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Rizky Akbar
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INDONESIA
IJRETINA - International Journal of Retina
Published by Indonesian Vitreoretinal Society
ISSN : 26148684     EISSN : 26148536     DOI : https://doi.org/10.35479/ijretina.2023.vol006.iss0
Core Subject : Health,
Health Professions Medicine & Pharmacology Public Health
International Journal of Retina is an open access journal, accepting article in English language from all over the worlds. The aims is to provide international researchers, doctors, and clinicians in the basic and clinical fields of ophthalmology, especially retina to publish the original article, case reports, or systematic review.
Arjuna Subject : Kedokteran - Ophthalmology
Articles 157 Documents
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FACTORS INFLUENCING THE OUTCOMES OF RECURRENT RETINAL DETACHMENT AFTER PARS PLANA VITRECTOMY FOR RHEGMATOGENOUS RETINAL DETACHMENT AT CIPTO MANGUNKUSUMO NATIONAL GENERAL HOSPITAL IN INDONESIA Ziaulhak, Samsul Rizal; Adriono, Gitalisa Andayani; Victor, Andi Arus; Djatikusumo, Ari; Yudantha, Anggun Rama; Hutapea, Mario Marbungaran; Ayuningtyas, Sita Paramita; Harlena, Filza Amara Kamila
International Journal of Retina Vol 9 No 1 (2026): International Journal of Retina (IJRetina) - INAVRS
Publisher : Indonesian Vitreoretinal Society

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35479/ijretina.2026.vol009.iss001.345

Abstract

Introduction: Recurrent retinal detachment (re-RD) after primary pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) remains a major surgical challenge with often unsatisfactory visual outcomes. This study aims to determine the incidence and identify factors influencing the anatomical and functional outcomes after surgical repair of re-RD. Methods: This retrospective, descriptive analytical study was conducted between October 2024 and December 2024 at RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Indonesia. We reviewed 368 RRD cases that underwent primary PPV between January 2022 and December 2023. Of these, 110 developed re-RD, and 72 cases that underwent at least one repair surgery were included. Detailed data on demographics, clinical status (BCVA, high myopia and lens status), and intraoperative details (number and location of tears, extent of RD, macula and proliferative vitreoretinopathy status, tamponade type, presence of choroidal detachment) were analyzed. BCVA was converted to LogMAR. Outcomes were assessed using paired t-test, Chi-square test, and multivariate logistic regression. Result: From this study, the incidence of re-RD was 29.9% (110/368). Following repair, the anatomical success rate (retina attached) was 75% (54/72). Multivariate analysis found that undergoing only one repair surgery (OR, 4.90; CI95%, 1.28–18.79; p=0.020) was the only factor significantly associated with better anatomical success. Functional outcomes improved statistically (median LogMAR 1.7 [0.5−2.3] to 1.7 [0.4−3.0]; p<0.001), but only 11.1% (8/72) of patients achieved BCVA of ≥6/60. Multivariate analysis showed macula-on status at the time of re-RD (OR 9.67; p=0.006) was the only significant predictor for better final functional outcomes. Conclusion: The anatomical and functional outcomes of re-RD management are comparable to reports from other countries. Prognosis is associated with macula status at the time of recurrence and the number of repair surgeries performed.
Pars Plana Vitrectomy Management of Dropped Nucleus or Dropped IOL After Cataract Surgery at Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital in Indonesia Putri, Karniela Ayuni; Djatikusumo, Ari; Victor, Andi Arus; Andayani, Gitalisa; Yudantha, Anggun Rama; Hutapea, Mario Marbungaran; Harlena, Filza Amara Kamila
International Journal of Retina Vol 9 No 1 (2026): International Journal of Retina (IJRetina) - INAVRS
Publisher : Indonesian Vitreoretinal Society

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35479/ijretina.2026.vol009.iss001.339

Abstract

Introduction: Dropped nucleus or dropped intraocular lens (IOL) are two potential complications of cataract surgery that threaten visual acuity and require further intervention. The standard procedure for both conditions is pars plana vitrectomy (PPV). This retrospective study aimed to describe the demographic, clinical characteristics, and treatment outcomes of dropped nucleus or dropped IOL cases after PPV at Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital between January 2023 and December 2024. Methods: This retrospective descriptive study analyzed the medical records of 120 patients diagnosed with dropped nucleus or dropped IOL who underwent PPV. Data collected included demographics, visual acuity (logMAR), procedure characteristics, and postoperative complications. They were then analyzed using SPSS. Result: Out of 120 total cases (63 dropped nucleus, 57 dropped IOL), the patients were predominantly male with a mean age of ≈60 years old. Mean preoperative visual acuity was poor (1.84 logMAR for dropped nucleus, 1.81 logMAR for dropped IOL). ​​The primary surgical management for dropped nucleus was vitrectomy with endofragmentation (≈53% of total cases) and for dropped IOL, the main procedure was vitrectomy with IOL explantation (≈41% of total cases). The management of most dropped nucleus cases (65.07%) was done within ≤1 month, while dropped IOL cases were often delayed. Postoperative complications were infrequent (≈92% complication-free), with increased IOP (4.76–5.26%) and retinal detachment (1.58–1.75%) being the most common. Mean postoperative visual acuity showed improvement for both groups (1.81 logMAR for dropped nucleus and 1.77 logMAR for dropped IOL). Conclusion: PPV with appropriate adjunct procedures, such as endofragmentation or IOL explantation, is an effective and necessary treatment for dropped nucleus or dropped IOL, leading to an improvement in postoperative visual acuity outcomes with minimal to no postoperative complications.
Serum CXCL9 and CXCL10 as Emerging Biomarkers in Ocular Toxoplasmosis: Bridging Inflammation and Diagnostic Precision putra, prasaundra triantoni; Sofia, Ovi; Fitri, Loeki Enggar
International Journal of Retina Vol 9 No 1 (2026): International Journal of Retina (IJRetina) - INAVRS
Publisher : Indonesian Vitreoretinal Society

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35479/ijretina.2026.vol009.iss001.338

Abstract

Ocular toxoplasmosis (OT), the most prevalent cause of posterior uveitis worldwide, frequently results in severe visual impairment due to infections to Toxoplasma gondii. Chemokines CXCL9 and CXCL10, induced by interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), are key mediators in directing T cells and monocytes to infected ocular tissue. This review synthesizes current evidence on the role of serum CXCL9 and CXCL10 in OT pathogenesis, highlighting their involvement in immune cell trafficking, the CXCR3 receptor pathway, and the balance between host defense and retinal damage. We critically examine differences in chemokine levels between acute and chronic phases, as well as their correlation with disease activity, across human and experimental studies. Additionally, their potential as biomarkers for diagnosis and monitoring in both congenital and acquired OT is discussed. Elevated serum levels during active infection suggest clinical relevance, warranting further investigation through longitudinal and mechanistic studies to guide future therapeutic strategies.
ENDOPHTHALMITIS IN ACEH: ANALYSIS OF MICROBIAL SPECTRUM AND ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE Samira, Cut Putri; Nilawati, Enny; Zaini, Lia Meuthia; Islami, Dian; Mulya, Putri Nabillah
International Journal of Retina Vol 9 No 1 (2026): International Journal of Retina (IJRetina) - INAVRS
Publisher : Indonesian Vitreoretinal Society

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35479/ijretina.2026.vol009.iss001.344

Abstract

Introduction: Endophthalmitis is a rare but vision-threatening intraocular infection that requires prompt and appropriate antimicrobial therapy. The microbial spectrum and antibiotic resistance patterns vary by region, yet data from Aceh, Indonesia, are limited. This study aimed to analyze the microbial profile and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of endophthalmitis cases treated at a tertiary healthcare center in Aceh. Methods: A retrospective descriptive study was conducted using medical records of patients diagnosed with endophthalmitis at dr. Zainoel Abidin General Hospital, Banda Aceh, from January 2021 to December 2024. Data collected included demographics, predisposing factors, etiological classification, microbiological culture results, and antibiotic susceptibility profiles. Microbiological identification and susceptibility testing were performed using standard culture methods and the VITEK2 Compact system. Result: A total of 111 eyes with unilateral endophthalmitis were included. Exogenous endophthalmitis predominated (95.5%), with post–cataract surgery (36.0%), traumatic (29.7%), and keratitis-related (27.1%) cases being most common. The mean patient age was 52.7 ± 18.5 years, with male predominance (63%). Bacterial isolates were identified in 26 eyes (23.5%), with Gram-negative organisms accounting for 65.4%. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most frequently isolated pathogen (58.8%). Gentamicin showed the highest overall susceptibility (75.0%), while vancomycin demonstrated complete sensitivity against Gram-positive isolates. Conclusion: Endophthalmitis in Aceh is predominantly exogenous and commonly caused by Gram-negative bacteria, particularly Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Gentamicin demonstrated the highest in vitro activity, while vancomycin and ceftazidime remain key components of empirical intravitreal therapy to ensure broad antimicrobial coverage. These findings provide important local microbiological data to support evidence-based management of endophthalmitis.
Cutting Edge Advancements in Management of Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration A Scoping Review on Gene Therapy Susantono, Diannisa Paramita; Victor, Andi Arus
International Journal of Retina Vol 9 No 1 (2026): International Journal of Retina (IJRetina) - INAVRS
Publisher : Indonesian Vitreoretinal Society

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35479/ijretina.2026.vol009.iss001.335

Abstract

Introduction: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the fourth leading cause of blindness globally. Therapeutic strategies for neovascular AMD (nAMD) have utilized anti-VEGF proteins, however compliance has become an issue. This study aims to explore current development on gene therapy as a new therapeutic strategy for nAMD to counter challenges in therapeutic compliance. Methods: A scoping review was conducted in May 2025, with articles obtained from Pubmed, Google scholar, Scopus, and Cochrane. Studies included were limited to systematic reviews and meta-analysis, randomized control studies, non-randomized controlled studies, and observational studies. Results: Three studies were reviewed, in which gene therapy for nAMD were conducted using different sets of transgenes and viral vectors, including RGX-314, ixoberogene soroparvovec, and rAAV.sFLT-1. Studies evaluated efficacy and safety, which mostly included visual acuity, central retinal thickness, recombinant protein concentration, and annualised injection rate. Duration of follow up among studies ranged from 2-3 years. Conclusion: The use of gene therapy in nAMD using RGX-314, ixoberogene soroparvovec, and rAAV.sFLT-1 is safe and tolerable. Differences among studies are associated with different transgenes and viral vectors. Current studies are on-going and awaiting results to potentially revolutionize the field of therapy in nAMD. Keywords: gene therapy, neovascular age related macular degeneration, wet age related macular degeneration, exudative age related macular degeneration, nAMD
RETINAL REATTACHMENT OF SCLERAL BUCKLING WITH OR WITHOUT SUTURES FOR RHEGMATOGENOUS RETINAL DETACHMENT AT CIPTO MANGUNKUSUMO NATIONAL GENERAL HOSPITAL IN INDONESIA Adikusuma, Wirawan; Adriono, Gitalisa Andayani; Victor, Andi Arus; Djatikusumo, Ari; Yudantha, Anggun Rama; Hutapea, Mario Marbungaran; Ayuningtyas, Sita Paramita; Harlena, Filza Amara Kamila
International Journal of Retina Vol 9 No 1 (2026): International Journal of Retina (IJRetina) - INAVRS
Publisher : Indonesian Vitreoretinal Society

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35479/ijretina.2026.vol009.iss001.346

Abstract

Introduction: Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment (RRD) is a common, vision-threatening condition traditionally managed by Scleral Buckling (SB), Pars Plana Vitrectomy (PPV), or Pneumatic Retinopexy. SB is effective, however, it carries risks such as strabismus and buckle extrusion, often linked to the use of sutures. This study aimed to determine the outcomes and compare complications of SB with and without sutures for primary RRD cases. Methods: This was a retrospective, analytical cross-sectional study of 65 patients who underwent primary SB (alone or combined with PPV) at Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital (RSCM) from January 2023 to December 2024. Data on demographics, clinical factors, anatomical success (retinal reattachment), functional success (BCVA), and complications were collected and analyzed using descriptive statistics and comparative tests (Chi-square, t-test/Mann-Whitney). Result: During the period, 65 RRD patients underwent the SB procedure. Subjects included 28 cases with sutures and 37 cases without. The mean age was 32.88 years, with a majority of male patients (73.8%) with a mean RRD duration of 17.82 weeks. Preoperative clinical findings showed a high rate of myopia, phakic status, RRD extent in 1 and 4 quadrants, single tear, macula-on, and PVR grade A, with preoperative visual acuity of 1.49 logMAR. The overall anatomical success rate was 76.9%. Statistically, there was no significant difference in retinal reattachment success between SB without sutures (75.7%) and SB with sutures (78.6%) (p=0.784). No demographic or clinical factors was found to significantly predict reattachment success. Postoperative complications included cataract (24.6%) and glaucoma (21.5%). Strabismus (4.61%) was only found in the SB with sutures group. No buckle extrusion occurred in either group. Conclusion: Scleral buckling provides a high enough anatomical success rate for RRD. The SB without sutures technique is equally effective in achieving retinal reattachment and shows a lower incidence of strabismus compared to SB with sutures, making it a viable option for RRD management.
POST VITRECTOMY RETINAL REDETACHMENT AND VISUAL ACUITY DIFFERENCE WITH AND WITHOUT SCLERAL BUCKLING IN RHEGMATOGENOUS RETINAL DETACHMENT Prakriti, Daivi; Andayani, Ari; Utari, Ni Made Laksmi; Widiana, I Gde Raka
International Journal of Retina Vol 9 No 1 (2026): International Journal of Retina (IJRetina) - INAVRS
Publisher : Indonesian Vitreoretinal Society

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35479/ijretina.2026.vol009.iss001.290

Abstract

Introduction: Vitrectomy pars plana (VPP) either with or without scleral buckling (SB) is the definitive treatment for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD). Installation of SB with VPP is still a controversy. There has not been any conclusive evidence regarding whether VPP with SB can give a better outcome compared to VPP alone for RRD patients. This research aimed to assess the difference of retinal redetachment and visual acuity post VPP with and without SB in RRD. Methods: This observational analytic research used secondary data in the form of medical records from January 2019 – June 2021. Research samples are all RRD cases who has undergone VPP with or without SB in Central Surgical Installation of Sanglah General Hospital Denpasar who fulfill inclusion and exclusion criteria, taken consecutively. A total of 60 samples were obtained. Data collected including age, gender, preoperative visual acuity, onset, RD extension, retinal break location, presence of PVR, macular status, type of tamponade as well as visual acuity and retinal redetachment post-surgery on the first week, first month and second month. Analysis was done using SPSS version 21. Result: The results showed no significant difference in redetachment risk on multivariate analysis of the two groups. Age, PVR, and macular status contributed to redetachment risk. Multivariate analysis found significant difference in visual acuity of both groups on the second month post-surgery. Onset, macular status, and extent of RD also influences visual acuity prognosis. Conclusion: This research cannot provide adequate evidence that VPP with SB can give better outcome compared to VPP alone. Although multivariate analysis found better visual outcome in patients treated with VPP with SB, this result was related to onset, macular status and the extent of RD. The disadvantages of VPP with SB involved longer surgery time, post surgical edema and pain. Further research with longer follow up duration, blinding and randomization or RCT can be done for better evidence to determine which is more superior.

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