensis Residue (SPR): Pyrolysis Yield and Bio-Oil Properties Siti Jamilatun; Arief Budiman; Ilham Mufandi; Agus Aktawan; Nabila Fauzi; Defiani Putri Denanti
ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol 22, No 1 (2022)
Publisher : Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/ajche.69439

Abstract

Microalgae is the third generation of biomass as renewable energy, a future energy source for making bio-oil. The purpose of this research is to examine the biomass from microalgae Spirulina platensis residue (SPR) using the pyrolysis process, to investigate the effect of particle mesh and temperature on the pyrolysis process, to determine the bio-oil properties, including density, pH, color, flame power, and conversion. Fixed bed reactor used for SPR pyrolysis with dimensions of 4.4 cm outside diameter, 4.0 cm inside diameter, and 60.0 cm reactor height. The temperature controls have been fitted from 300-600 °C combined with a 14-16 °C/minute heating rate. Spirulina platensis residue of 50 grams with various particle mesh (80 and 140 mesh) was fed to the reactor. From the experiment results, the particle mesh and temperature process are influenced by bio-oil yield, water phase, gas yield, biochar yield, conversion, and bio-oil properties, including density, pH, flame power, and color. One hundred forty mesh particles at a temperature of 500 °C showed the highest bio-oil yield with a yield of 22.92%, then the water, charcoal, and gas phases were 27.98, 18.84, and 30.26%, with a conversion of 81.16%. At the same time, 80 mesh particles at 500 °C yielded bio-oil, water, charcoal, and gas phases of 19.66, respectively; 23.10, 27.90, and 29.34%, with a conversion of 72.10%. In addition, density, pH, color, and flame power are described in this study.  
Experimental Study on The Characterization of Pyrolysis Products from Bagasse (Saccharum Officinarum L.): Bio-oil, Biochar, and Gas Products Siti Jamilatun; Joko Pitoyo; Shinta Amelia; Alfian Ma’arif; Dhias Cahya Hakika; Ilham Mufandi
Indonesian Journal of Science and Technology Vol 7, No 3 (2022): IJOST: VOLUME 7, ISSUE 3, December 2022
Publisher : Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.17509/ijost.v7i3.51566

Abstract

Sugarcane bagasse is one of the most abundant biomasses. This study aims to examine the characteristics of bagasse using a pyrolysis system to produce liquid, solid (Biochar), and gaseous. A fixed bed reactor was installed in pyrolysis with temperature variations from 300 to 600°C. The ultimate and proximate analysis was applied to evaluate the characteristic of bagasse. The experimental result found that the maximum bio-oil was obtained at a temperature of 550°C. Several characterizations were done, including gas chromatography and surface area analysis. The Levoglucosan compound of 78% area. The temperature effect on pyrolysis influenced the O/C ratio, H/C ratio, HHV value, and surface area of biochar. The High Heating Value was obtained from 16.698 to 18.496 kJ/kg. Biochar results indicated that the surface area, average pore size, and total pore volume are 180.3-198.0 m2/g, 1.42-4.33 nm, and 0.11-0.12 nm, respectively. The study also analyzed its composition in biochar.
Co-Authors Agung Dwicahyo Agus Aktawan, Agus Agustin Rani Nurfadila Ainun Fadhilah Alana P, Raka Wyztyo Alfian Ma’arif Anton Yudhana Ardani, Much Taufik Ardani, Much. Taufik Arida Ayu Krismawati Arief Budiman Arief Budiman Arief Budiman Arief Rahmawan Arpan Efendi Astari Ratnaduhita Aziz Musthafa Budi Setianto, Arif Cahya Subrata, Arsyad Choiroel Anam Defiani Putri Denanti Dhias Cahya Hakika Dian Afif Arifah Dwi Astri Ayu Purnama Dzilhilmi, Ubaid Eva Nurdiana Putri Faisal Reza Pradhana Hamawi, Mahmudah Hendy Firmanto Isti Nur Azizah Jendri Joko Pitoyo Jumiati Jumiati Khairul Munzilin Al Kahfi kresna mulya santosa Kusuma, Hafidha Ayu Lutfiatul Janah Martomo Setyawan Mega Reski4, Julia Muhammad Nur Kholis Muhammad Nur Kholis Muhammad Nur Kholis, Muhammad Nur Nabila Fauzi Nugraha, Dhaifullah Nafis P. Singbua Piyapong Singbua Pratama, Yogi R. Suntivarakorn Ramadhani, Muhammad Ratchaphon Suntivarakorn Rifka Alfiyani Riska Utami Melani Putri Saniyah Humairrah Shinta Amelia Siti Jamilatun Siti Jamilatun Siti Nurhalizatul Aini Siti Salamah Siti Salamah Soedjatmiko Suhendra Suhendra Suhendra Sumirat, Riska Suntivarakorn, Ratchaphon Tho’at, Salman Mujahidillah Trisnaningrum, Niken W. Treedet Wasakorn Treedet Yeni Elisthatiana Zahrul Mufrodi, Zahrul Zulia Arifah