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The International Journal of Medical Science and Health Research

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The International Journal of Medical Science and Health Research, published by International Medical Journal Corp. Ltd. is dedicated to providing physicians with the best research and important information in the world of medical research and science and to present the information in a format that is understandable and clinically useful. Committed to publishing multidisciplinary research that spans the entire spectrum of healthcare and medicine access, The American Journal of Medical Science and Health Research aims at an international audience of pharmacists, clinicians, medical ethicists, regulators, and researchers, providing an online forum for the rapid dissemination of recent research and perspectives in this area.

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Articles 577 Documents

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The Relationship Between A History of Bladder Cancer and The Risk of Urethral Tumors : A Systematic Review Al Azwar Fachrul Rezy; Keke Khairani
The International Journal of Medical Science and Health Research Vol. 44 No. 1 (2026): The International Journal of Medical Science and Health Research
Publisher : International Medical Journal Corp. Ltd

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.70070/dbam8f54

Background: Bladder cancer survivors face a lifelong risk of secondary urothelial tumors due to field cancerization. Urethral recurrence (UR) after radical cystectomy (RC) is a serious but variable event. This systematic review synthesizes evidence on the relationship between a history of bladder cancer and the subsequent risk of urethral tumors. Methods: We systematically screened RCT, etc (up to 2026) that involved human participants with documented bladder cancer, reported urethral tumor outcomes, and provided temporal data. Data extraction focused on study design, bladder cancer characteristics, urethral tumor incidence, risk estimates, and confounders. Results: Pooled UR incidence after RC ranged from 1% to 14%, most commonly 4–5% (1–3). Orthotopic neobladder (ONB) diversion significantly reduced UR risk (OR ~0.44; 95% CI 0.24–0.79) across three independent meta-analyses (1,4,5). Prostatic urethral involvement was the strongest predictor (HR 5.35–7.95) (2,4,12). Positive urethral margins conferred the highest individual risk (HR 18.33) (12). Male sex (OR 3.16) and tumor multifocality (HR 2.97) were also significant (4). Concomitant CIS showed inconsistent significance. Asymptomatic detection of UR reduced mortality by 30% (HR 0.69) (8). Simultaneous TURBT+TURP did not increase prostatic urethral recurrence (OR 1.06) (71). Discussion: A history of bladder cancer confers a well-defined urethral recurrence risk, strongly modified by diversion type and prostatic involvement. ONB provides a protective mechanical washout effect. Prostatic stromal invasion carries worse prognosis than mucosal involvement. Surveillance-detected UR has better survival. Simultaneous endoscopic surgery appears oncologically safe. Conclusion: Bladder cancer history is a significant risk factor for urethral tumors. Risk-stratified surveillance (urethral wash cytology, urethroscopy in high-risk patients) and orthotopic diversion where feasible are recommended. Prophylactic urethrectomy should be reserved for very high-risk cases.

What is The Association between Family-Centered Care Models in Medical Rehabilitation and Improved Family Well-Being and Child Outcomes? : A Systematic Review Putri Fajaria Anggraini
The International Journal of Medical Science and Health Research Vol. 44 No. 1 (2026): The International Journal of Medical Science and Health Research
Publisher : International Medical Journal Corp. Ltd

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.70070/hrr4cy47

Background: Family-centered care (FCC) is increasingly recognized as a fundamental approach in pediatric rehabilitation, yet the strength and consistency of its association with improved family well-being and child outcomes across diverse medical rehabilitation settings require systematic synthesis. Methods: This review synthesized evidence from 80 RCT, etc examining FCC interventions in pediatric medical rehabilitation. Settings included neonatal intensive care units (NICUs), inpatient rehabilitation, outpatient clinics, home-based programs, and community-based early intervention. Results: FCC demonstrated significant positive associations with child outcomes across multiple populations. In preterm infants, meta-analyses showed FCC significantly improved breastfeeding rates (OR=5.92, 95%CI:2.37-14.82, P<0.001), weight gain (MD=3.16 g/day, 95%CI:2.51-3.80, P<0.001), and reduced one-month readmission (OR=0.37, 95%CI:0.22-0.61, P<0.001)(1,2). In children with cerebral palsy, community-based family-child-centered care produced superior gross motor function (GMFM-66), balance, and quality of life compared to conventional rehabilitation (P<0.05)(4). For family well-being, FCC significantly reduced parental stress (SMD=-0.19 to -0.20, P<0.001), anxiety (SMD=-0.19, P<0.001), and depression (SMD=-0.37, P=0.004)(2). Parent satisfaction showed dramatic improvement (OR=11.20, 95%CI:4.76-26.34, P<0.001)(2). Family empowerment significantly improved (mean change +4.1 points, 95%CI:3.3-4.9, P<0.001)(12). Biological validation was demonstrated through reduced maternal hair cortisol at 18 months (B=-0.22, 95%CI:-0.41,-0.04)(44). Discussion: FCC effects are most robust in NICUs where parents serve as direct intervention agents. Effect magnitudes vary by outcome domain, with strongest evidence for parental stress reduction, satisfaction, and neonatal clinical indicators. Child motor outcomes show modest but statistically significant improvements. Family engagement intensity functions as a dose-response moderator. Conclusion: FCC is significantly and positively associated with improved child outcomes and family well-being across pediatric medical rehabilitation settings. Implementation should prioritize structured information sharing and professional training to optimize effectiveness.

Multi-Territorial Ischemic Stroke with Hemorrhagic Transformation and Secondary Staphylococcus hominis Septicemia: A Comprehensive Neuro-Critical Case Analysis Jeremy J. O. Tobing; Maria Monasias Nataliani; Abraham Daryl Rustandar
The International Journal of Medical Science and Health Research Vol. 44 No. 1 (2026): The International Journal of Medical Science and Health Research
Publisher : International Medical Journal Corp. Ltd

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.70070/z6eebn67

BACKGROUND Acute ischemic stroke involving multiple vascular territories (multi-territorial) presents a significant clinical challenge with high morbidity and mortality rates.1 This condition is often exacerbated by severe acute hypertensive responses, which increase the risk of hemorrhagic transformation (HT).3 Beyond the primary neurological injury, intensive care unit (ICU) patients are highly susceptible to nosocomial infections that can trigger systemic sepsis.5 Staphylococcus hominis, a member of the Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci (CoNS) group, is increasingly recognized as a relevant opportunistic pathogen in critically ill and immunocompromised patients.5 CASE REPORT A 54-year-old female (Mrs. PS) presented with sudden loss of consciousness (GCS 3-4) and a hypertensive crisis (240/150 mmHg). Head CT scan revealed extensive multi-territorial cerebral infarction involving the left parietotemporal cortical-subcortical area, right cerebellum, and bilateral basal ganglia, accompanied by signs of hemorrhagic transformation and ventriculomegaly. The patient was admitted to the ICU with mechanical ventilator support and aggressive blood pressure control. During treatment, the patient's clinical condition deteriorated, and blood cultures identified the growth of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus hominis ssp hominis (MRCoNS). Despite intensive resuscitation and stabilization efforts, the patient passed away on the fifth day of care due to cardiac and respiratory arrest. DISCUSSION Analysis of this case highlights the interaction between autonomic dysregulation following a severe stroke (NIHSS score 29) and systemic failure.9 The high NIHSS score and low GCS at admission are powerful predictors of in-hospital mortality.10 The emergency hypertension likely contributed to the hemorrhagic transformation through blood-brain barrier disruption.13 The discovery of S. hominis in blood cultures complicated clinical management; although often considered a contaminant, the consistent growth pattern (4 out of 4 bottles) and resistance to oxacillin and linezolid indicated a true pathogenic role in worsening the prognosis through nosocomial sepsis.14 Blood pressure management was tailored to balanced guidelines, targeting a systolic blood pressure (SBP) of 160-180 mmHg to stabilize the HT while maintaining cerebral perfusion.16 CONCLUSION This case reinforces that multi-territorial stroke with an extremely high NIHSS score carries a very poor prognosis.18 Management requires an aggressive multidisciplinary approach to control hemodynamic parameters, cerebral edema, and to prevent or treat nosocomial infections.20 Early recognition of multi-drug resistant pathogens like Staphylococcus hominis is crucial in determining therapeutic success in the ICU environment.22

Comprehensive Clinical Management of Moderate Anemia in Third-Trimester Pregnant Women and Delivery Success at PONED Halong Primary Health Center: A Case Analysis in Balangan Regency, South Kalimantan Laila Azizah
The International Journal of Medical Science and Health Research Vol. 44 No. 2 (2026): The International Journal of Medical Science and Health Research
Publisher : International Medical Journal Corp. Ltd

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.70070/gcv5rp02

Introduction: Anemia in pregnancy remains a health priority in Indonesia due to its contribution to maternal mortality and stunting (1,2). Decreased hemoglobin (Hb) levels below the normal threshold, especially in the third trimester, increases the risk of fatal obstetric complications (3). This case report aims to analyze the comprehensive clinical management of moderate anemia in a third-trimester pregnant woman until delivery at PONED Halong Primary Health Center, Balangan Regency, South Kalimantan (4). Case: A 22-year-old primigravida (G1P0A0) underwent integrated antenatal care at Halong Primary Health Center . In the first trimester, Hb was normal (13.2 gr/dl) (6). Entering 32-33 weeks of gestation, a drastic Hb decrease to 8.6 gr/dl (moderate anemia) was observed, accompanied by proteinuria +1 and random blood glucose (RBG) of 163 mg/dl (7). Interventions included escalating Iron Supplement Tablets (TTD) to 3x1 tablet per day combined with Multiple Micronutrient Supplements (MMS) 1x1 tablet per day and Calcium Lactate 2x500 mg per day (8). At 38 weeks gestation, the patient had a spontaneous delivery at the PONED unit (9). The infant weighed 3495 grams, but the mother experienced a second-degree perineal laceration requiring suturing (10). Discussion: The sharp Hb decline indicates failure of physiological compensation and depletion of maternal iron stores in the third trimester (11). MMS proved superior to standard iron-folate supplementation, reflected in optimal birth weight despite maternal anemia (12). Proteinuria +1 without hypertension likely relates to anemia-induced renal effects or asymptomatic urinary tract infection (13). RBG of 163 mg/dl indicates mild gestational diabetes mellitus, contributing to large birth weight through fetal hyperinsulinemia (14). Active management of the third and fourth stages of labor at PONED was key to preventing massive hemorrhage (15). Conclusion: Aggressive management of moderate anemia in the third trimester through multidimensional micronutrient supplementation significantly improves delivery outcomes (16). Synergy between early detection in antenatal care and PONED unit preparedness is vital to reduce maternal morbidity (17). Strengthening serial laboratory screening and education on supplement adherence is recommended (18).

Total Mechanical Intestinal Obstruction due to Intrarectal Foreign Body: A Case Report and Comprehensive Literature Review on Surgical Approaches and Pathophysiological Analysis of the Suction Effect Bimo Nugroho Sakti; Saiful Islam; Edwin Christian Tjiomas; Wibowo Suryo Pambudi
The International Journal of Medical Science and Health Research Vol. 44 No. 2 (2026): The International Journal of Medical Science and Health Research
Publisher : International Medical Journal Corp. Ltd

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.70070/j712e018

Introduction Retained rectal foreign body (RFB) represents one of the most challenging and unique clinical presentations in surgical emergency departments worldwide. (1) This condition is often shrouded by social stigma, embarrassment, and cultural barriers, leading patients to delay seeking medical help until life-threatening complications, such as total mechanical intestinal obstruction or colonic perforation, develop. (1) This case report presents the surgical management of a young male patient with acute intestinal obstruction due to a plastic bottle lodged in the rectosigmoid area. Case Illustration A 24-year-old male presented to the emergency department complaining of a plastic bottle inserted into the anus one hour before hospital admission. The patient reported an inability to remove the object independently, accompanied by nausea, abdominal bloating, and loss of ability to pass flatus. Physical examination revealed increased bowel sounds and suprapubic tenderness. Laboratory examination revealed leukocytosis (13,440 / µL), indicating an initial inflammatory response to bowel distension. (6) Plain abdominal radiography (BNO) confirmed the presence of a cylindrical foreign body in the rectosigmoid area. The patient underwent emergency exploratory laparotomy for foreign body evacuation via the intra-abdominal "milking" technique after transanal extraction attempts failed. Discussion RFB management requires a "step-up" algorithm approach, ranging from bedside extraction to open surgical intervention. (11) The failure of manual extraction in this case was due to the large diameter of the bottle and the "suction effect," or vacuum effect, created against the rectosigmoid mucosa. (12) The use of broad-spectrum prophylactic antibiotics such as intravenous Ceftriaxone 1 g proved effective in preventing surgical site infection (SSI) in emergency colorectal surgery procedures. (15) Conclusion Early diagnosis through radiological imaging and careful clinical evaluation is crucial for determining a safe evacuation strategy. (18) Although transanal techniques are the first line, exploratory laparotomy remains the definitive choice to prevent iatrogenic injury in cases of foreign bodies tightly lodged in the proximal rectum. (9) Keywords Rectal Foreign Body, Mechanical Intestinal Obstruction, Exploratory Laparotomy, Rectosigmoid, Colon Pathophysiology.

CHARACTERISTICS OF ANTERIOR URETHRAL STRICTURE AT TERTIARY HOSPITAL IN INDONESIA, 2022–2024 Abdul Rahman; Ahmad Agil
The International Journal of Medical Science and Health Research Vol. 44 No. 2 (2026): The International Journal of Medical Science and Health Research
Publisher : International Medical Journal Corp. Ltd

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.70070/kb1fcg27

Background: Anterior urethral stricture is a narrowing of the urethra due to fibrosis, leading to lower urinary tract obstruction and significantly affecting patients' quality of life. Although common, data on its characteristics in Indonesia remain scarce. Objective: To describe the clinical profile, etiological distribution, treatment modalities, and postoperative complications of anterior urethral stricture at Hasan Sadikin General Hospital Bandung. Methods: A descriptive observational study with a cross-sectional design was conducted using medical records of male patients with anterior urethral stricture treated at the Department of Urology, Hasan Sadikin General Hospital Bandung, between 2022 and 2024. Data were analyzed descriptively. Results: A total of 159 male patients were included. The mean age was 52.15 ± 17.90 years. The most common clinical presentation was urinary retention (70.45%). The bulbar urethra was the most frequent stricture location (47.79%), with the majority of strictures being less than 2 cm in length (82.38%). The predominant etiology was iatrogenic, particularly post-transurethral surgery (38.36%), followed by trauma (37.10%). The most frequently performed treatment was Excision Primary Anastomosis (41.50%), followed by Direct Visual Internal Urethrotomy (28.30%). Postoperative complications occurred in 22.64% of patients. Conclusion Anterior urethral stricture at this Indonesian tertiary referral center primarily affects middle-aged to elderly men, with urinary retention as the most common presentation and the bulbar urethra as the typical site. Iatrogenic causes dominate, underscoring the need for preventive measures during endoscopic procedures. EPA remains the mainstay treatment for short bulbar strictures.

What is The Effectiveness of Case Management on Health Outcomes for Elderly Patients with HIV/AIDS? : A Systematic Review Yesi Winda Septriani Meliala; Deddy Zulkarnaen; A.Rafika Yunus
The International Journal of Medical Science and Health Research Vol. 45 No. 1 (2026): The International Journal of Medical Science and Health Research
Publisher : International Medical Journal Corp. Ltd

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.70070/hwtvt826

Introduction: The aging of the HIV epidemic necessitates effective interventions for people living with HIV (PLWH) aged 50 years and older, who face unique challenges including multimorbidity, polypharmacy, and frailty. This systematic review evaluates the effectiveness of case management (CM) on health outcomes in elderly PLWH. Methods: A systematic search was conducted for studies evaluating CM interventions in PLWH aged ≥50 years. Outcomes included viral suppression, retention in care, medication adherence, comorbidity management, quality of life (QoL), and healthcare utilization. Results: Among 80 included studies, significant positive effects were observed. Nurse-led CM in Taiwan achieved 93.5% viral suppression and 73.6% retention vs. 31.7% in controls (p<0.001) [2,3]. The MARTAS intervention in Ukraine improved linkage to care (84.4% vs. 33.8%; aRR=2.45) [4]. In Medicare beneficiaries (≥65 years), medication therapy management increased ART adherence (aOR=1.15) and reduced opioid-benzodiazepine co-use [5]. The AIMS nurse-led strategy reduced treatment failure (7.3% vs. 16.8%) and was cost-saving [6]. Pharmacist-led interventions improved lipid profiles (18% to 4.9% high cholesterol, p<0.001) [14] and accelerated viral suppression (HR=1.37) [53]. Housing CM doubled viral suppression likelihood (aOR=2.1) [21]. For elderly-specific programs, the Golden Compass program improved self-rated health (p=0.015) [11] and comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA) identified high rates of frailty (60%) and led to deprescribing in >50% [9,12]. Discussion: CM is highly effective for elderly PLWH when targeting specific barriers: linkage to care, adherence, comorbidity management, or housing. Pharmacist and nurse-led models show consistent positive outcomes. Most elderly-specific evidence is observational but promising. Conclusion: Case management significantly improves viral suppression, retention, adherence, and comorbidity control in elderly PLWH. Geriatric-focused CM should be integrated into HIV care for older adults.

The Relationship between HIV Co-Infection and The Risk of Developing Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis (DR-TB) : A Systematic Review Elis Nurhasanah; Teguh Budi Santosa; Yusifa Elfiani
The International Journal of Medical Science and Health Research Vol. 45 No. 1 (2026): The International Journal of Medical Science and Health Research
Publisher : International Medical Journal Corp. Ltd

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.70070/aprn0g33

Introduction: The dual epidemics of HIV and tuberculosis (TB) present a major global health challenge, with drug-resistant TB (DR-TB) being a critical concern. While HIV is known to increase the risk of active TB, its precise role in the development of drug resistance remains debated due to heterogeneous findings. This systematic review aims to synthesize global evidence on the association between HIV co-infection and the risk of developing drug-resistant tuberculosis. Methods: We conducted a systematic review of studies published up to 2025. We screened for observational studies that included active TB patients, reported HIV status, and assessed drug resistance. Data on study characteristics, HIV assessment, DR-TB definition, and measures of association were extracted. Findings were synthesized narratively, focusing on overall association, resistance type (primary vs. acquired), and the role of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Results: A total of 200 studies were included,. Meta-analyses consistently showed a positive association between HIV and DR-TB, with pooled odds ratios for multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) ranging from 1.42 (95% CI: 1.17-1.71) to 1.47 (95% CI: 1.19-1.81). The association was significantly stronger for primary MDR-TB (OR up to 3.13) than for acquired resistance. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) was strongly protective; HIV-positive patients on ART had significantly lower mortality (OR 1.8, 95% CI: 1.5-2.2) compared to those not on ART (OR 4.2, 95% CI: 3.0-5.9). Low CD4 count (<200 cells/mm³) was a critical risk factor for both acquiring resistance and poor treatment outcomes. Previous TB treatment history was a major confounder, showing a strong independent association with DR-TB (AOR up to 83.8). Discussion: HIV co-infection increases the risk of DR-TB, particularly primary resistance, likely due to increased susceptibility to infection and rapid progression. The strong protective effect of ART highlights immune reconstitution as a key mechanism. The association is context-dependent, modified by background TB epidemiology, healthcare systems, and survival bias. Conclusion: HIV is a significant risk factor for DR-TB, with the strongest evidence for primary resistance. Early ART initiation and integrated TB-HIV care are crucial for mitigating this risk. Future research should focus on acquired resistance, optimized dosing, and interventions to address social determinants of health.

Is Multiple Gestation Associated with an Increased Risk of Placenta Previa ? : A Systematic Review Carina Rhamadhanis; Yahya Nurlianto; Mutia Juliana
The International Journal of Medical Science and Health Research Vol. 45 No. 1 (2026): The International Journal of Medical Science and Health Research
Publisher : International Medical Journal Corp. Ltd

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.70070/6wg4jy65

Background: Placenta previa is a major cause of antepartum hemorrhage, preterm delivery, and maternal morbidity. Multiple gestation is frequently listed as a risk factor in clinical guidelines, yet direct comparative evidence remains sparse and inconsistent. This systematic review evaluates whether multiple gestation independently increases the risk of placenta previa after accounting for key confounders, particularly assisted reproductive technology (ART) and prior cesarean delivery. Methods: We systematically screened RCT, etc that compared multiple gestations (twins or higher-order) with singleton gestations and reported placenta previa as an outcome. Studies were required to provide sufficient data for calculating measures of association (OR, RR, or incidence proportions). Data extraction focused on study design, population characteristics, multiple gestation details, placenta previa definition, association results, confounder adjustment, and sample sizes. Only studies with statistically significant positive findings were emphasized for the primary analysis. Results: Among 80 identified studies, only four provided direct quantitative comparisons between multiple and singleton gestations for placenta previa. In a cohort of 14,583 cesarean deliveries (Guo et al., 2022), placenta previa incidence was significantly lower in multiple gestations (2.4%) than singletons (3.9%; p=0.012)—a counterintuitive finding. Among placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) cases, twins had significantly lower previa rates (38.1% vs. 71.9%; p<0.001) and fewer prior cesareans (median 0 vs. 2) (Shamshirsaz et al., 2020). ART-conceived dichorionic twins had a nearly threefold higher risk of placenta previa compared with naturally conceived twins (RR=2.99; 95% CI 1.51–5.92; p=0.002; I²=0%) (Qin et al., 2016). The ART-associated previa risk was significantly lower in twins (OR=1.50) than in singletons (OR=2.67) (Karami et al., 2018). After adjusting for multiple gestations, the crude ART–previa association attenuated from OR=4.6 to aOR=1.8 (Johnston et al., 2015). Discussion: The apparent clinical association between multiple gestation and placenta previa is largely explained by confounding. ART increases both twinning and previa risk, while prior cesarean—a dominant previa risk factor—is less common in multiples. The lower crude previa rate in multiples is explained by their lower burden of uterine scarring. Mechanistically, ART alters endometrial receptivity and trophoblast invasion independently of plurality. In PAS, multiples exhibit a distinct risk profile (higher ART, lower previa, fewer prior cesareans). Conclusion: Multiple gestation is not an independent risk factor for placenta previa. The observed association is driven by ART and obstetric history. Future population-based studies must adjust for mode of conception, prior cesarean details, parity, and chorionicity.

Orthotopic Neobladder vs. Ileal Conduit after Radical Cystectomy: A Systematic Review on Functional Outcomes and Quality of Life Anita Arum Wijayatri; John M.Sangkai
The International Journal of Medical Science and Health Research Vol. 45 No. 2 (2026): The International Journal of Medical Science and Health Research
Publisher : International Medical Journal Corp. Ltd

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.70070/8apnrw20

Introduction: Radical cystectomy (RC) for bladder cancer necessitates urinary diversion, with orthotopic neobladder (ONB) and ileal conduit (IC) being the main options. This review aims to identify and synthesize the statistically significant positive functional outcomes and quality of life (QoL) advantages of ONB compared to IC. Methods: A systematic review of 80 studies (RCT, etc) was conducted. Significant positive outcomes favoring ONB were extracted for global QoL, physical function, body image, sexual function, and specific QoL domains. Results: Meta-analyses demonstrated ONB significantly outperforms IC in global health status (WMD +9.13, p=0.004), physical functioning (WMD +11.57, p=0.0001), role functioning (WMD +9.64, p=0.002), and social functioning (WMD +6.81, p=0.03) (1,2). ONB showed superior body image (p=0.001) (12) and sexual function in males (p<0.001) (13,14). At 24 months, ONB achieved higher general HRQoL (73.6 vs. 60.5, p=0.013) and a greater proportion of "good" HRQoL (61.1% vs. 32.4%, p=0.019) (8). In women, ONB provided better emotional (p=0.02), physical (p=0.05), and role functioning (p=0.03) at 6 months (29). ONB also preserved better renal function compared to IC in some metabolic studies (39). Discussion: The positive significant effects of ONB are domain-specific and time-dependent. The advantage in global and physical functioning is most pronounced at 12-24 months post-surgery, corresponding to the stabilization of continence and anatomical preservation. Superior body image and male sexual function represent key psychosocial benefits not achievable with IC. However, these positive findings must be contextualized within significant selection bias favoring younger, healthier patients for ONB. Conclusion: ONB provides statistically significant and clinically meaningful advantages in global QoL, physical and social functioning, body image, and male sexual function. These positive outcomes support ONB as the preferred diversion for appropriately selected patients, particularly younger, motivated males without significant comorbidity.

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Indra Hadi

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profesionaljournalmedicine@gmail.com

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Journal Mail Official
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Editorial Address
Equity Tower. 49th Floor. Sudirman Street. Special Region of Jakarta, Indonesia

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Kota adm. jakarta selatan,

Dki jakarta

INDONESIA