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Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity
Published by Universitas Sebelas Maret
ISSN : 1412033X     EISSN : 20854722     DOI : https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d230231
Core Subject : Science, Agriculture,
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology
The Biodiversitas Journal was first published in 2000 by the Department of Biology, FMNS, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia, then in 2006 it was co-published by the Society for Indonesian Biodiversity and that department; since 2017 it was also hosted by Smujo. From 2003-2012 it was accredited by DGHE, Ministry of Education, R.I., since 2014 was indexed by Scopus, where DOAJ and Google Scholar was indexed first.
Arjuna Subject : Biokimia, Genetika dan Biologi Molekuler - Biokimia, Genetika dan Biologi Molekuler (Lain-Lain)
Articles 6,259 Documents
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Indigenous river bacteria from West Java, Indonesia with copper tolerance and malachite green decolorization potential WAHYU IRAWATI; IMMANUELLA GRACE KRISTINA; REINHARD PINONTOAN; MARCELIA SUGATA
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270222

Abstract

Abstract. Irawati W, Kristina IG, Pinontoan R, Sugata M. 2026. Indigenous river bacteria from West Java, Indonesia with copper tolerance and malachite green decolorization potential. Biodiversitas 27 (2): d270222. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270222. River ecosystems are important reservoirs of freshwater biodiversity, but are increasingly threatened by textile-derived dyes and heavy metals. These contaminants impose chronic chemical stress, so selecting pollution-adapted indigenous bacteria represents a valuable biological resource for sustainable bioremediation. Three indigenous bacterial isolates from textile-polluted rivers in West Java, Indonesia—Lysinibacillus capsici CKJ 1000 1.1, Bacillus proteolyticus CKJ 1000 2.2, and Bacillus cereus CTR 200 1.1—were evaluated for copper (Cu) tolerance, while Cu biosorption in LB broth (2% inoculum, OD600 = 0.8, 48 h, 37°C, 150 rpm) was quantified by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. MG resistance and decolorization were examined on MG-supplemented agar (0, 10, 20, 50, and 100 ppm) and in liquid LB (10 or 20 ppm; 48 or 96 h) using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Putative MG transformation products were further profiled using LC-HRMS. L. capsici exhibited reduced growth at ≥8 mM, whereas B. cereus and B. proteolyticus demonstrated higher tolerance, maintaining growth even at 10 mM CuSO₄. Copper biosorption was the highest in L. capsici (13.71% at 4 mM CuSO₄), followed by B. cereus (10.8%) and B. proteolyticus (9.10%). MG decolorization showed clear strain-dependent variation; at 10 ppm MG after 48 h, L. capsici achieved the highest decolorization efficiency (92.50%), followed by B. cereus (68.68%) and B. proteolyticus (47.62%). This study provides the first quantitative comparison of copper biosorption and MG decolorization under standardized conditions for these indigenous riverine isolates, coupled with LC-HRMS profiling of MG transformation products for the top-performing strain. Putative transformation products, including aniline and benzophenone derivatives, were detected; however, ecotoxicity was not assessed, and the environmental safety of the resulting metabolites cannot be concluded. These findings highlight pollution-adapted freshwater bacteria as promising biological resources for integrated metal-dye bioremediation, pending further toxicological validation.
Endophytic bacteria of patchouli (Pogostemon cablin cv. Tapaktuan) as biocontrol agents against major soil-borne pathogens SUHARTONO SUHARTONO; MILDA HUSNAH; ZUMAIDAR ZUMAIDAR; AMALIA AMALIA; ADELIA SALSABILA; ALFI MULIYANI; ARRAYYAN NAJLA ACHZA
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 5 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270527

Abstract

Abstract. Suhartono S, Husnah M, Zumaidar Z, Amalia A, Salsabila A, Muliyani A, Achza AN. 2026. Endophytic bacteria of patchouli (Pogostemon cablin cv. Tapaktuan) as biocontrol agents against major soil-borne pathogens. Biodiversitas 27 (5): d270527. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270527. Endophytic bacteria are increasingly recognized as valuable sources of biocontrol agents against soil-borne phytopathogens. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antifungal activity of 23 endophytic bacterial isolates obtained from patchouli (Pogostemon cablin cv. Tapaktuan) against Sclerotium rolfsii, Fusarium oxysporum, and Phytophthora capsici using a dual-culture assay. Antagonistic activity varied markedly among isolates, with inhibition of radial fungal growth ranging from 5.8±0.88% to 73.0±0.49%. Among all the tested isolates, DT-7 consistently exhibited the strongest antifungal activity, suppressing P. capsici, S. rolfsii and F. oxysporum, by 73.0±0.49%, 70.1±1.97% and 66.8±4.89%, respectively, resulting in an overall mean inhibition of 69.9±3.10%. The other two effective isolates included DT-4 and AT-7 (overall mean inhibition: 62.8±6.61% and 61.0±0.40%, respectively). Analysis of organ-associated patterns revealed that inhibition of S. rolfsii was generally higher among root-derived endophytes, whereas F. oxysporum and P. capsici were more effectively suppressed by leaf-derived endophytes. Statistically significant differences among plant organs were detected only for F. oxysporum, with root- and leaf-associated isolates showing higher inhibition than stem-associated isolates (F (2, 20) = 3.756; p = 0.041). Molecular identification based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that isolate DT-7 belonged to the genus Stutzerimonas, closely related to the Stutzerimonas stutzeri group, whereas AT-7 and DT-4 clustered within the Enterobacter genus. The consistent and broad-spectrum antifungal activity of DT-7 suggested its potential as a promising biocontrol candidate as a biological resource for sustainable disease management. In addition, the observed organ-specific inhibition patterns underscored the ecologically structured endophyte-pathogen interactions within patchouli tissues, providing a basis for further mechanistic and greenhouse studies. This study represents an in vitro screening with limited replication (n = 2 plates per treatment), providing a preliminary basis for subsequent greenhouse and field validation.
Indigenous Bacillus biodiversity from plastic-contaminated soil and its potential for low-density polyethylene (LDPE) biodegradation WAHYU IRAWATI; SERGIO TRISON LIE; GEOFFREY DARRIEN FIDELI; BILLY YOSUA COTANTIN PONGAJOW; JUANDY JO
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 5 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270528

Abstract

Abstract. Irawati W, Lie ST, Fideli GD, Pongajow BYC, Jo J. 2026. Indigenous Bacillus biodiversity from plastic-contaminated soil and its potential for low-density polyethylene (LDPE) biodegradation. Biodiversitas 27 (5): d270528. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270528. Increasing plastic use has led to persistent accumulation of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) in terrestrial environments. This study isolated and characterized indigenous Bacillus-like bacteria from plastic-contaminated soil in the public parking area of Universitas Pelita Harapan and evaluated their capacity to induce early-stage LDPE modification. Soil suspensions were plated on King’s B agar supplemented with polyethylene glycol (PEG), yielding eight morphologically distinct isolates. LDPE strips were incubated for 30 days in minimal salt medium (MSM) inoculated with each isolate, with LDPE as the principal experimental substrate and no additional organic carbon intentionally supplied. Surface changes were assessed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), chemical changes by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and carbonyl index (CI) calculation, and taxonomic identity by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. All eight isolates were Gram-positive, catalase-positive, endospore-forming rods, and 16S analysis assigned them to Bacillus velezensis, Bacillus altitudinis, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus subtilis, and Bacillus paralicheniformis. SEM revealed isolate-specific colonization-associated surface changes, ranging from roughening and small pits to deep cracks and perforation, with A.4.I.1 showing the most extensive damage. FTIR spectra indicated oxidation-related changes, including intensified carbonyl and C-O bands; screening-level CI values ranged from 0.190 to 0.346, again highest for A.4.I.1. These findings suggest that plastic-impacted urban soil can serve as a reservoir of LDPE-associated Bacillus isolates and identify B. velezensis A.4.I.1 as a priority candidate for follow-up biodegradation studies. Because FTIR/CI observations were exploratory and no mass-loss or mineralization endpoints were measured, the results should be interpreted as evidence of biodeterioration and early oxidative modification rather than complete LDPE biodegradation.
Arthropod biomass carbon stocks across vegetation density gradients in Angke Kapuk Protected Forest, Jakarta, Indonesia CINDIKIA ANNISA PUSPADEWI; NOOR FARIKHAH HANEDA; CECEP KUSMANA
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270128

Abstract

Abstract. Puspadewi CA, Haneda NF, Kusmana C. 2026. Arthropod biomass carbon stocks across vegetation density gradients in Angke Kapuk Protected Forest, Jakarta, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 27 (1): d270128. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270128. Blue carbon research has traditionally centered on vegetation and sediment reservoirs, however, the role of faunal components particularly arthropods remain underrepresented. This study examines arthropod community dynamics and their associated carbon stocks across three vegetation density classes in Angke Kapuk Protected Forest, Jakarta, Indonesia. Using a combination of yellow pan traps, light-traps, and manual collection, we estimated arthropod biomass through allometric equations to quantify biological carbon contributions. Our findings show that Diptera (Chironomidae) dominated the assemblages across all densities. Statistical analysis via one-way ANOVA indicated no significant variation in arthropod carbon stocks among the density classes (F2,3 = 0.209, p = 0.822), likely due to high micro-ecological variance at the plot level. However, correlation analysis revealed that carbon stocks were significantly linked to microclimatic stability, showing a strong negative relationship with light intensity (r = -0.84, p<0.05). These results highlight that arthropod carbon distribution in urban mangroves is governed more by localized microclimatic conditions than by broad vegetation density. This study provides a refined perspective on the environmental factors governing small-scale carbon storage and suggests that maintaining structural heterogeneity is essential for sustaining faunal carbon reservoirs in urban mangrove ecosystems.
Bee species authentication of commercial honey in Indonesia using the mrjp2 gene I MADE BUDIARSA; MANAP TRIANTO; I NENGAH KUNDERA
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 4 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270432

Abstract

Abstract. Budiarsa IM, Trianto M, Kundera IN. 2026. Bee species authentication of commercial honey in Indonesia using the mrjp2 gene. Biodiversitas 27 (4): d270432. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270432. Authenticating the entomological origin of honey is essential to ensure product traceability, labeling accuracy, and the conservation of native honey bee species in Indonesia. This study aimed to authenticate the bee species origin of honey marketed in Indonesia using the major royal jelly protein 2 (mrjp2) gene as a molecular marker. A total of 21 honey samples, labeled as forest honey or specific bee-derived honey, were collected from Sulawesi, Sumatra, Kalimantan, Bali, Java, and Yogyakarta. Genomic DNA was extracted and amplified by PCR using two primer pairs targeting the mrjp2 gene (MF-MR and CF-CR). PCR products were sequenced, and the resulting sequences were analyzed using BLAST-N against GenBank references and further evaluated through Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic analysis. The MF-MR primers generated amplicons of approximately 584-593 bp, while CF-CR primers produced fragments of 202-210 bp, consistent with the targeted mrjp2 regions. Amplification patterns indicated that MF-MR primers amplified both Apis mellifera and Apis dorsata subsp. binghami, whereas CF-CR primers amplified Apis cerana and Apis nigrocincta. This cross-amplification among closely related Apis species indicates partial primer specificity rather than absolute species exclusivity. Sequence analysis confirmed high similarity to reference sequences, with BLAST-N identities of 99.58% (A. mellifera), 99.29% (A. cerana), 99.67% (A. dorsata subsp. binghami), and 91.25% (A. nigrocincta). Phylogenetic reconstruction revealed distinct clustering of samples with their respective reference taxa, supporting reliable species-level discrimination when PCR results are combined with sequencing and phylogenetic inference. These findings demonstrate that the mrjp2 gene is a robust molecular marker for authenticating the entomological origin of honey in Indonesia. While primer-based PCR provides an initial indication of bee species origin, definitive authentication relies on sequence analysis and phylogenetic validation rather than PCR amplification alone.
Forage vegetation for stingless bees to support the sustainability of the meliponiculture in Tulak Tallu Village, South Sulawesi, Indonesia SYAMSUDDIN MILLANG; BUDIAMAN BUDIAMAN; YENI OKTAVIA; ANDI PRASTIYO; ENY YUNIATI
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270124

Abstract

Abstract. Millang S, Budiaman, Oktavia Y, Prastiyo A, Yuniati E. 2026. Forage vegetation for stingless bees to support the sustainability of the meliponiculture in Tulak Tallu Village, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 27 (1): d270124. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270124. The stingless bee is an insect that plays a crucial role in pollinating various flowering plants in tropical ecosystems. However, forage resource management remains limited because previous studies have focused mainly on the importance value index (IVI) without integrating flowering calendars and actual foraging activity. This study aims to identify forage plant species for stingless bees as a basis for better feed planning. Sampling was conducted across all vegetation growth strata from April to May 2024. Interviews, field data collection, and literature studies were conducted to record the flowering period. The results identified 39 plant species from 25 families as potential food sources. Vegetation analysis showed that the species with the highest IVI at each growth stage were coconut (Cocos nucifera) at the tree level (IVI = 55.20), jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) at the pole level (IVI = 48.53), calliandra (Calliandra calothyrsus) at the sapling level (IVI = 53.21), and goad weed (Ageratum conyzoides) at the seedling level (IVI = 29.79). The combination of multi-strata vegetation with asynchronous flowering patterns plays a role in maintaining the continuity of bee food availability throughout the season at the study site. These findings indicate that several types of plants around meliponiculture need to be identified to see the vegetation that is a food source for the continued development of bee colonies, especially at the research location.
Optimization of qPCR for detection and quantification of Beauveria bassiana in soil and insect cocoon samples SYAIFUL AMRI SARAGIH; WIDIHASTUTY WIDIHASTUTY; AISAR NOVITA; RINI SULISTIANI
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270231

Abstract

Abstract. Saragih SA, Widihastuty, Novita A, Sulistiani R. 2026. Optimization of qPCR for detection and quantification of Beauveria bassiana in soil and insect cocoon samples. Biodiversitas 27 (2): d270231. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270231. The optimization of white muscardine fungus Beauveria bassiana-based biocontrol programs and comprehensive risk assessment remain limited due to the lack of standardized, sensitive, and rapid molecular detection methods capable of accurately measuring B. bassiana density in complex environmental matrices. Traditional culture-based detection methods have limitations, including an inability to detect viable but non-culturable fungal states and lengthy incubation periods. In this study, we developed and validated a quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay to detect and quantify B. bassiana in soil and insect cocoon samples. Soil samples were collected from a natural beech forest, while insect cocoon samples were collected from dead insects of the larch sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii. The qPCR was performed with a specific primer pair obtained during the specificity test, and the standard curve was used to determine the density of B. bassiana in the mixture of DNA extract from the soil and insect cocoon samples. Using ten concentration levels of both genomic DNA and a standard soil DNA, two standard curves were produced. The results showed that the best primer pair among them was BB1962F (5'-GACGGCGTCGGTGTAACGT-3')/BB2156R (5'-GATGTTGTCTGGCGTCTCC-3'). This primer demonstrated specificity by producing a single melting curve peak. The qPCR revealed a standard curve generated with linear correlation with the log10 of B. bassiana genomic DNA (slope = -3.6193). The qPCR employing B. bassiana soil DNA revealed a linear relationship with log10 of B. bassiana dry weight, with a standard curve using B. bassiana soil DNA (ng/g soil) (slope = -3.3935). Although B. bassiana was not found in all soil samples, it was found in five out of 80 dead cocoon samples. In this study, a specific and quantitative qPCR method for the detection of B. bassiana was successfully developed.
Assessment of heavy metals in sediments and edible shellfish from Youtefa Bay, Papua, Indonesia ROSYE HEFMI RECHNELTY TANJUNG; ERVINA INDRAYANI; LALU PANJI IMAM AGAMAWAN; BAIGO HAMUNA
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 4 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270428

Abstract

Abstract. Tanjung RHR, Indrayani E, Agamawan LPI, Hamuna B. 2026. Assessment of heavy metals in sediments and edible shellfish from Youtefa Bay, Papua, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 27 (4): d270428. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270428. The main gaps in the environmental quality research on Youtefa Bay are the lack of comprehensive information on heavy metal contamination in sediments and consumable biota, and the absence of a temporal evaluation linking changes in metal content to potential ecological and public health risks. This study aims to assess eight heavy metals simultaneously (Hg, Pb, As, Cr, Cd, Ni, Zn, and Cu) in sediments and edible shellfish from Youtefa Bay, Indonesia, and evaluate ecological and food safety risks through contamination factor (CF), ecological risk index (Ei, ERI), biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF), and multivariate analyses. Analysis of metal content in sediments and shellfish was performed using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry instruments with QA/QC procedures and reported based on dry-weight. Sediment results revealed elevated Ni content, reaching up to 401 mg/kg at St.3, exceeding threshold effect levels (TEL), while Cd showed the highest ecological risk contribution, with Ei values up to 126 at St.3, indicating moderate ecological risk. In sediments, the order of heavy metal content is Ni > Cr > Zn > Cu > Pb > Cd > As > Hg. BSAF analysis indicated species-specific accumulation patterns, with higher bioaccumulation potential for Cd and Cu in certain taxa. Principal component analysis (PCA) explained 81.3% of total variance, separating Ni-dominated sediment signals from Cd-associated ecological risk patterns. Although spatial variability was evident, overall findings indicate localized metal enrichment and potential health concerns, particularly for Cd. The accumulation of Cd, Ni, and Zn in all three shellfish species exceeded international safe consumption limits (FAO and WHO), indicating a potentially serious health risk to the surrounding community. Overall, the results of this study highlight potential ecological and food security concerns and emphasize the need for continued monitoring and improved pollution management in Youtefa Bay.
Diversity of edible plants sold in two traditional markets of Wonosobo District, Indonesia DITA OKTAVIA; DANAR THOORIQ AZIZ FATHURROHMAN; EUNIKE ISLAMI FAIRUZ SALSABILA; EVIRAHMALIA NABILA AXELANDRA; RATNA WIDYANINGTYAS; JOHAN ISKANDAR; DARLINA MD. NAIM; AHMAD DWI SETYAWAN
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 10 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d261046

Abstract

Abstract. Oktavia D, Fathurrohman DTA, Salsabila EIF, Axelandra EN, Widyaningtyas R, Iskandar J, Md, Naim D, Setyawan AD. 2025. Diversity of edible plants sold in two traditional markets of Wonosobo District, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 5334-5351. The existence of food plants at the Wonosobo Traditional Market in Wonosobo District, Central Java, Indonesia, contributes significantly to supporting biodiversity. This study explores the diversity of edible plants in Kertek Market (Pasar Kertek) and Wonosobo Central Market (Pasar Induk Wonosobo), Central Java, Indonesia. These markets, beyond being trading centers, serve as vital spaces for preserving local culture and bolstering local food security. Through observation and interviews with 102 edible plant traders at Kertek Market and Wonosobo Central Market, we identified a total of 106 species and 161 varieties from 49 families were identified, with the main categories including staple foods, substitute food, vegetables, fruits, and seasonings. The Solanaceae, Fabaceae, Poaceae, and Brassicaceae families dominated. The results showed 88.58% similarity of edible plants sold in both markets, with the Wonosobo Central Market showing higher species and local varieties diversity. Most of the crops sold are cultivated and can be grown all year round. The price interval of edible plants sold ranged from IDR 2,000 to IDR 200,000. The distribution system in this traditional market involves a supply chain from farmers and distributors to consumers, which includes suppliers from Wonosobo District 71%and others (29%). Collaboration between local and external suppliers can support the sustainability of traditional markets underscore the importance of traditional markets as biodiversity reservoirs, and inform local food policy for sustainable agri-food systems.
Tree diversity, structure and composition in coffee agroforestry with varying shade systems, coffee species, and landscape settings in Malang, Indonesia LUCHMAN HAKIM; MUHAMMAD YUSUF; FITRA D. WIRATANTRA; BRIAN RAHARDI; WENNY B. SUNARHARUM; AGUS NURROFIK
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 5 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270509

Abstract

Abstract. Hakim L, Yusuf M, Wiratantra FD, Rahardi B, Sunarharum WB, Nurrofik A. 2026. Tree diversity, structure and composition in coffee agroforestry with varying shade systems, coffee species, and landscape settings in Malang, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 27 (5): d270509. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270509. Coffee agroforestry in Malang Region, East Java, Indonesia has been widely recognized as a multifunctional land-use system that integrates economic, and social benefits; however, its comprehensive ecological characteristics remain poorly documented. This study examines tree diversity and ecological indicators in coffee agroforestry systems in Malang, East Java, across four landscape settings, three coffee species (arabica, robusta, and liberica) and shade systems typology (shaded monoculture, commercial polyculture, traditional polyculture and rustic). Field surveys were conducted at 64 sites to document shade-tree diversity, composition (Important Value Index) and ecological indices (Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index (H′), Evenness Index (E), and Simpson Dominance Index (D′)). In total, there were 40 species of shade trees across all sites and primarily composed of Fabaceae and Malvaceae which contribute to soil fertility, habitat provision, and raw material resources. Results indicated that among shaded systems in averages includes, rustic-type exhibited the highest tree species diversity, high evenness, and low dominance (H′ = 2.02, E = 0.97, D = 0.19), followed by traditional polyculture systems (H′ = 1.23, E = 0.91, and D = 0.3), commercial polyculture (H′ = 0.8, E = 0.89, D = 0.46), and shaded monoculture (H′ = 0.17, E = 0.29, and D = 0.83). Liberica coffee agroforestry tended to show higher diversity index of shade trees with less dominance of few species compared to the other two. However, although its diversity assessments belong low to moderate scores, the presence of shade tree diversity has been shown to have a practical impact on the dynamics of coffee agroforestry, allowing farmers to increase food security while generating additional income beyond coffee. Therefore, to support ecological sustainability and community well-being in the Malang Region, conservation strategies and policy frameworks should prioritize biodiversity-friendly agroforestry management.

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