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Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity
Published by Universitas Sebelas Maret
ISSN : 1412033X     EISSN : 20854722     DOI : https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d230231
Core Subject : Science, Agriculture,
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology
The Biodiversitas Journal was first published in 2000 by the Department of Biology, FMNS, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia, then in 2006 it was co-published by the Society for Indonesian Biodiversity and that department; since 2017 it was also hosted by Smujo. From 2003-2012 it was accredited by DGHE, Ministry of Education, R.I., since 2014 was indexed by Scopus, where DOAJ and Google Scholar was indexed first.
Arjuna Subject : Biokimia, Genetika dan Biologi Molekuler - Biokimia, Genetika dan Biologi Molekuler (Lain-Lain)
Articles 6,269 Documents
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Probiotic and genomic evaluation of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum T31 isolated from tempoyak in mung bean substrate QONITA GINA FADHILAH; AUDREY ELIZABEHT; MELINDA FALENCIA; IMAN SANTOSO; ANDI EKO MARYANTO; NIARSI MERRY HEMELDA; MARDIASTUTI H. WAHID
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 9 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260916

Abstract

Abstract. Fadhilah QG, Elizabeht A, Falencia M, Santoso I, Maryanto AE, Hemelda NM, Wahid MH. 2025. Probiotic and genomic evaluation of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum T31 isolated from tempoyak in mung bean substrate. Biodiversitas 26: 4435-4444. Traditional fermented foods in Indonesia contain diverse beneficial microorganisms, including Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB), which play an important role. LAB T31 has been isolated from tempoyak and evaluated for probiotic characters. In this research, the isolate was evaluated as a potential probiotic in a mung bean substrate to develop a healthy fermented drink. The result showed that LAB T31 grew well on the mung bean substrate. The population increased from 107 CFU/mL to 109 CFU/mL after 24 hours of incubation. The viability results showed that the LAB T31 population remained 10? CFU/mL after 30 days at 10°C. Cell-free filtrate of fermented mung bean substrate showed antibacterial activity against the tested bacteria. The diameter of inhibition increases from 24 hours (15-17 mm) to 48 hours (16-18 mm) of incubation. Whole genome sequences (WGS) of the isolate were performed using DNBseq technology, and the re-identification using JspeciesWS and FastANI showed that the strain belonged to Lactiplantibacillus plantarum. Analysis of the antibacterial assay test result showed that the LAB T31 genome encoded an antimicrobial peptide known as plantaricin. The hydrophobicity and auto-aggregation reached 38.86% and 36.92%, respectively, after 24 hours of incubation. Functional annotation reported adhesin genes, and the isolate did not suggest hemolytic activity on blood agar. These results supported WGS analysis using KEGG since the reported genes are not related to hemolytic ability and virulence factors. Moreover, antimicrobial resistance analysis showed that the isolate had a vanY gene, with a similarity level of 33.33%. LAB T31 was a potential isolate as a probiotic agent in the mung bean substrate.
Geodynamic and molecular characterization of endemic Cherax sp. in Wamena Dome, Papua, Indonesia AGUS HARTOKO; DELIANIS PRINGGENIES; EDY. H.P. MELMAMBESSY; GERSON MANUEL; JOSAPHAT TETUKO SRI SUMANTYO; MUHAMMAD HELMI; HARIYADI HARIYADI
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 8 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260838

Abstract

Abstract. Hartoko A, Pringgenies D, Melmambessy EHP, Manuel G, Sumantyo JTS, Helmi M, Hariyadi H. 2025. Geodynamic and molecular characterization of endemic Cherax sp. in Wamena Dome, Papua, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 4090-4102. Foreign aquarium demands threaten the high potential of Cherax sp. biodiversity in Papua. The new concept is the integration of geodynamic analysis and molecular characterization of Cherax sp. Spectral classification of DEM applied to reconstruct the collision of the Pacific and Australian tectonic plates to form Papua Island. The collision process generates the highland of the Wamena Dome, as well as formations of the northward and southward riverine systems. PCR gene amplification using a mitochondrial DNA-forward JgLCO1490 and reverse JgHCO2198 primers. DNA amplification using a PCR machine and Basic Local Alignment Search. Genetic distance analysis using matrix comparison to GenBank National Center for Biotechnology Information sequences. Phylogenetic tree generated using the Neighbor-Joining method with a bootstrap of 1,000 in MEGA-XII. Phylogenetic analysis of Cherax monticola from the Baliem River and Cherax quadricarinatus, as representatives of the Australian species, reveals that they belong to a single clade. The nearest genetic distance of C. monticola to the Australian origin of C. quadricarinatus is 0.17, and is high in C. monticola to C. preissi (0.234) and to C. doberai (1.4570). Most of the 30 Cherax sp. are found in the southward rivers of Papua. Haplotype network analysis has confirmed that C. monticola is the origin of Papua, and C. quadricarinatus is the origin of Australia. Tectonic plate geodynamic and DNA analysis confirming the origin of South Papua and Australia as previously one tectonic plate and induced Cherax sp. geographic endemicity.
Evaluation of resistance in new hybrid maize genotypes to Northern leaf blight (Exserohilum turcicum) TAUFIQ HIDAYATULLAH; IRFAN SULIANSYAH; ETTI SWASTI; NURWANITA EKASARI PUTRI; I MADE JANA MEJAYA
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 10 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d261012

Abstract

Abstract. Hidayatullah T, Suliansyah I, Swasti E, Putri NE, Mejaya IMJ. 2025. Evaluation of resistance in new hybrid maize genotypes to Northern leaf blight (Exserohilum turcicum). Biodiversitas 26: 4967-4975. Northern Leaf Blight Disease (NLB), caused by Exserohilum turcicum, is a major foliar disease threatening maize (Zea mays) production in Indonesia. This study aimed to evaluate the resistance of 20 new hybrid maize genotypes developed by Universitas Andalas, along with two control varieties, against NLB. Field trials were conducted in West Sumatra using a randomized complete block design to assess disease resistance and agronomic traits. Multivariate analysis was used to assess 20 new hybrid maize genotypes. The collected data were examined across nine parameters: Plant Height (H), Ear Height (EH), Stem Diameter (SD), Dehusked Ear Weight (DEW), Harvest Moisture (HM), Grain Weight per Ear (GWE), 1000-grain Weight (W1000), Yield Potential (YP), and Northern Leaf Blight (NLB). Results showed that most of the hybrids demonstrated Resistance (R) to Moderate Resistance (MR), with genotypes G4-13, G15-16, G18, and G21 exhibiting high levels of resistance and stability. NLB severity showed significant correlations with all parameters except harvest moisture. Principal component analysis identified three components with eigenvalues greater than one, collectively explaining 86.53% of the total variance. The first two components alone accounted for 74.19% of the variance, highlighting their dominant role in discriminating among genotypes. Cluster analysis produced four clusters, such as cluster 1: G7, G12, G3, G14, and G17; Cluster 2: G10, G19, G2, G20; Cluster 3: G21, G6, G22; and the last, Cluster 4: G15, G8, G16, G9, G13, G18, G4, and G5. The findings indicate that G6 is suitable candidates for advancement to preliminary yield trials, combining superior yield potential with notable resistance to NLB. These outcomes provide practical guidance for breeding programs seeking to produce resilient and productive maize hybrids across variable agroclimatic settings.
Molecular evidence-based first DNA barcoding of miniature freshwater fish in Bangka Island, Indonesia ABU BAKAR SAMBAH; FITRI SIL VALEN; DIAN SAMITRA; UUN YANUHAR; AHMAD SYAZNI KAMARUDIN; AKHMAD TAUFIQ MUKTI; DITA WISUDYAWATI; OCHEI MICHAEL CHUKWUEMEKA; VERYL HASAN
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 11 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d261109

Abstract

Abstract. Sambah AB, Valen FS, Samitra D, Yanuhar U, Kamarudin AS, Mukti AT, Wisudyawati D, Chukwuemeka OM, Hasan V. 2025. Molecular evidence-based first DNA barcoding of miniature freshwater fish in Bangka Island, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 5476-5484. Paedocypris spp., among the world’s smallest vertebrates, inhabit Southeast Asian peat swamp ecosystems but remain taxonomically challenging due to their miniature body size and cryptic morphology. These habitats are simultaneously among the most threatened freshwater ecosystems. This study presents the first DNA barcoding assessment of Paedocypris from Bangka Island, Indonesia, undertaken to resolve its species identity and phylogenetic placement. Specimens were collected from blackwater peat swamps, and the mitochondrial cytochrome C Oxidase subunit I (COI) gene was sequenced. BLAST analysis revealed 96% similarity to both Paedocypris progenetica (AP011287.1) and Paedocypris micromegethes (NC_051487.1), but only 89% to Paedocypris carbunculus (NC_051488.1). Phylogenetic reconstruction clustered the Bangka specimens with P. micromegethes (bootstrap = 85) on a distinct lineage, while pairwise genetic distance analysis indicated 4.18% divergence. This exceeds conventional intraspecific thresholds in fishes, suggesting potential species-level differentiation, possibly driven by geographic isolation, ecological adaptation, or cryptic speciation. Beyond its systematic significance, this finding extends the known distribution of Paedocypris beyond Borneo, Sumatra, and Peninsular Malaysia, contributing to Sundaland biogeography and understanding of evolutionary patterns in miniature fishes. The conservation implications are profound: Bangka’s peat swamp ecosystems are undergoing rapid degradation due to tin mining, peatland drainage, and large-scale conversion to oil palm plantations. These pressures erode the ecological integrity of blackwater habitats, threatening the persistence of Paedocypris and other specialized endemics. This study underscores the urgency of targeted habitat protection, ecological restoration, and sustainable land-use planning to safeguard these fragile ecosystems. Integrating molecular evidence into conservation strategies is vital not only for the survival of Paedocypris but also for maintaining freshwater biodiversity and ecosystem resilience across the region.
ESBL-producing blaTEM-carrying Escherichia coli in cave bats of Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia ALFIANA LAILI DWI AGUSTIN; MUSTOFA HELMI EFFENDI; WIWIEK TYASNINGSIH; ASWIN RAFIF KHAIRULLAH; HANI PLUMERIASTUTI; KATTY HENDRIANA PRICILIA RIWU; FIDI NUR AINI EKA PUJI DAMEANTI; SHEILA MARTY YANESTRIA; JOHN YEW HUAT TANG; SAIFUR REHMAN
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 8 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260804

Abstract

Abstract. Agustin ALD, Effendi MH, Tyasningsih W, Khairullah AR, Plumeriastuti H, Riwu KHP, Dameanti FNAEP, Yanestria SM, Tang JYH, Rehman S. 2025. ESBL-producing blaTEM-carrying Escherichia coli in cave bats of Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 3701-3710. Bats are mammals known to carry Escherichia coli in their guano and inhabit diverse environments such as caves, forests, and human settlements. Even without prior antibiotic exposure, bats can harbor antimicrobial-resistant E. coli that may contaminate the environment and threaten public health. This study investigated bat species in Saung Pengembur Cave, Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia, carrying antibiotic-resistant E. coli. Bats were captured using mist nets from 4:00-10:00 PM, and their species identified through morphological measurements. Rectal swabs were collected aseptically, and bacterial isolation was performed using Eosin Methylene Blue Agar, followed by biochemical identification (IMViC test). Antibiotic susceptibility was assessed using the disk diffusion method, and isolates resistant to more than three antibiotic classes were screened for the bla<sub>TEM</sub> gene via PCR, followed by sequencing for phylogenetic analysis. Of 85 bats captured, 77 were Rhinolophus sp. and 8 Hipposideros diadema. Escherichia coli was isolated from 63 (74.1%) individuals, all exhibiting resistance to at least one antibiotic. Multidrug Resistance (MDR) was observed in 19% (12/63) of isolates, with 9 (75%) carrying the Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) gene bla<sub>TEM</sub>. The highest resistance rates were to azithromycin (46%), followed by tetracycline (23.8%), amoxicillin (20.6%), sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (19%), and ciprofloxacin (16.7%), with no resistance to cefotaxime. Phylogenetic analysis showed close relationships between bat isolates and E. coli from human and poultry sources in Southeast Asia and Australia. These findings highlight the role of bats as reservoirs for ESBL-producing E. coli, underscoring the need for One Health-based surveillance and public awareness regarding bat guano use, to mitigate environmental contamination and reduce the risk of antimicrobial resistance transmission to humans, animals, and the environment.
Reproductive toxicity and histopathological effects of heavy metal exposure in male Nile tilapia from the Brantas River, Indonesia HABIB SYAIFUL ARIF TUSKA; ANIK MARTINAH HARIATI; ANWAR SANUSI; GATOT CIPTADI; BARLAH RUMHAYATI; HENDRA SUSANTO; GRETANIA RESIDIWATI; AULANNI’AM AULANNI’AM
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 10 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d261031

Abstract

Abstract. Tuska HSA, Hariati AM, Sanusi A, Ciptadi G, Rumhayati B, Susanto H, Residiwati G, Aulanni’am A. 2025. Reproductive toxicity and histopathological effects of heavy metal exposure in male Nile tilapia from the Brantas River, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 5169-5180. Heavy metal pollution in freshwater ecosystems poses critical threats to fish health, particularly reproductive function. The Brantas River, one of Indonesia’s most economically important watersheds, has experienced escalating contamination due to industrial, agricultural, and domestic waste discharges, leading to ecological concern. This study aimed to evaluate the bioaccumulation and toxicological effects of heavy metals on histopathological alterations (necrosis, inflammation, hyperemia, and hyperplasia) in gills and testes, and on sperm quality (viability, DNA integrity, and morphological abnormalities) of male Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) from the Brantas River Basin, Malang, East Java, Indonesia. Water and tissue samples were collected from five river sites (25 male fish; 5 fish per site). Heavy metal levels in water were analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). Histopathological scores were evaluated semi-quantitatively. Sperm viability, DNA fragmentation, and morphology were assessed microscopically. Statistical analyses included One-Way ANOVA and Spearman correlation tests (IBM SPSS 23.0; p<0.05). Cadmium (Cd) and iron (Fe) were found at elevated concentrations, particularly at Kalisari (Cd = 0.0129 ppm; Fe = 7.690 ppm]), exceeding WHO (0.003 and 0.3 ppm) and USEPA (0.005 and 0.3 ppm) guidelines. Fish from this site exhibited the most severe histopathological alterations in both gills and testes: necrosis (1.8±0.24; 2.27±0.70), inflammation (2.13±0.27; 2.00±0.85), hyperemia (1.93±0.27; 2.60±0.63), and hyperplasia (2.07±0.27; 2.33±0.72), respectively. Sperm quality was significantly compromised: viability (60.27±1.17%), DNA fragmentation (59.4±0.87%), and morphological abnormalities (43±1.47%) (p<0.05). Strong positive correlations were found between Fe levels and testicular inflammation (r?=?0.909), testicular hyperplasia (r?=?0.921), and gill hyperplasia (r?=?0.913) (p<0.05). Cd was negatively correlated with sperm plasma membrane integrity (r?=?-0.927) and DNA integrity (r?=?-0.896) (p<0.05). In conclusion, chronic exposure to Cd and Fe in the Brantas River is associated with marked tissue pathology and reduced reproductive performance in Nile tilapia. These findings underscore the urgent need for integrated river health monitoring and pollution control strategies to protect aquatic biodiversity and sustain ecosystem services in the Brantas River Basin.
Insect diversity and new records from mangrove forests of Cat Ba National Park, Vietnam, using multi-method sampling THI ANH NGUYET NGUYEN; PHU VAN PHAM; TRANG QUYNH LE; THANH SON NGUYEN; ANH DUC TRAN; CUONG VAN DUONG
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 9 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260931

Abstract

Abstract. Nguyen TAN, Pham VP, Le TQ, Nguyen TS, Tran AD, Duong VC. 2025. Insect diversity and new records from mangrove forests of Cat Ba National Park, Vietnam, using multi-method sampling. Biodiversitas 26: 4606-4617. Insects play key ecological roles in mangrove ecosystems, contributing to pollination, decomposition, and trophic interactions. These functions are critical for maintaining the structure, productivity, and resilience of mangrove habitats. Despite their ecological importance, insect communities in mangroves remain poorly studied in many parts of Southeast Asia, including Vietnam. Cat Ba National Park, located on an archipelago in northern Vietnam, encompasses diverse ecosystems such as tropical evergreen forests, mangrove forests, tidal flats, marine lakes, coral reefs, and soft-bottom habitats. Among these, mangrove forests are a vital natural resource for tropical coastal regions, including those of Cat Ba. This study presents the first comprehensive survey of insect diversity in the mangrove forests of Cat Ba National Park. Using multiple sampling methods, including sweep nets, light traps, and yellow pan traps, we recorded 163 insect species, representing 135 genera, 57 families, and 11 orders. Hemiptera was the most species-rich order (37 species), followed by Lepidoptera (31 species) and Diptera (28 species). Notably, eight species and four genera are newly recorded for Vietnam, highlighting the potential of mangrove habitats as reservoirs of undocumented biodiversity. Sweep nets proved most effective (which obtained 110 species), particularly for Hemiptera and Hymenoptera, followed by light traps (62 species), which primarily captured Lepidoptera (moths). Yellow pan traps yielded only 10 species, mainly Diptera. This study establishes a crucial baseline for future monitoring and offers insights applicable to other mangrove ecosystems in Southeast Asia that remain understudied.
Environmental DNA reveals protist biodiversity in mangrove sediments of Java and Madura, Indonesia MIRZA HANIF AL FALAH; TRI RETNANINGSIH SOEPROBOWATI; HADIYANTO HADIYANTO; AULIA RAHIM; JUMARI JUMARI; LILIH KHOTIMPERWATI; NI KADEK DITA CAHYANI; MARTA WOJEWÓDKA-PRZYBYŁ; ŁUKASZ KRUSZEWSKI; PAWEŁ RYDELEK
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 10 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d261035

Abstract

Abstract. Al Falah MH, Soeprobowati TR, Hadiyanto H, Rahim A, Jumari J, Khotimperwati L, Cahyani NKD, Wojewódka-Przybyl M, Kruszewski L, Rydelek P. 2025. Environmental DNA reveals protist biodiversity in mangrove sediments of Java and Madura, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 5211-5225. Mangrove ecosystems provide critical ecological services and harbor diverse microbial communities; however, the diversity of protists and their ecological roles in these habitats remains understudied. This research investigated the protist community composition in mangrove sediments from seven sites across the Java and Madura Islands, Indonesia, using environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding targeting the 18s rRNA gene. Sediment samples were analyzed via Illumina MiSeq sequencing, with taxonomic assignment performed using the PR2 database. Five major protist supergroups were detected, exhibiting significant site-specific variations in community structure. Additionally, a wide range of taxa at the genus and species levels, including microalgae, vegetation, fish, insects, amoebae, protists, nematodes, fungi, and merostomata, were identified. The detection of parasitic and potentially pathogenic taxa, such as Exobasidiomycetes and Malassezia globosa, highlights potential ecological risks in mangrove sediments. The presence of diverse protists and fungi indicates active nutrient cycling and ecosystem resilience. Water quality supports the ecological function of mangrove habitats, with Total Dissolved Solids influencing the abundance of Malassezia globosa and Tetrahymena. This study demonstrates that eDNA metabarcoding is a novel method for revealing hidden biodiversity that is often missed by traditional methods. These findings provide crucial baseline data for the conservation and sustainable management of mangrove habitats, contributing to informed restoration and environmental monitoring efforts that protect vital ecosystem services in coastal regions.
Comparative study of phytochemical content and bioactivity of five Zingiberaceae species from Thailand with biodiversity implications CHANAKRAN PAPAYRATA; SURAPON SAENSOUK; THEERAPHAN CHUMROENPHAT
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 8 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260849

Abstract

Abstract. Papayrata C, Saensouk S, Chumroenphat T. 2025. Comparative study of phytochemical content and bioactivity of five Zingiberaceae species from Thailand with biodiversity implications. Biodiversitas 26: 4229-4242. Zingiberaceae plants are widely used in traditional medicine and as food ingredients. Their phytochemicals and biological activities differ depending on species, genotype, and cultivation conditions. This study investigated five Thai Zingiberaceae species, including Zingiber chrysostachys (ZC), Zingiber niveum (ZN), Zingiber ligulatum (ZS), Alpinia galanga white cultivar (AGW), and yellow cultivar (AGY). ZC showed the highest total phenolic content (200.04 mg GAE/100 g DW) and total flavonoid content (157.16 mg RE/100 g DW), with myricetin at a concentration of 146.14 µg/g DW. Caffeic acid was the major phenolic acid found in all species, with the highest concentration in ZN (109.60 µg/100 g DW). ZC exhibited the highest antioxidant activity with a DPPH scavenging activity of 471.77 µg TE/g DW, IC50 of 251.04 µg/mL, and 104.71 mmol FeSO?/g DW by FRAP assay, with AGE inhibition of 98.15%. AGY was prominent for its remarkably high curcumin content (263.42 µg/g DW), ZN contained the highest 6-gingerol (118.37 µg/g DW), AGW had the highest eugenol concentration (17.92 µg/g DW), and ZS showed the highest vitamin C content (16.29 mg/100 g DW). Multivariate analyses confirmed strong correlations between myricetin, caffeic acid, and rutin, as well as their corresponding biological activities. ZC demonstrated the best potential for development as a functional food or herbal ingredient.
Vertical distribution of weed seed bank in three-year-old oil palm plantations LENTINA SITINJAK; EDISON PURBA; CHAIRANI HANUM; LUTHFI AZIZ MAHMUD SIREGAR
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 7 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260743

Abstract

Abstract. Sitinjak L, Purba E, Hanum C, Siregar LAM. 2025. Vertical distribution of weed seed bank in three-year-old oil palm plantations. Biodiversitas 26: 3571-3579. Soil may contain millions of weed seeds from different species. Understanding the soil seed bank is crucial for making effective and sustainable weed management plans. This study provides novel insight into vertical seed bank distribution in tropical agroecosystems, a topic that remains underexplored, so that it can prevent reinfestation and dependence on herbicides. In this study, we measured the species composition and vertical distribution of the weed seed bank in agricultural soil. We collected soil samples using a 9 cm diameter soil core in a zigzag pattern. Samples were taken at depths of 0-5 cm, 5-10 cm, 10-15 cm, and 15-20 cm, with four duplicates per depth. At Universitas Sumatera Utara, Indonesia, each sample was spread in sterile trays filled with sand and incubated in a greenhouse. Seedling emergence was monitored for eight weeks. No new seedlings appeared in the last two weeks. A vegetation survey at the sampling site was also included. Data were analyzed using a non-factorial, randomized complete block design. Seedling emergence was significantly affected by soil depth. The highest seed bank density was at 5-10 cm (51.50 seedlings, 43.45%), followed by 0-5 cm (48.75 seedlings, 41.14%), 10-15 cm (12.50 seedlings, 10.55%), and 15-20 cm (5.75 seedlings, 4.85%). In total, the seed bank produced 354 seedlings. Asystasia gangetica was the most common, with 131 individuals. Aboveground vegetation yielded 256 individuals, predominantly Persicaria odorata (38 individuals, 14.84%). Most weed propagules accumulated in the top 10 cm of soil. Thus, shallow tillage, competitive cover crops, and well-timed herbicide applications targeting seedling flushes should focus on this layer. To prevent replenishment of the seed bank and curb invasive or resistant species, seasonal adjustments and routine observation of the seed bank and vegetation are vital. This integrated, site-specific approach supports more effective and sustainable weed control in agricultural systems.

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