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Gameology and Multimedia Expert
Published by Universitas Malikussaleh
ISSN : -     EISSN : 30318963     DOI : https://doi.org/10.29103/game.v1i1.14554
Core Subject : Science,
Computer Science & IT
Gameology and Multimedia Expert is a scientific journal published by the Department of Informatics, Faculty of Engineering Universitas Malikussaleh, Aceh. This journal contains scientific papers from Academics, Researchers, Practitioners, and Students about research on Game Development and Multimedia. Gameology and Multimedia Expert is published 4 (four) times a year in January, April, July and October. The paper is an original script and has a research base on Game Development and Multimedia. The manuscript is written in Indonesian or English language.
Arjuna Subject : Ilmu Komputer (semua kategori) - Grafik Komputer dan Desain Berbantu Komputer
Articles 62 Documents
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Comparative Study of Data Synchronization Techniques for Mobile Applications in Network-Constrained Environments Baz Mohammad Nazari; Mohammad Sohaib Saqib; Rohullah Aimaq
Gameology and Multimedia Expert Vol. 3 No. 3 (2026): Gameology and Multimedia Expert - July 2026
Publisher : Department of Informatics Faculty of Engineering Universitas Malikussaleh

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29103/game.v3i3.28427

Abstract

The rapid growth of mobile applications across finance, education, healthcare, and social services depends on data synchronization: the process of keeping information shared between a mobile device and a central server consistent, accurate, and current. For millions of users in developing countries such as Afghanistan, where internet connectivity is frequently weak, unstable, or unavailable, synchronization failures are a daily frustration rather than a rare exception. This study conducts a systematic comparative review of data synchronization techniques for mobile applications operating under challenging network conditions, following the guidelines of Kitchenham and Charters. A structured search of IEEE Xplore, ACM Digital Library, SpringerLink, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar (2010-2026) produced 45 eligible studies after screening and quality appraisal. Four primary synchronization categories were identified and compared across speed, resource consumption, security, stability, and implementation complexity: real-time (push-based), offline-first, API-based (pull-based), and cloud-based synchronization. Real-time synchronization offers the lowest latency under ideal connectivity but degrades sharply when connections drop; offline-first synchronization sustains full read-write functionality during disconnection, at the cost of higher implementation complexity and local storage use; API-based pull synchronization is simplest to implement but loses ground under frequent polling; and cloud-based platforms accelerate development but introduce vendor lock-in and scaling costs. Under low-bandwidth and intermittent connectivity, offline-first architecture consistently ranked first across the reviewed evidence. The study concludes that offline-first design should be the default synchronization strategy for mobile applications targeting network-constrained environments such as Afghanistan, supplemented selectively by real-time or cloud-based components where connectivity allows.
Assessment of Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) and Digital Certificate Security in Public Sector Websites and Webmail Systems in Afghanistan Khosraw Salamzada; Sayed Elham Sadat; Mozamel Jawad
Gameology and Multimedia Expert Vol. 3 No. 3 (2026): Gameology and Multimedia Expert - July 2026
Publisher : Department of Informatics Faculty of Engineering Universitas Malikussaleh

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29103/game.v3i3.28447

Abstract

Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) and digital certificates are fundamental to secure web communication by ensuring website authenticity, data confidentiality, and information integrity. As Afghan government institutions increasingly rely on websites and webmail systems to deliver digital services, secure certificate deployment has become essential for protecting sensitive information and maintaining public trust. This study assesses the deployment characteristics and security of PKI and digital certificates across 41 Afghan public-sector websites and 26 publicly accessible webmail systems. A quantitative, non-intrusive assessment was conducted using publicly available certificate and Transport Layer Security (TLS) information. Certificate authorities, validation types, trust chains, cryptographic mechanisms, and deployment practices were evaluated against recognized international cybersecurity standards and best practices. The results show that most public-sector websites use trusted certificate authorities, with Let's Encrypt securing 75.6% of the assessed websites. Certum, Google Trust Services, GlobalSign, and GoDaddy were also identified, while Domain Validation certificates were the predominant certificate type. However, 10 webmail systems (38.5%) generated browser security warnings, indicating weaknesses in certificate deployment or management. Overall, Afghan public-sector organizations have adopted trusted PKI infrastructures, but improvements in certificate management, security monitoring, and compliance with cybersecurity standards are required. These findings provide practical evidence to support stronger cybersecurity governance and improve the security and reliability of government digital services in Afghanistan.

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