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Ophthalmologica Indonesiana
Published by Perhimpunan Dokter Spesialis Mata Indonesia
ISSN : 01261193     EISSN : 2460545X     DOI : 10.35749
Core Subject : Health,
Health Professions Medicine & Pharmacology Public Health
Ophthalmologica Indonesiana is an open accessed online journal and comprehensive peer-reviewed ophthalmologist journal published by the Indonesian Ophthalmologist Association / Perhimpunan Dokter Spesialis Mata (PERDAMI). Our main mission is to encourage the important science in the clinical area of the ophthalmology field. We welcome authors for original articles (research), review articles, interesting case reports, special articles, clinical practices, and medical illustrations that focus on the clinical area of ophthalmology medicine.
Arjuna Subject : Kedokteran - Ophthalmology
Articles 869 Documents
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Differences in Levels of Placenta Growth Factor in The Vitreous After Administration of Aflibercept Compared to the Control Group of Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy Arnila Novitasari Saubig; Arief Wildan; Afrisal Hari Kurniawan
Majalah Oftalmologi Indonesia Vol 43 No 1 (2017): Ophthalmologica Indonesiana
Publisher : The Indonesian Ophthalmologists Association (IOA, Perhimpunan Dokter Spesialis Mata Indonesia (Perdami))

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35749/journal.v43i1.147

Abstract

Introduction: to compare the levels of Placenta Growth Factor in the vitreous on patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy at Aflibercept administration with control. Method: This is a prospective experimental study with post-test with control design. Subjects were taken from 24 eyes from 24 patients, who came to dr. Kariadi General Hospital and National Diponegoro Hospital between March until September 2016. Subjects were divided into the patient with Aflibercept administration and control. Study variables in this study are Placenta Growth Factor levels in the vitreous in the patient with diabetic proliferative retinopathy. Measurements of PlGF levels with ELISA methods are conducted at GAKI Laboratory, Medical Faculty, Diponegoro University. This data tested for normality used with Saphiro Wilk, and homogeneity variance with Lavene and test hypothesis used with Mann Whitney. Results: Sample of this study are 24 patients proliferative diabetic retinopathy, twelve are the control group, and twelve are Aflibercept group. Average levels of PlGF in the control group are 263,97 pg/ml + 354,98 SD, with minimum value 12,19 pg/ml and maximum value 1002,00 pg/ml. Average levels of PlGF in the treatment group are 92,84 pg/ml + 9,54 SD, with minimum value 76,45 pg/ml and maximum value 112,30 pg/ml. Hypothesis test results obtained significance value 0,488. Conclusion: There was no significant difference between PlGF levels in the control group and the treatment group.
Kompetensi dan Perkembangan Profesi Tjahjono D Gondhowiardjo
Majalah Oftalmologi Indonesia Vol 43 No 2 (2017): Ophthalmologica Indonesiana
Publisher : The Indonesian Ophthalmologists Association (IOA, Perhimpunan Dokter Spesialis Mata Indonesia (Perdami))

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35749/journal.v43i2.148

Abstract

Spektrum keilmuan Oftalmologi berada diantara dua sisi, kebutaan dan penglihatan yang optimal; oleh karena itu, sejalan dengan perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi, paradigma oftalmologi bergeser dari rehabilitasi kebutaan dan pencegahan kebutaan menjadi optimalisasi kemampuan penglihatan. Kondisi tsb tercermin pada berbagai makalah yang ditampilkan pada edisi ini. Artikel case report memperlihatkan ketepatan pengobatan yang ahirnya dapat membedakan dua keadaan yang mengancam kebutaan namun dengan prognosis yang berbeda. Dua artikel lain, inovasi untuk menggunakan pemeriksaan kartu Amsler untuk menilai adanya gangguan lapang pandang penderita Glaukoma, dan pemberian obat acetazolamide pasca bedah katarak masuk katagori pencegahan kebutaan. Begitu pula makalah deskripsi retrospektif tumor orbita primer pada anak, yang diskusi maupun kesimpulan nya terasa menjadi sesuatu yang umum. Kedalaman substansi dan ketajaman pembahasan makalah-makalah kita cenderung kurang terasa menjadi sesuatu pengetahuan baru. Hal ini, disatu sisi, dapat dimengerti karena umumnya artikel tsb merupakan hasil proses pendidikan para peserta program studi; namun, disisi lain menunjukkan kurangnya arahan, keterlibatan atau ketidak pedulian para pengampu-nya. Namun, hal itu sebenarnya adalah suatu ironi karena pada dasarnya yang paling di-untung-kan oleh adanya persyaratan publikasi bagi peserta didik adalah institusi pendidikan dan individu pengampu-nya dalam konteks akreditasi institusi maupun personal. Secara tidak langsung, keadaan itu juga terlihat dari asal institusi makalah yang ditampilkan, yang relatif hanya berasal dari institusi pendidikan tertentu saja, relatif sangat jarang adanya artikel dari anggota profesi yang berada di jalur pelayanan yang tidak membutuhkan nilai publikasi tsb. Hal yang sebaliknya, terlihat pada presentasi oral di acara ilmiah, terutama yang menampilkan aspek psiko motor dan yang berciri cutting edge technology justru dimunculkan oleh profesional dari sarana pelayanan. Keadaan itu menunjukkan spektrum kondisi dan situasi profesional kita sesuai dengan penjenjangan tingkatan kebutuhan individu berdasarkan teori Maslow’, dimana tingkatan tertinggi kebutuhan individu, adalah aktualisasi diri; yang secara nyata ditunjukkan dengan menampilkan karya -karya, atau berbagi pengalaman yang baik atau bahkan yang buruk pada pertemuan ilmiah tahunan profesi, atau menuliskan nya dalam makalah. Sesungguh-nya leader dalam suatu profesi adalah mereka yang mau berbagi kelebihan-nya di luar keterikatan pada lingkup bidang tugas-nya. Situasi dan kondisi keterbatasan materi untuk publikasi yang kurang kondusif, di negeri tercinta kita ini, maaf, telah berlangsung hampir seumur majalah organisasi profesi kita. Memang, ada geliat sporadik di beberapa pusat pendidikan dan pelayanan, namun terbukti belum mampu menggerakkan gerbong profesi kita secara serentak. Harus diakui, kita memang terperangkap dalam rutinitas yang menjebak, serta terlena dalam tidur nyenyak kenyamanan yang berkepanjangan. Dalam era Jaminan sosial (baca BPJS) saat ini untuk sebagian kecil dari kita, menjadi perluang besar dengan melakukan upaya entrepreunership dengan membuka klinik-klinik yang dapat melakukan operasi katarak; sedangkan, mayoritas anggota profesi akan semakin terjebak dengan rutinitas akibat membanjirnya jumlah pasien dengan nilai remunerasi yang tanpa disadari cenderung semakin minim....
Atypical Anterior Optic Neuritis Resembles Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy : A Unique Case Report Kristian Goenawan; Indra Tri Mahayana; Tatang Talka Gani; Hartono Hartono
Majalah Oftalmologi Indonesia Vol 43 No 2 (2017): Ophthalmologica Indonesiana
Publisher : The Indonesian Ophthalmologists Association (IOA, Perhimpunan Dokter Spesialis Mata Indonesia (Perdami))

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35749/journal.v43i2.149

Abstract

Purpose : We present a unique case of atypical anterior optic neuritis resemble anterior ischemic optic neuropathy Methods : This was a single case study, with a patient was followed up for 2 months. Visual acuity, visual field, color vision, intraocular pressure, and ocular anatomy, were examined. Results : A female patient 54 y/o with chief complain sudden blurred vision on both eyes after woke up in the morning without redness and tearing 4 days before day of visit. History of systemic and ocular diseases were denied. Visual acuity was 0.5/60 (superior) right eye and 1/60 (superior) left eye, couldn’t be corrected. Relative afferent pupillary defect was observed in right eye. Biomicroscopic examination of anterior segment and intraocular pressures were normal. Funduscopy revealed ill defined margin at optic nerve head for both eyes suggested papilledema. At the present we couldn’t examined color vision. Visual field examination showed inferior altitudinal defect (more severe in right eye). Consultation to internal medicine and laboratory examination such as: complete blood count, lipid profile, blood glucose, and electrocardiogram were done to confirm our diagnosis. Clinically, the diagnosis of the disease more likely to be the anterior optic neuritis. Follow-up after 2 months has normal visual acuity, visual field, and color perception after steroid treatment. Conclusion : Anterior optic neuritis might have a very similar clinical presentation of anterior ischemic optic neuropathy upon early manifestation.
Visual Outcomes Following Diffractive-Refractive Multifocal Intraocular Lens Implantation : Literature Review Yulinda Arty Laksmita; Tjahjono D Gondhowiardjo
Majalah Oftalmologi Indonesia Vol 43 No 2 (2017): Ophthalmologica Indonesiana
Publisher : The Indonesian Ophthalmologists Association (IOA, Perhimpunan Dokter Spesialis Mata Indonesia (Perdami))

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35749/journal.v43i2.150

Abstract

Purpose: To evaluate the result of diffractive-refractive multifocal intraocular lens (IOL) implantation, regarding the visual acuity, spectacle independency, and also related disturbing visual pnenomenon such as halo and glare. Methods: Seventeen articles collected from multiple sources including Pubmed, Clinical Key, and Ophthalmology Advance were reviewed. Visual acuity. Five types of diffractive-refractive multifocal IOL were found including ReSTOR SA60D3, SN60D3, SA6AD3, SA6DA1, and AT Lisa 809M. Uncorrected and corrected visual acuity, spectacle independency and undesired visual phenomenon data of each IOL were analyzed. Results: For binocular uncorrected distance and intermediate vision, ReSTOR SN6AD1 is better than other IOL. Meanwhile, in binocular uncorrected near visual acuity category, ReSTOR SA60D3 is superior. Highest percentage of patients reporting spectacle independency found in ReSTOR SA60D3 group. Halo was found in each IOL group, ranged from 32 to 65 percent patients. Glare was found in a smaller percentage, ranged from 25 to 61 percent patients. Conclusion: The best option for patients aiming for best visual acuity in distance to intermediate activity without spectacle use is ReSTOR SN6AD1. Meanwhile, the best option for patients aiming for best near visual acuity is ReSTOR SA60D3. Comprehensive preoperative education is crucial, considering the cost and benefit aspects of multifocal IOL implantation.
Oral Acetazolamide Administration to Control Intraocular Pressure on First Day Post Phacoemulsification Surgery : Is It Necessary ? Reinne Natali christine; Henricus Datu Respatika; Gilbert Simanjuntak
Majalah Oftalmologi Indonesia Vol 43 No 2 (2017): Ophthalmologica Indonesiana
Publisher : The Indonesian Ophthalmologists Association (IOA, Perhimpunan Dokter Spesialis Mata Indonesia (Perdami))

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35749/journal.v43i2.151

Abstract

Introduction : The incidence of early postoperative intraocular pressure (IOP) increase is reported to be 2.3–8.9% in phacoemulsification surgery. This increase typically peaks at 3–7 hours after surgery and persists during the first 24 hours. Although most eyes can tolerate the transient IOP elevation that occurs after cataract surgery, IOP spikes are potentially more dangerous if it persist. In order to minimize postoperative intraocular pressure (IOP) rise, routine medication by oral acetazolamide has been widely used among ophthalmologists. Objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between IOP changes on first day after phacoemulsification with administration of oral acetazolamide. Method : This is a descriptive study. The samples were include 50 patients diagnosed with cataract who underwent phacoemulsification surgery with intraocular lens implantatios. Samples were randomized divided into two groups. First group is patient who treated with 250 mg acetazolamide post operative and other group is untreated. All respondents must have no history of glaucoma or ocular hypertensive and attend follow up on the first day postoperative. IOP is measured with non-contact tonometer. Results : Mean age of respondents is 61  9.8 years old. Preoperative IOP mean is 18.04  3.6 mmHg and postoperative IOP mean is 18.58  6.9 mmHg. This study revealed that there is no significant relation between oral administration of acetazolamide and the lowering of intraocular pressure on first day post phacoemulsification(p = 0.2) Visual acuity pre operative and nuclear density of cataract are also no relationship with the IOP on first day postoperative (p = 0.2 ) Conclusion : The use of oral acetazolamide is not significantly related to the IOP on first day post phacoemulsification surgery.
Visual Field Examination in Glaucoma Patients : Humphrey Visual Field Analysis vs Amsler Grid Ivana Tanoko; Fifin L Rahmi
Majalah Oftalmologi Indonesia Vol 43 No 2 (2017): Ophthalmologica Indonesiana
Publisher : The Indonesian Ophthalmologists Association (IOA, Perhimpunan Dokter Spesialis Mata Indonesia (Perdami))

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35749/journal.v43i2.152

Abstract

Introduction and Objective: Glaucoma is the leading cause of global irreversible blindness, signed by glaucomatous optic neuropathy related to visual field defect. The purpose of the study is comparing visual field defect examination using HVFA to Amsler Grid in glaucoma patient at dr. Kariadi Hospital. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study. Amsler Grid were performed to the patients who have reliable HVFA at last 6 months and presented as descriptive analytic results. Result: There were 40 eyes involved in this study from 27 patients (15 men, 12 women), 26-68 years old and visual acuity 1/60-6/6. Seventeen eyes showed visual field defect in HVFA and Amsler Grid had average MD - 24.97 dB, CDR 0.89 and RNFL thickness 51.74. We found that 11 eyes didn’t showed in both of examination had average MD -8.06, CDR 0.63 and RNFL thickness 103.23 and those parameters are significantly different to the 17 eyes before (p<0.05). Data from 12 eyes that showed visual field defect only one of examination (9 only in HVFA and 3 in Amsler Grid) didn’t show difference statistically each other. Conclusion: HFVA and Amsler Grid seemed to be comparable in detecting visual field defect in advanced glaucoma.
Pediatric Primary Orbital Tumors in Dr.M. Djamil General Hospital Padang Elfi Risalma; Ardizal Rahman
Majalah Oftalmologi Indonesia Vol 43 No 2 (2017): Ophthalmologica Indonesiana
Publisher : The Indonesian Ophthalmologists Association (IOA, Perhimpunan Dokter Spesialis Mata Indonesia (Perdami))

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35749/journal.v43i2.153

Abstract

Introduction : Primary orbital tumors of childhood are different from tumors that occur in adults. Many are congenital with early presentation. In pediatric population, a delay in diagnosis of orbital tumors , even benign tumor can lead to vision loss and deformity. Objective : To report pediatric primary orbital tumors in Dr.M.Djamil Hospital Padang. Method : A retrospective study of orbital tumors in pediatric patients admitted to DR.M.Djamil Hospital between 2003- 2016. Data were obtained from medical records which described patients characteristics based on type, sex,presentation, and management. Result : There were 36 patients of pediatric primary orbital tumors which consist of 20 boys and 16 girls, diagnosis based onclinical sympoms, CT-Scan and pathological examination. The most common tumors in pediatric was Rhabdomyosarcoma in 11 patients (30,55%), Glioma of the Optic nerve in 8 patients (22.22%), Limphoma Malignum in 5 patients (13.88%), Capillary Hemangiomas in 2 patients (5.55%), Cavernous Hemangioma in 2 patients (5.55%), AV Malformation in 2 patients (5.55%), Meningioma in 1 patient (2.77%), Neurofibromatosis in 1 patient (2.77%), Neurilemomoa in 1 patient (2.77%), Limfohemangioma in 1 patient (2.77%), osteoma in 1 patient (2.77%) and Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma in 1 patient (2,94%). Surgery had been performed in 11 patients (30.55%), chemotherapy in 7 patients (19.44%), radiotherapy in 1 patient (2,77%), Combination therapy in 2 patient (5.55%), medical therapy in 1 patient (2.77%) and the remains 14 patients (38.89%) were observed. Conclusion : There were 36 cases pediatric orbital tumors during 14 years. The most common tumor was Rhabdomyosarcoma. Management of pediatric orbital tumors consists of surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and combination therapy.
Dikotomi Paradigma dalam Pendidikan dan Pelayanan Oftalmologi Tjahjono D Gondhowiardjo
Majalah Oftalmologi Indonesia Vol 44 No 1 (2018): Ophthalmologica Indonesiana
Publisher : The Indonesian Ophthalmologists Association (IOA, Perhimpunan Dokter Spesialis Mata Indonesia (Perdami))

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35749/journal.v44i1.154

Abstract

Edisi ini menampilkan dua makalah terkait dengan keberhasilan penatalaksanaan trauma bolamata yang dapat mengancam kebutaan. Makalah pertama menunjukkan pentingnya untuk segera melakukan pemeriksaan neuro imaging pada dugaan adanya benda asing intra okular, yang sangat membantu penatalaksaan dan tindakan bedah selanjutnya. Makalah kedua, memperlihatkan bahwa pemberian methylprednisolon intra vena awitan dini (kurang dari 24 jam) pasca trauma tumpul pada syaraf optik (Neuropati Optik Traumatik) dapat memberikan perbaikan tajam penglihatan yang signifikan, walaupun tidak didapatkan adanya faktor-faktor yang bisa dijadikan sebagai prediktor. Disisi lain, ketebalan serabut syaraf retina (RFNL) di kuadrant temporal yang terlihat dengan pemeriksaan digital Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) dapat menjadi prediktor fungsi penglihatan sentral pada penderita Non Arteritik Iskemik Neuropati (NAION). Secara tidak langsung, ketiga makalah tsb menunjukkan bahwa sekalipun mungkin terdapat ketergantungan kita pada bantuan pemeriksaan imaging digital, namun ketajaman eksekusi klinis tetap harus menjadi hal utama dalam penanganan kedaruratan penglihatan. Kondisi pasien yang berpotensi menyebabkan kebutaan dan relatif sering dijumpai adalah ulkus kornea; yang menurut World Health Organization (WHO) merupakan penyebab kebutaan ke empat di dunia. Sayangnya, makalah deskriptif terkait ulkus kornea yang ditampilkan terasa penuh dengan duplikasi penampilan data (pada teks, grafik atau tabel), sehingga kita kurang dapat menga mbil manfaat pembelajaran. Hal itu, disebabkan karena kurang menampilkan substansi yang seharusnya dapat di tonjolkan, yang justru mungkin menjadi faktor pembeda atau kesamaan (compare and contrast) dengan laporan serupa yang berasal dari insititusi dengan situasi dan lingkungan yang berbeda. Begitu pula dengan kesimpulan yang terasa datar dan umum. Makalah yang menunjukkan adanya keterkaitan yang bermakna pada aktivitas luar gedung yang kurang dari empat (4) jam per hari pada pelajar sekolah dengan kondisi myopia, kedalaman pembahasan-nya akan menjadi lebih tajam apabila dilakukan analisa bi variate. Issu yang menarik ini, telah menjadi dasar kebijakan dalam kurikulum pendidikan sekolah dasar di Negara maju, yang meng-alokasi-kan sejumlah waktu tertentu bagi para peserta didik untuk beraktifitas /belajar diluar gedung. Katarak, adalah keadaan yang hampir selalu terjadi pada penderita pasca vitrektomi, terutama dengan penggunaan minyak silikon. Tindakan fakoemulsifikasi merupakan treatment of choice untuk keadaan tsb, namun termasuk dalam katagori tindakan yang sulit; sehingga dalam era BPJS ini masuk dalam kriteria yang seharusnya di tangani pada rumah sakit rujukan tipe A. Artikel yang ditampilkan, menunjukkan bahwa tindakan fakoemulsifikasi terbukti dapat meningkatkan kemampuan penglihatan penderita dengan angka komplikasi yang rendah apabila dilakukan oleh operator yang handal, namun kemungkinan terjadi nya re-detachment terpantau meningkat pada penderita yang minyak silikon nya telah dikeluarkan. Hal ini merupakan suatu kenyataan dan implementasi langsung dari konsep “volume pressure” sebagai bagian dari homeostasis regulasi cairan akueous bolamata.
Intraorbital Wooden Foreign Body with Intracranial Extension : A Case Report Amanda N Shinta; Purjanto Tepo Utomo; Agus Supartoto
Majalah Oftalmologi Indonesia Vol 44 No 1 (2018): Ophthalmologica Indonesiana
Publisher : The Indonesian Ophthalmologists Association (IOA, Perhimpunan Dokter Spesialis Mata Indonesia (Perdami))

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35749/journal.v44i1.155

Abstract

Purpose : The aim of this study is to report a case of intraorbital wooden foreign body with intracranial extension to the frontal lobe and its management. Method : This is a descriptive study: A 53 year-old male referred due to wooden stick stucked in the orbital cavity causing protruding eyeball and vital sign instability. Result : Right eye examination revealed light perception visual acuity, with bad light projection and bad color perception, inwardly folded upper eyelid, proptosis, conjunctival chemosis, corneal erosion and edema, dilated pupil with sluggish pupillary light reflex and limited ocular movement in all direction. Vital sign was unstable with decreasing blood pressure, increasing temperature and heart rate. CT Scan showed complete fracture of the orbital roof due to penetration of the wooden stick, pneumoencephalus, cerebral edema and hematoma. Emergency craniotomy was performed to remove the penetrating wooden stick and bone segment in the frontal lobe and fracture repair. Ophthalmologist pulled the remaining stick, released the superior rectus muscle and repaired the lacerated eyelid. Outcome visual acuity was no light perception with lagophthalmos and limited ocular motility. Patient was admitted to Intensive Care Unit one day post-operatively and treated with systemic and topical antibiotic. Conclusion : Any case presenting with intraorbital foreign body must undergo immediate neuroimaging to exclude any intracranial extension, especially in patients with worsening general condition.
Gambaran Parameter Optical Coherence Tomoghraphy Papil dan Hubungannya dengan Fungsi Penglihatan pada Pasien Non-Arthreritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy di FKUI-RSCM Kirana Valenchia Valenchia; M Sidik; Syntia Nusanti
Majalah Oftalmologi Indonesia Vol 44 No 1 (2018): Ophthalmologica Indonesiana
Publisher : The Indonesian Ophthalmologists Association (IOA, Perhimpunan Dokter Spesialis Mata Indonesia (Perdami))

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35749/journal.v44i1.156

Abstract

Tujuan : Untuk menggambarkan parameter diskus optik dan retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) pada pasien non arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) dan untuk menggambarkan korelasinya dengan defek lapang pandang dan tajam penglihatan. Metode: 27 pasien NAION disertakan pada penelitian ini. Pemeriksaan berikut dilakukan secara potong lintang: Humphrey HFA II-i 750 24-2 threshold , tajam penglihatan dengan koreksi (TPDK) dengan Snellen chart dan optical coherence tomography (OCT) StratusTM fast optic disc dan fast RNFL 3.4mm. Hasil : Kami menemukan 14 mata (25,9%) dengan diskus optik edema, 21 mata (38,9%) dengan diskus optik atrofi dan 19 mata dengan diskus optik normal. Disk Area dan Rim cross sectional area dapat membedakan kondisi diskus edema, atrofi, dan normal (DA: 3,52 ± 1,16; 2,73 ± 0,55; 2,59 ± 0,44; p = 0,01) (RCSA : 2,44 ± 1,34; 1,52 (0,94-3,02); 1,83 ± 0,34; p = 0,014) masing-masing. Ketebalan RNFL di semua kuadran juga dapat membedakan morfologi diskus. Tidak ada korelasi yang ditemukan antara parameter diskus optik-RNFL dengan defek lapang pandang (LP). Kami menemukan korelasi sedang antara ketebalan RNFL kuadran temporal dengan TPDK (r -0,433; p = 0,05). Kesimpulan : Parameter diskus optik dan RNFL dengan OCT dapat digunakan untuk membedakan morfologi diskus optik. Ketebalan kuadran temporal RNFL adalah prediktor baik tajam penglihatan sentral pada pasien dengan NAION karena fungsi makula.

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