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Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity
Published by Universitas Sebelas Maret
ISSN : 1412033X     EISSN : 20854722     DOI : https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d230231
Core Subject : Science, Agriculture,
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology
The Biodiversitas Journal was first published in 2000 by the Department of Biology, FMNS, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia, then in 2006 it was co-published by the Society for Indonesian Biodiversity and that department; since 2017 it was also hosted by Smujo. From 2003-2012 it was accredited by DGHE, Ministry of Education, R.I., since 2014 was indexed by Scopus, where DOAJ and Google Scholar was indexed first.
Arjuna Subject : Biokimia, Genetika dan Biologi Molekuler - Biokimia, Genetika dan Biologi Molekuler (Lain-Lain)
Articles 6,269 Documents
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Bat diversity in Sitio Guillan, Barangay Mansawan (Nueva Vista), Philippines REAH CARL B. BATERNA; ALLYSA MAE B. RAMOS; DENMAR D. MAGSALAY
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 10 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d261006

Abstract

Abstract. Baterna RCB, Ramos AMB, Magsalay DD. 2025. Bat diversity in Sitio Guillan, Barangay Mansawan (Nueva Vista), Philippines. Biodiversitas 26: 4898-4907. Bats are essential components of tropical ecosystems, functioning as pollinators, seed dispersers, and natural pest regulators. However, their populations are increasingly threatened by habitat loss, hunting, and human disturbance, particularly in regions where survey data remain scarce. The Philippines, recognized as a global biodiversity hotspot, harbors 73 bat species, including many endemics, yet localized assessments in Mindanao remain limited. This study assessed bat species diversity across an elevational gradient in Sitio Guillan, Barangay Nueva Vista, Don Victoriano Chiongbian, Misamis Occidental, Philippines, situated within the buffer zone of Mt. Malindang National Park. Sampling was conducted in January and April 2024 using mist-netting and the capture-mark-release method over 360 net-hours at three sites ranging from 1,042 to 1,241 m asl. A total of 134 individuals representing seven species from three families were documented. Five species were fruit bats (Cynopterus brachyotis, Rousettus amplexicaudatus, Haplonycteris fischeri, Ptenochirus jagori, P. minor) and two were insectivorous bats (Hipposideros diadema, Rhinolophus subrufus). Of these, three species were Philippine endemics and one was Mindanao-endemic. Conservation assessments indicated six species as Least Concern and one as Data Deficient. Site 1, located near a cave system, exhibited the highest species richness and diversity (H?: 1.642), while Site 3, dominated by vegetable plantations at higher elevation, showed reduced diversity. These findings provide critical baseline information on bat assemblages in Misamis Occidental, highlighting the ecological value of caves and surrounding forests as key habitats. Strengthening conservation measures in buffer zones is essential to mitigate habitat disturbance, safeguard endemic populations, and enhance sustainable biodiversity management in northern Mindanao.
PCA-based metagenomics reveals functional and taxonomic diversity in Kedu chicken gut microbiota NURULIARIZKI SHINTA PANDUPUSPITASARI; SUGIHARTO SUGIHARTO; IKANIA AGUSETYANINGSIH; DELA AYU LESTARI; FAHEEM AHMED KHAN; ASEP SETIAJI; MUHAMMAD ASIF RAZA
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 8 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260832

Abstract

Abstract. Pandupuspitasari NS, Sugiharto S, Agusetyaningsih I, Lestari DA, Khan FA, Setiaji A, Raza MA. 2025. PCA-based metagenomics reveals functional and taxonomic diversity in Kedu chicken gut microbiota. Biodiversitas 26: 4035-4041. The Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT) microbiota plays a central role in poultry health, productivity, and resilience, influencing digestion, nutrient absorption, immune development, and disease resistance. This study provides the first multi-database Principal Component Analysis (PCA)-based metagenomic characterization of the gut microbiota in Kedu chickens (Gallus gallus (Linnaeus, 1758)), an indigenous Indonesian breed. Digesta from five GIT segments (crop, gizzard, jejunum, colon, and cecum) of 21 traditionally reared Kedu chickens were sequenced on the Illumina NovaSeq X Plus platform, yielding 1,523,876 unigenes. Functional annotation against Non-Redundant Protein Database (NR), Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COG), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), Carbohydrate-Active enZYmes Database (CAZy), Antibiotic Resistance Genes Database (ARDB), Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database (CARD), and Virulence Factor Database (VFDB) revealed enrichment of genes involved in metabolism (38.2%), cellular processes (15.7%), environmental information processing (12.6%), and genetic information processing (11.0%). PCA separated GIT segments by functional specialization: The jejunum clustered distinctly (PC1 variance = 26.48% for NR, 30.04% for COG, 67.16% for KEGG) due to nutrient absorption-related functions, while the cecum exhibited the highest diversity and carbohydrate-active enzyme profiles (PC1 = 24.98% for CAZy). ARDB/CARD analysis showed that distal GIT segments (colon, cecum) contained higher densities of antimicrobial resistance genes, and VFDB revealed elevated virulence factor abundance in ileum and cecum. These findings highlight segment-specific microbiota roles, supporting the development of targeted probiotics and feed strategies, and contribute to conserving the functional biodiversity of Kedu chickens in sustainable production systems.
Short Communication: Ecosystem resilience evidenced by reef fish diversity and coral cover in Uwedikan, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia ABUBAKAR SIDIK KATILI; ILYAS H. HUSAIN; EKA REZA SAPUTRA WIDODO
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 9 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260935

Abstract

Abstract. Katili AS, Husain IH, Widodo ERS. 2025. Short Communication: Ecosystem resilience evidenced by reef fish diversity and coral cover in Uwedikan, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 4647-4653. This study, conducted in the coastal waters of Uwedikan, Banggai District, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia, aims to examine the diversity of coral reef fish (rockfish) and their relationship with live coral cover. The research employed the Underwater Visual Census (UVC) method at three observation sites each located at a depth of 10 meters. A total of 748 individuals were identified, representing 14 species, 12 genera, and 11 families. The calculated Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index (H?) was 2.434, indicating a moderate to high level of species diversity. The Evenness Index (E) of 0.922 suggested a relatively uniform distribution among species. However, the percentage of live coral cover was relatively low, ranging from 2.7% to 21.4%, indicating a degraded reef ecosystem. The dominance of species such as Priacanthus macracanthus and Siganus fuscescens reflects their ecological tolerance to habitat stress. Conversely, the reduced presence of indicator species like Chaetodon lunula and apex predators such as Epinephelus lanceolatus highlights a decline in ecosystem health. Pearson's correlation analysis revealed a very weak and non-significant relationship between live coral cover and fish abundance (r: 0.189, p: 0.879). Similarly, Spearman's rank correlation showed no monotonic trend (?: 0.000, p: 1.000). These results indicate that community patterns are shaped more by species' ecological tolerance and functional traits than coral cover alone. Such findings highlight the resilience-erosion trade-off: while tolerant herbivores and generalists maintain certain ecological functions, the decline of coral-dependent taxa signals ongoing functional erosion. Conservation measures should prioritize habitat restoration, no-take zones, and long-term integrated monitoring, emphasizing the responsibility and commitment required from anyone interested in coral reef ecosystems.
Heavy metal accumulation, chlorophyll content and stomatal density of shade plants in response to air pollution in Banda Aceh, Indonesia MEUTIA ZAHARA; VERA NAZHIRA ARIFIN; FIRMANSYAH RACHMAN; DEWI SARTIKA ARYANI
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 11 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d261106

Abstract

Abstract. Zahara M, Arifin VN, Rachman F, Aryani DS. 2025. Heavy metal accumulation, chlorophyll content and stomatal density of shade plants in response to air pollution in Banda Aceh, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 5449-5457. There is increasing air pollution in Banda Aceh as the number of population and vehicles are growing. This study aimed to investigate the impacts of air pollution on shade plants by measuring heavy metals (i.e. Fe, Cu, Pb) accumulation, chlorophyll content and stomatal density of the leaves. Purposive sampling was conducted to collect leaves of plants exposed to two different levels of pollution, i.e. polluted plants along the busy streets in Jambo Tape Sub-district and less polluted plants (control) in Lamsayeun Village, Ingin Jaya Sub-district. There were five plant species that dominated the surveyed streets, i.e. Tamarindus indica, Polyalthia longifolia, Pterocarpus indicus, Plumeria acuminata and Athrotaxis sp. Leaf samples of the five dominant species were brought for laboratory analysis to measure heavy metal, chlorophyll content and stomatal density with three replicates taken from different individual plants of each species. Key findings included an increase in stomatal density in the polluted plants compared to the controls with the highest observed was in P. longifolia (807.82 mm-2). Chlorophyll a, b, and total chlorophyll levels were generally lower in polluted plants compared to those as control. These findings suggest an adaptation mechanism to pollution. There was an elevated heavy metal level (Fe, Cu, Pb) in foliage, particularly in Athrotaxis plant leaves with Fe content reaching 247.2 mg/kg exceeding toxicity thresholds. The study confirmed a significant level of pollution in the area studied. These findings provide critical insights for selecting plant species in urban greening initiatives, with the potential to enhance pollution mitigation and support ecosystem health.
Review: Ecological impact and bioactive profile of the invasive species Solanum elaeagnifolium in the Gaza Strip, Palestine MOHAMAD ABOU AUDA; MOHAMMED ELEYAN
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 7 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260738

Abstract

Abstract. Abou Auda M, Eleyan M. 2025. Review: Ecological impact and bioactive profile of the invasive species Solanum elaeagnifolium in the Gaza Strip, Palestine. Biodiversitas 26: 3485-3513. Solanum elaeagnifolium (Silverleaf nightshade) is an aggressive invasive species in the Middle East, particularly in the Gaza Strip, Palestine, where it poses significant ecological and agricultural threats. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the botany, ecology, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology of S. elaeagnifolium in the Gaza Strip. It is the first study to focus on its invasive potential and bioactivity in this region, with an emphasis on the need for monitoring and effective control strategies. A comprehensive literature review was conducted, sourcing data from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases up to April 2025. The plant contains flavonoids, glycoalkaloids, phenolic acids, and saponins. Nutritional content includes crude fiber (28-32% in leaves; 27-32% in flowers), protein (13-14%), potassium (2.6% in leaves; 3.3% in flowers), and phosphorus (0.21-0.24%). Toxicological studies reported hepatotoxic effects at 2000 mg/kg fruit extract (p<0.001), elevated ALT/AST and creatinine (p<0.01), and altered RBC counts. Antioxidant activity showed DPPH IC?? of 0.025 mg/mL (seeds) and 35.15 µg/mL (fruit). Enzyme inhibition assays revealed lipase IC?? of 0.167 mg/mL (leaves) and 0.106 mg/mL (fruit), and antiglycation IC??: 3.997 mg/mL. Antimicrobial assays showed broad-spectrum activity, with inhibition zones ranging from 12-20 mm and MIC values of 1.25-2.5 mg/mL against multiple gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Ecologically, S. elaeagnifolium develops an extensive root system and vigorous rhizome spread, which significantly enhance its invasiveness. Solanum elaeagnifolium presents a significant ecological threat in the Gaza Strip, with its invasive behavior driven by its deep root system and vigorous rhizome spread. Preliminary phytochemical screening indicates the presence of alkaloids and saponins, warranting further in vitro validation. The plant’s bioactive properties, such as its antimicrobial and antioxidant activities, suggest its potential for pharmacological applications. However, further experimental studies are needed to assess the clinical viability and toxicity of these compounds.
Flowering phenology and floral yield of four cultivated Jasminum species in Indonesia PAWITRI ADHISTYANA MAYESTI; ANI KURNIAWATI; KRISANTINI KRISANTINI
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 12 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d261208

Abstract

Abstract. Mayesti PA, Kurniawati A, Krisantini. 2025. Flowering phenology and floral yield of four cultivated Jasminum species in Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 6047-6055. Jasmine is one of the most important flowers in Indonesia and Asia, used mainly for fresh flowers, flavoring ingredients, and can be processed into cosmetics and essential oils. Despite the rich diversity of Indonesian jasmines, there are limited studies on the growth and flowering of various jasmine types. Understanding the characteristics of each type is crucial as a foundational step for the development and commercialization of jasmine. This study examined the morphology, flower phenology, and production of four types of jasmine: Jasminum sambac “Telur”, a local Java jasmine, “Emprit Bandar Arum”, and Bintang (Jasminum multiflorum). The study was conducted in an open field in East Java, Indonesia, at an elevation of 348 m above sea level. Each type of jasmine consists of 50 plants. Observations and measurements were conducted on leaf and flower morphology, flower phenology, and production cycles. The four types of jasmine showed diversity in fragrance, leaf arrangement, number of flowers, flower arrangement, and productivity. The local jasmine has single corollas, whereas jasmine “Telur” has multiple. Jasminum sambac “Telur” has the most significant and heaviest flower (595 mg), but produces significantly fewer flowers. Jasminum multiflorum Bintang flower weighs 24 mg, but produces 11 flowers per plant. The local jasmine and Emprit Bandar Arum flowers fall within the mid-range, i.e., 49-62 mg flower weight, and produce 11-17 flowers per plant. The flowering phenology of the four jasmines spans 7-14 days, with flower bud appearance and development taking 8-10 days, followed by enlargement and swelling for 2-4 days before anthesis. Flowers at anthesis are the most fragrant in all four types of jasmine, with local Jasmine standing out in floral fragrance and production. This information would be useful for identifying different jasmine types, determining the best uses, and the commercial production of these four types of jasmines.
Organic carbon in Rhizophora and Avicennia mangrove litter of South Kalimantan, Indonesia PUTRI MUDHLIKA LESTARINA; DIETRIECH GEOFFREY BENGEN; TRI PRARTONO; MUHAMMAD AHSIN RIFA'I; NEVIATY PUTRI ZAMANI; SELVIANI SELVIANI
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270132

Abstract

Abstract. Lestarina PM, Bengen DG, Prartono T, Rifa'i MA, Zamani NP, Selviani. 2026. Organic carbon in Rhizophora and Avicennia mangrove litter of South Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 27 (1): d270132. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270132. Mangrove ecosystems serve as major blue carbon sinks due to their high productivity and slow decomposition under anaerobic conditions. This study examined organ and species-level variations in the organic carbon content of Rhizophora mucronata and Avicennia marina at two coastal sites in South Kalimantan, Indonesia-Kintap and Asam-Asam. Samples of stems, twigs, leaves, roots, and flowers were analyzed using the Walkley-Black method. The average organic carbon content of R. mucronata was 7.603%, while that of A. marina was 6.193%. The highest carbon concentration occurred in stems and twigs, followed by roots, leaves, and flowers. Mean carbon content was slightly higher in Kintap (7.091%) than in Asam-Asam (6.704%), though the difference was not statistically significant. Regression analysis indicated that plant organs significantly influenced organic carbon levels (p = 0.004), whereas location, station, and species did not. These findings emphasize that organ-specific characteristics-particularly lignin-rich woody tissues-are key determinants of carbon retention in mangroves. Incorporating such organ-level variability enhances the accuracy of blue carbon estimates and supports ecosystem-based conservation and climate mitigation strategies. Moreover, these findings highlight the ecological significance of organ-specific carbon storage in dominant mangrove species, reinforcing their role in sustaining ecosystem diversity and supporting blue carbon conservation strategies under global climate change agendas.
Filling the ecological data gap: A detailed habitat study of the neglected bleeding toad (Leptophryne cruentata) RIZKI KURNIA TOHIR; MIRZA DIKARI KUSRINI; ANI MARDIASTUTI; BOBY DARMAWAN; DEDE AULIA RAHMAN
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 8 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260827

Abstract

Abstract. Tohir RK, Kusrini MD, Mardiastuti A, Darmawan B, Rahman DA. 2025. Filling the ecological data gap: A detailed habitat study of the neglected bleeding toad (Leptophryne cruentata). Biodiversitas 26: 3973-3984. Effective conservation of threatened amphibians requires detailed ecological knowledge, yet many species remain poorly studied. This research focuses on the bleeding toad (Leptophryne cruentata), a Critically Endangered and legally protected endemic amphibian in Java, Indonesia. Despite its conservation status, ecological information about the species is scarce. We conducted habitat survey across 11 sites within Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park, West Java, from March 2023 to February 2024. A 150 m transect was randomly placed in previously known microhabitats, with environmental variables recorded twice daily and nightly (07:00-09:00) to assess diel habitat variation. We assessed elevational distribution, microclimatic parameters, hydromorphological variables, and aquatic microhabitat types. The species was observed between 1,281 and 1,892 m asl, with additional records extending to 2,089 m asl. Significant diurnal variations in air and water temperatures were found. Daytime air temperatures ranged from 15.7-21.8°C and water temperatures from 15.6-22.3°C, both significantly higher than nighttime values (p<0.001). Humidity remained consistently high (75-100%) with minimal diurnal variation. Bleeding toad was associated with moderately to highly shaded habitats and diverse aquatic environments, including waterfalls, streams, swamps, and headwall seeps. A novel observation was its presence in a terrestrial habitat 260 m from the nearest stream. These findings indicate ecological plasticity and highlight critical habitat parameters essential for conservation planning. Understanding the species’ elevational limits, microhabitat use, and environmental sensitivity provides a valuable foundation for habitat management, reintroduction strategies, and climate resilience planning for this imperiled montane amphibian.
Microbial community profiling of volcanic-affected rice soils near Mount Semeru, Lumajang, Indonesia using Next-Generation Sequencing for biofertilizer development DWI NUR RIKHMA SARI; NI'MATUZAHROH NI'MATUZAHROH; FATIMAH FATIMAH; SALAMUN SALAMUN; MOCH AFFANDI; JUNAIRIAH JUNAIRIAH
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 9 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260915

Abstract

Abstract. Sari DNR, Ni’matuzahroh, Fatimah, Salamun, Affandi M, Junairiah. 2025. Microbial community profiling of volcanic-affected rice soils near Mount Semeru, Lumajang, Indonesia using Next-Generation Sequencing for biofertilizer development. Biodiversitas 26: 4424-4434. This study represents the first attempt to apply Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) based on the 16S rRNA gene to analyze the microbial community structure in paddy soil affected by the eruption of Mount Semeru in Lumajang. This study aims to profile the microbial communities of volcanic-affected rice soils near Mount Semeru. Sequencing was conducted using ONT, with Guppy and NanoFilt for bioinformatic processing. Soil chemical analysis revealed a moisture content of 1.22%, organic carbon at 0.96%, and nitrogen at 0.1%. Available phosphorus was measured at 11 ppm, with a Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) of 6.22 cmol(+)kg?¹. The microbial community was highly diverse, encompassing 100,046 observed species, with a Shannon-Wiener diversity index of 5.528 and estimated species richness values of 2,337.51 (Chao1) and 1,242.00 (ACE). This diversity spanned 44 phyla, 109 classes, and more than 5,000 species. The dominant phylum was Pseudomonadota (46.35% of total OTUs in the sample), with major genera including Lysobacter (5.90%) and Gaiella (4.44%). Opportunistic pathogens were also detected, underscoring the need to strengthen health and safety measures in post-eruption agricultural areas. These findings provide critical insights into the resilience of microbial communities and highlight their potential application in the development of biofertilizers and environmental biotechnology in Indonesia, offering hope for the future of agriculture in volcanic-affected areas.
Gut microbiota composition and variation in Baduy infants living traditional lifestyles in Banten, Indonesia DERICO HITIPEUW; RAISHA NURANINDITA; BAGOES WIDJANARKO; FAUZI MUH
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 9 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260924

Abstract

Abstract. Hitipeuw D, Nuranindita R, Widjanarko B, Muh F. 2025. Gut microbiota composition and variation in Baduy infants living traditional lifestyles in Banten, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 4522-4533. Early-life gut microbiota development shapes immediate and long-term health. Studying infants in traditional, pre-industrial populations provides insights into natural microbial colonization, yet data on microbiota assembly in minimally medically exposed indigenous communities remain scarce. This study aimed to characterize the gut microbiota profiles of infants from the Baduy community of Indonesia, an indigenous population that maintains traditional practices with minimal exposure to industrialization. Fecal samples were collected from two Baduy infants aged 12-13 months (one male and one female) living under traditional conditions. Total genomic DNA was extracted using standardized protocols, and full-length 16S rRNA gene sequencing (V1-V9 regions, 1484 bp) was performed using Oxford Nanopore technology to achieve species-level taxonomic resolution. Alpha diversity metrics, including the Shannon diversity index, Simpson index, and species richness estimators (Chao1 and ACE), were calculated to assess within-sample microbial diversity. Female infants (13BL_P) exhibited higher Shannon diversity (3.44 vs 3.03) and were dominated by beneficial taxa, including Faecalibacterium (Firmicutes), Bifidobacterium (Actinobacteria), and Anaerobutyricum (Firmicutes). Conversely, the male infant (12BL_L) demonstrated higher species richness (543 vs. 511 observed species) but was dominated by potentially pathogenic genera, including Enterococcus and Streptococcus (both Firmicutes), alongside Bifidobacterium. Preliminary findings indicate significant microbiota variability within culturally similar traditional populations, suggesting that host factors affect microbial colonization. This study provides baseline microbiota data for the Baduy population and offers frameworks for investigating gut diversity in indigenous communities.

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