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Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity
Published by Universitas Sebelas Maret
ISSN : 1412033X     EISSN : 20854722     DOI : https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d230231
Core Subject : Science, Agriculture,
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology
The Biodiversitas Journal was first published in 2000 by the Department of Biology, FMNS, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia, then in 2006 it was co-published by the Society for Indonesian Biodiversity and that department; since 2017 it was also hosted by Smujo. From 2003-2012 it was accredited by DGHE, Ministry of Education, R.I., since 2014 was indexed by Scopus, where DOAJ and Google Scholar was indexed first.
Arjuna Subject : Biokimia, Genetika dan Biologi Molekuler - Biokimia, Genetika dan Biologi Molekuler (Lain-Lain)
Articles 6,269 Documents
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Structure of megabenthic invertebrate communities and ecological function of seagrass ecosystem in Walakiri Waters, Sumba Island, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia RETNO HARTATI; WIDIANINGSIH WIDIANINGSIH; ITA RINIATSIH; FANNY I. GINZEL; ANINDYA WIRASATRIYA; ROBERTUS T. MAHENDRAJAYA; CRISTIANA MANULLANG
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 10 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d261022

Abstract

Abstract. Hartati R, Widianingsih, Riniatsih I, Ginzel FI, Wirasatriya A, Mahendrajaya RT, Manullang C. 2025. Structure of megabenthic invertebrate communities and ecological function of seagrass ecosystem in Walakiri Waters, Sumba Island, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 5067-5080. This study investigates the diversity and community structure of megabenthic fauna and their ecological relationship with the seagrass ecosystem at Walakiri Beach, Sumba Island, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia, a critical coastal habitat. Megabenthos sampling and seagrass assessments were conducted simultaneously along six transect stations, and five resilience indicators (water transparency, species richness, and seagrass and macroalgae/epiphyte coverage) were evaluated to determine the Seagrass Ecological Quality Index (SEQI). A total of 48 megabenthic species were recorded, belonging to five phyla: Mollusca (20 species), Echinodermata (14 species), Porifera (9 species), Arthropoda (4 species), and Chordata (1 species). Mollusca and Echinodermata were the most diverse and abundant groups, reflecting their important ecological roles as consumers, bioturbators, and environmental indicators. The megabenthic community showed high diversity and evenness, with no single species dominating. The seagrass beds consisted of five mixed species, dominated by Thalassia hemprichii, characterized by dense to very dense coverage, forming a suitable habitat that supports diverse megabenthic communities. SEQI results indicated good ecological status, with seagrass functioning effectively as a provider of shelter, food, and nursery grounds. Pearson correlation analysis demonstrated strong positive relationships between megabenthic diversity and evenness, as well as between seagrass cover and dominance, while negative correlations were observed with seagrass diversity and evenness. These results suggest that megabenthic communities flourish in areas dominated by a few seagrass species, particularly T. hemprichii. Although ecological conditions remain favorable, increasing tourism activities may threaten habitat integrity, highlighting the need for sustainable coastal management.
Short Communication: Oviposition and chlorosis scoring for early screening of chili resistance to whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) TENGKU LAILA KAMALIAH; MUHAMAD SYUKUR; SOBIR SOBIR; AWANG MAHARIJAYA; PURNAMA HIDAYAT
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 12 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d261238

Abstract

Abstract. Kamaliah TL, Syukur M, Maharijaya A, Hidayat P. 2025. Short Communication: Oviposition and chlorosis scoring for early screening of chili resistance to whitefly (Bemisia tabaci). Biodiversitas 26: 6410-6416. Bemisia tabaci is a major pest of chili. The objective of this study was to establish a rapid screening technique for chili resistance, based on oviposition and chlorosis parameters. The research was conducted in the plastic houses of Sinar Alam Sari, Cibeureum, Bogor, Indonesia, from June to December 2021, using a randomized complete block design with three replications. Eight chili genotypes (Capsicum annuum cv. Adelina, Anies, C12, Kencana, Laris, Landung, Ungara, and Yuni) were infested with four non-viruliferous whiteflies per leaf in a no-choice test. The number of eggs and early instar nymphs was counted on the 7th and 10th days, respectively, while chlorosis was scored on the 21st day after infestation. Results showed significant differences among genotypes. Landung and Yuni were the most susceptible, with the highest egg counts (52.83 and 51.17 per leaf), nymph counts (48.17 and 47.50), and severe chlorosis (score 3-4). Ungara was highly resistant, with the lowest egg (9.00) and nymph counts (4.83), and minimal chlorosis (score 1-2). A strong correlation was observed between high egg/nymph numbers and severe chlorosis, which was objectively validated by RGB image analysis showing a near-perfect negative correlation between chlorosis score and the NGRDI (-0.995). The study concludes that combining egg count and chlorosis scoring—supplemented by digital RGB/NGRDI validation—provides a novel, simple, efficient, and reliable method for the early screening of chili resistance to B. tabaci, offering an integrated method of breeding programs.
Genetic diversity and population structure of Pyrus regelii in South Kazakhstan based on ISSR markers GULNARA T. SITPAYEVA; AINAGUL ABDUKHADYR; ALEXANDR I. SHMAKOV; NIKOLAI E. ZVEREV; ANASTASIA M. KOLTUNOVA; AINUR S. YESZHANOVA; LAURA SH. SHADMANOVA; BEKTEMIR B. OSMONALI
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 9 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260942

Abstract

Abstract. Sitpayeva GT, Abdukhadyr A, Shmakov AI, Zverev NE, Koltunova AM, Yeszhanova AS, Shadmanova SH, Osmonali BB. 2025. Genetic diversity and population structure of Pyrus regelii in South Kazakhstan based on ISSR Markers. Biodiversitas 26: 4714-4729. Pyrus regelii is a relic wild pear species with a restricted distribution in the mountainous regions of South Kazakhstan. Despite its ecological and breeding importance, its genetic structure has never been systematically studied. This study provides the first comprehensive assessment of the genetic and morphological diversity of 5 natural populations from the Karatau and Kyrgyz Alatau ranges. A total of 12 ISSR primers were screened, with 6 highly polymorphic primers selected; these generated 113 loci, of which 112 were polymorphic (98.9%). The number of alleles per locus ranged from 3 to 7 (mean Na = 1.78 per locus). Expected Heterozygosity (He) varied between 0.24-0.31, while Observed Heterozygosity (Ho) was consistently lower, indicating slight inbreeding. Shannon's information index ranged from 0.36-0.47. Pairwise Fst values reached 0.3451 between populations from different mountain systems, reflecting strong differentiation and limited gene flow across orographic barriers. STRUCTURE analysis (K = 3) and PCA confirmed three major genetic clusters, with signs of admixture in several populations. Morphological assessment showed variation in plant height (0.2-3.5 m), crown diameter (0.1-4.4 m), and leaf forms. Heterophyllous populations occurred only in the Kyrgyz Alatau, while Karatau populations were uniform with dissected leaves. The combined genetic and phenotypic evidence indicates adaptive variation that helps survival in arid and cold environments. However, fragmented distribution and isolation make the species vulnerable. Populations with unique alleles (Almalysay) and genetically isolated groups (Bozturgai, Berkara) should be prioritized for in situ conservation and monitoring. Ex situ measures, including seed banks and living collections, are necessary to capture the full spectrum of genetic diversity. Beyond conservation, the adaptive traits of P. regelii offer valuable genetic resources for breeding climate-resilient pear cultivars. Overall, this study establishes the first molecular baseline for P. regelii in Kazakhstan and offers a scientific basis for integrated strategies in conservation and sustainable utilization.
Pharmacognostic authentication and bioactivity of polyherbal essential oils from red ginger, turmeric, and aromatic ginger ALWANI HAMAD; RETNO WAHYUNINGRUM; DIANA HASRI PUSPARINI; DINDA FARIDAENI; ELVIA MITA ISABILA; DWI HARTANTI
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 10 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d261028

Abstract

Abstract. Hamad A, Wahyuningrum R, Pusparini DH, Faridaeni D, Isabila EM, Hartanti D. 2025. Pharmacognostic authentication and bioactivity of polyherbal essential oils from red ginger, turmeric, and aromatic ginger. Biodiversitas 26: 5132-5144. People in Baturraden, Indonesia, use rhizomes of red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum), turmeric (Curcuma longa), and aromatic ginger (Kaempferia galanga) to make polyherbal formulations for managing masuk angin symptoms. This study aimed to verify the identity of the crude drug, determine the antioxidant properties of the formulations, and evaluate the chemical constituents and antimicrobial activity of polyherbal essential oils to assess the effectiveness for curing masuk angin symptoms. The identity of the red ginger, turmeric, and aromatic ginger crude drugs was conducted by following the pharmacopoeial method. The crude drugs were prepared into seven formulations, designated as Formula 1 through Formula 7. The antioxidant properties were evaluated using the standard 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity method, and the Total Phenolic Content (TPC) was determined using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The antimicrobial activity was determined using the microdilution method, with the percentage of inhibition as a parameter. The polyherbal formulations exerted different DPPH scavenging activity and TPC, with the highest values observed in Formula 1[red ginger only, 178.01±3.88 mmol Trolox Equivalent (TE)/g] and Formula 2 [turmeric only, 9.60±0.28 mg Gallic Acid Equivalent (GAE)/g], respectively. Each polyherbal essential oil contained a different constituent profile. Polyherbal essential oils showed moderate antimicrobial activity against Multidrug-Resistant (MDR) Streptococcus aureus and Candida albicans, with more profound antifungal activity than antimicrobial activity. Formula 3 demonstrated the highest overall antimicrobial activity, with percentages of inhibition against Streptococcus aureus and Candida albicans were 15.75±1.32% and 71.67±3.39%, respectively. The findings confirmed the identity of the crude drugs, highlighting the potential of a local polyherbal formulation, particularly Formula 3, for its antioxidant and moderate antimicrobial activities associated with masuk angin symptoms.
Influence of reef cover classes on functional diversity of reef fish in the Banyak Islands Marine Nature Park, Aceh Province, Indonesia MUHAMMAD ARIF NASUTION; NURUL NAJMI; RUDY HERMI; FRIYUANITA LUBIS; EKA LISDAYANTI; FAZRIL SAPUTRA
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 9 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260909

Abstract

Abstract. Nasution MA, Najmi N, Hermi R, Lubis F, Lisdayanti E, Saputra F. 2025. Influence of reef cover classes on functional diversity of reef fish in the Banyak Islands Marine Nature Park, Aceh Province, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 4346-4362. Coral reefs are critical marine ecosystems that are increasingly threatened by human and environmental pressures, prompting research into how habitats shape biodiversity. This study explored how seven reef cover classes: reef slopes, sheltered reef slopes, reef crests, reef flats, plateaus, backreef slopes, and lagoons, influence reef fish functional diversity in the Banyak Islands Marine Nature Park, Aceh Province, Indonesia. Using underwater visual censuses across 20 sites with 60 belt transects (250 m² each), we surveyed 131 reef fish species at 3-12 m depths. We measured four functional diversities of reef fish: Functional Richness (FRic), Functional Divergence (FDiv), Functional Evenness (FEve), and Rao’s Quadratic entropy (RaoQ). Bayesian multivariate models revealed that reef slopes, sheltered reef slopes, and reef crests significantly influenced functional diversity, explaining 2-55% of variance, average 28.5%. Reef slopes showed the strongest effects, positively influencing FEve (posterior probability: 0.95) and RaoQ (posterior probability: 0.99), indicating balanced trait distribution and enhanced functional diversity in structurally complex habitats. However, reef slopes negatively affected FDiv (posterior probability: 0.89). Reef slopes notably boost RaoQ and FEve, reflecting balanced trait distribution and diverse ecological roles. The effects on functional richness and divergence were less pronounced, indicating limited trait range expansion. This study reveals that certain reef formations play a crucial role in maintaining healthy aquatic ecosystems, which is vital for conservation efforts in less-than-ideal reef environments.
Agroforestry-based plant diversity and its implications for ecosystem restoration in Gunung Leuser National Park, Indonesia MASRIZAL SARAAN; RAHMAWATY RAHMAWATY; R. HAMDANI HARAHAP; ENDANG HILMI; DELVIAN DELVIAN; ROBERT SIBARANI
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 12 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d261234

Abstract

Abstract. Saraan M, Rahmawaty, Harahap RH, Hilmi E, Delvian, Sibarani R. 2025. Agroforestry-based plant diversity and its implications for ecosystem restoration in Gunung Leuser National Park, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 6367-6377. The Indonesian government promoted conservation partnership schemes in Gunung Leuser National Park (GLNP) to resolve land-use conflicts while supporting ecosystem restoration and local livelihoods, where communities implement agroforestry that combines native species and Multi-Purpose Tree Species (MPTS). However, empirical evidence on plant diversity and vegetation composition within these systems remains limited. This study analyzes vegetation structure, species composition and plant diversity in conservation partnership areas and assess their contribution to ecosystem recovery, including provides recommendations for sustainable management. Vegetation surveys were conducted on 1-ha plots across three stations representing upper, middle, and lower areas. Species composition, dominance, and diversity were quantified using Importance Value, Shannon–Wiener and Margalef Species Richness Index. The upper area was dominated by native dipterocarps (Dryobalanops aromatica), while lower areas were characterized by cultivated MPTS (Parkia speciosa), reflecting trade-offs between natural regeneration and livelihood-oriented agroforestry practices. Species diversity ranged from moderate to high, with native species concentrated near rehabilitation zones and cultivated species in lower areas, which are intensively managed by communities. Overall, agroforestry within conservation partnership enhances biodiversity, supports ecological recovery, and strengthens livelihoods while offering scalable pathways for integrating restoration and biodiversity enhancement with community-based forest management. Strengthening native-species enrichment is recommended to balance ecological objectives with community needs and guide large-scale restoration policies.
Structure of soil Collembola communities as bioindicators in conservation areas of West Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia IMMY SUCI ROHYANI; AHMAD JUPRI; ISROWATI ISROWATI
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 9 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260911

Abstract

Abstract. Rohyani IS, Jupri A, Isrowati. 2025. Structure of soil Collembola communities as bioindicators in conservation areas of West Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 4374-4383. Conservation areas maintain the diversity of plants, animals, types of ecosystems, and natural uniqueness, as well as the protection of soil, water, climate, and historical and cultural values within them. One effort to maintain the function of conservation areas is improving soil fertility by maximizing the role of soil organisms, one of which is soil Collembola. This research aims to analyze the community structure of Collembola and utilize its potential as a bioindicator of soil conditions in four conservation areas in West Lombok District, West Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia. The research locations include Karandangan Nature Tourism Park, Suranadi Nature Tourism Park, and Nuraksa Forest Park in the Protection Block and Utilization Block. The approach used is quantitative descriptive-exploratory. Samples were taken purposively using pitfall traps, chicken bait traps, and soil sampling, then extracted with a Berlese funnel. Community structure was analyzed using diversity indices, species richness, dominance, and evenness. The potential of bioindicators was assessed based on the relationship between the abundance of the Collembola genus and soil environmental parameters (organic C, total nitrogen, moisture, water content, available phosphorus and Cation Exchange Capacity/CEC). The results showed a stable community structure, with high genus richness and evenness, moderate diversity, and low dominance. The genera Isotomiella, Pseudosinella, and Callyntrura have the potential to be used as bioindicators of low organic carbon, total nitrogen, soil moisture, and water content. The genera Mimoderus, Proisotoma, Pseudachorutes, Oudemansia, and Pseudoparonella have the potential to be used as bioindicators of low phosphorus availability and soil cation exchange capacity. This finding suggests the potential of Collembola as an effective bioindicator for monitoring soil quality in sustainable conservation area management.
Anatomical traits and economic potential of Amorphophallus variabilis and conservation implications in Selo Arjuno Forest, Central Java, Indonesia BAIQ FARHATUL WAHIDAH; RIZKIATI KHASANAH; FADLY HUSAIN
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270213

Abstract

Abstract. Wahidah BF, Khasanah R, Husain F. 2026. Anatomical traits and economic potential of Amorphophallus variabilis and conservation implications in Selo Arjuno Forest, Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 27 (2): d270213. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270213. Amorphophallus variabilis is rarely utilized or studied despite its ecological and economic value. This study aimed to identify its anatomical characteristics, secretory structure, and the distribution of ergastic substances in its organs, including assessing their implications for conservation and local economic development. The study was conducted in Selo Arjuno Forest, Kendal District, Central Java, Indonesia. Anatomical slides from six mature individuals were prepared with paraffin methods and examined under a light microscope. Socio-economic data were collected through in-depth interviews. All data were analysed descriptively. The results showed that tubers are the primary storage organs, with a very high starch granule content (±8400/mm²), far exceeding those in petioles (±25/mm²) and leaf blades (±71/mm²). Sand and druse calcium oxalate crystals dominate tubers, contributing to stress tolerance. Tannin distribution is organ-specific, namely schizogenous cavities are more abundant in petioles, while idioblasts occur more frequently in tubers. Interviews indicate that A. variabilis is rarely cultivated, although its glucomannan-rich tubers have strong potential for functional food and health products. These findings highlight the importance of functional anatomy for conservation planning. In situ conservation and community-based ex situ cultivation can support sustainable management while creating utilization opportunities that enhance local livelihoods.
Risk analysis of human-wildlife conflict in Leuser Ecosystem Area, Indonesia IRWANDI IRWANDI; ABDUL RAUF; RAHMAWATY RAHMAWATY; DELVIAN DELVIAN; R. HAMDANI HARAHAP; AGUS PURWOKO
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270120

Abstract

Abstract. Irwandi, Rauf A, Rahmawaty, Delvian, Hamdani, Purwoko A. 2026. Risk analysis of human-wildlife conflict in Leuser Ecosystem Area, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 27 (1): d270120. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270120. Over the past six years, the Aceh Natural Resources Conservation Agency recorded 542 incidents of human-elephant conflict. In 2023 alone, 13 farmers and residents were attacked by wild tigers and elephants, resulting in injuries and fatalities. Additionally, at least 19 tigers died in Aceh between 2019 and 2022. This study aims to assess the risk of wildlife conflict to community livelihoods in seven villages within the Leuser Ecosystem Area. A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining quantitative and descriptive qualitative methods. Data collection involved the distribution of questionnaires covering 10% of households from the total population. The combined population of the seven surveyed villages is 2,673 households, from which 268 households (10%) were sampled using proportionate random sampling based on population size in each village. In addition to questionnaires, the study also conducted Focus Group Discussions (FGDs). In addition to questionnaires, the study also conducted Focus Group Discussions (FGDs). These were designed to validate survey findings and capture deeper community perspectives on risk perception, conflict experiences, and local coping strategies. Data analysis followed the Miles and Huberman model, consisting of three stages: data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. The study found that the perceived risk of wildlife conflict to livelihoods was generally low. However, some villages reported a medium level of risk. Most villages exhibited moderate vulnerability, with significant variation across dimensions of human, social, economic, physical, and environmental vulnerability. From a risk assessment perspective, the combination of low vulnerability and low threat levels contributes to a low overall risk of wildlife conflict for local government.
DNA barcoding insights into echinoderms from Situbondo Coral Reefs, East Java, Indonesia ELSA DIANITA AULIA; FARID KAMAL MUZAKI; SANG-KYU LEE; JONG SEONG KHIM; JINSOON PARK
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 7 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260734

Abstract

Abstract. Aulia ED, Muzaki FK, Lee S-K, Khim JS, Park J. 2025. DNA barcoding insights into echinoderms from Situbondo Coral Reefs, East Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 3434-3445. Echinoderms are a key component of marine ecosystems, contributing to species richness and serving ecological functions. Given their importance, observing their diversity and ecology is essential. Despite the favorable coral reef conditions in Situbondo on Java Island, a comprehensive record of echinoderms has never been done. This research addresses this knowledge gap by collecting and identifying the species richness with morphology and molecular identification using the mitochondrial gene Cytochrome Oxidase I (COI) and 16S ribosomal RNA. Timed sampling for 40 minutes was carried out at intertidal reefs from depths between 0-5 m and in shallow reefs from 5-20 m, with a total of five sites. A total of 45 echinoderm species were identified, encompassing 6 Asteroidea, 5 Crinoidea, 8 Echinoidea, 15 Holothuroidea, and 11 Ophiuroidea. Of the 71 echinoderm samples collected, COI sequences were successfully amplified in 66% of the samples, while 16S rRNA sequences had a success rate of 53%.  Notably, the COI sequences of five species and the 16S sequences of eight species were reported to GenBank for the first time, contributing to the expansion of publicly available reference data for echinoderm molecular identification. Furthermore, the present study highlights phylogenetic uncertainties based on maximum likelihood analysis of the COI sequences, particularly within two Asteroidea species and one Ophiuroidea species from the Ophiolepis clade. In addition, the findings suggest a potential range extension for Diadema clarki (Ikeda, 1939), indicating previously undocumented distribution patterns. These findings provide essential baseline data and monitoring for future marine biodiversity research, especially considering the area's significant coastal water utilization for tourism and fishing activities.

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